Deck 4: The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and Development

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?

A)talus
B)maxilla
C)radius
D)scapula

Answer 1

scapula

Question 2

Which of the following is a possible symptom of osteoporosis?

A)vertebral crush fractures.
B)reduced body height.
C)dowager's hump.
D)all of these answers are correct.

Answer 2

all of these answers are correct.

Question 3

What is the most common symptom of osteoporosis?

A)frequent headaches
B)joint pain in the extremities
C)back pain derived from vertebral fractures
D)swelling of the distal extremities

Answer 3

back pain derived from vertebral fractures

Question 4

Loss of bone mass has been found in which of the following?

A)bed-ridden patients
B)astronauts
C)tennis players
D)both bed-ridden patients and astronauts
E)all of these answers are correct

Question 5

The tarsals are examples of what type of bones?

A)long bones
B)short bones
C)flat bones
D)irregular bones

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding bone growth is true?

A)Longitudinal growth continues only as long as the epiphyses exist.
B)Circumferential growth continues throughout most of the lifespan.
C)Both longitudinal growth continues only as long as the epiphyses exist and circumferential growth continues throughout most of the lifespan are true.
D)Neither longitudinal growth continues only as long as the epiphyses exist nor circumferential growth continues throughout most of the lifespan is true.

Question 7

Cortical bone is strongest in resisting which type of stress?

A)tensile stress
B)shear stress
C)compressive stress
D)none of these answers is correct

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding epiphyseal plate injuries?

A)These injuries can terminate longitudinal bone growth.
B)These injuries can result from acute trauma.
C)These injuries can result from repetitive loading of a low magnitude.
D)Both these injuries can terminate longitudinal bone growth and these injuries can result from acute trauma.
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 9

Which of the following components of bone provides it with flexibility?

A)water
B)calcium carbonate
C)calcium phosphate
D)collagen

Question 10

Which of the following terms is defined as deformation divided by original length?

A)stress
B)strain
C)strength
D)elasticity

Question 11

In a child,severe injury to an epiphysis may result in which of the following?

A)premature closure of the epiphyseal junction
B)termination of bone growth
C)both premature closure of the epiphyseal junction and termination of bone growth
D)none of these answers is correct

Question 12

Which of the following is an irregular bone?

A)radius
B)rib
C)femur
D)vertebrae

Question 13

Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?

A)the skull
B)the humerus
C)the sternum
D)all of these answers are correct

Question 14

Specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue are called what?

A)periosteum
B)osteoblasts
C)osteoclasts
D)epiphysis

Question 15

How do bones typically respond to stress?

A)atrophy
B)hypertrophy
C)no change,as long as the epiphysis has sealed
D)it is impossible to predict how a bone will respond to stress

Question 16

Which of the following terms is used to describe bone with relatively high porosity?

A)cortical
B)trabecular
C)spongy
D)all of these answers are correct

Question 17

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the strength of bone?

A)Cortical bone can withstand more stress than trabecular bone.
B)Trabecular bone can withstand more strain than cortical bone.
C)Both cortical bone can withstand more stress than trabecular bone and trabecular bone can withstand more strain than cortical bone.
D)None of these answers is correct.

Question 18

Which of the following is known as the longitudinal "growth center" of a bone?

A)osteoclast
B)periosteum
C)osteoblast
D)epiphysis

Question 19

Which of the following occurs in the absence of gravitational forces?

A)bone hypertrophy
B)bone atrophy
C)bone modeling
D)all of these answers are correct

Question 20

The water content of bone makes up approximately what percentage of the total bone weight?

A)5% - 10%
B)15% - 20%
C)25% - 30%
D)40% - 50%

Question 21

What happens when osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity?

A)bone mass increases
B)bone modeling
C)bone mass decreases
D)none of these answers is correct

Question 22

Which of the following is/are part of the "female athlete triad"?

A)osteoporosis
B)disordered eating
C)cessation of menses
D)both osteoporosis and disordered eating
E)all of these answers are correct

Question 23

Which of the following is true regarding greenstick fractures?

A)They are incomplete fractures.
B)They are caused by bending or torsional loads.
C)They are more common in adults than children.
D)Both they are incomplete fractures and they are caused by bending or torsional loads.
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 24

Choose the term that describes the amount of deformation divided by the original length of the structure.

A)porous
B)short bones
C)stiffness
D)strain

Question 25

What happens when osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity?

A)bone hypertrophy
B)bone modeling
C)increased bone mass
D)all of these answers are correct

Question 26

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?

A)the skull
B)the vertebrae
C)the sternum
D)all of these answers are correct

Question 27

Reduced bone mass and density without the presence of a fracture defines what?

A)osteoporosis
B)osteopenia
C)osteoblast
D)osteoclast

Question 28

A fracture caused by a tendon or ligament pulling a small chip of bone away from the rest of the bone is called what?

A)simple fracture
B)compound fracture
C)avulsion fracture
D)spiral fracture

Question 29

Choose the term that describes the ratio of stress to strain in a loaded material.

A)stiffness
B)strain
C)stress fracture
D)stress reaction

Question 30

Choose the term that describes the compact mineralized connective tissue with low porosity that is found in the shafts of long bones.

A)long bones
B)flat bones
C)trabecular bone
D)cortical bone

Question 31

Which type of stress on a long bone will likely result in a spiral fracture?

A)torsion
B)tension
C)compression
D)bending

Question 32

The "female athlete triad" can result in which of the following?

A)stress fractures
B)irreversible bone loss
C)death
D)both stress fractures and irreversible bone loss
E)all of these answers are correct

Question 33

Undesirably low body weight in young female athletes can lead to what?

A)amenorrhea
B)osteoporosis
C)menopause
D)both amenorrhea and osteoporosis
E)all of these answers are correct

Question 34

Choose the term that describes the skull,vertebrae,sternum,and ribs.

A)anisotropic
B)appendicular skeleton
C)articular cartilage
D)axial skeleton

Question 35

Which of the following is/are known risk factor(s)for developing osteoporosis?

A)smoking
B)calcium deficiency
C)excessive caffeine consumption
D)all of these answers are correct

Question 36

Choose the term that describes the ability to resist pressing or squeezing force.

A)bone atrophy
B)bone hypertrophy
C)compressive strength
D)tensile strength

Question 37

Which type of fracture results from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude?

A)spiral
B)impacted
C)depressed
D)stress

Question 38

When a skier's body rotates in a direction opposite of the foot (held steady by the boot),what type of fracture is likely in the tibia?

A)spiral
B)impacted
C)depressed
D)stress

Question 39

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding bone growth?

A)When bone remodeling occurs,bone mass may stay the same.
B)When bone remodeling occurs,bone mass may decrease.
C)When bone modeling occurs,bone mass increases.
D)Both when bone remodeling occurs,bone mass may stay the same and when bone remodeling occurs,bone mass may decrease.
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 40

Which of the following factors can predispose runners to stress fractures?

A)increased training duration or intensity without allowing time for bone remodeling
B)abrupt changes in running surface
C)both increased training duration or intensity without allowing time for bone remodeling and abrupt changes in running surface
D)runners are not predisposed to stress fractures

Question 41

Bone ________ refers to the increase in bone mass.

Question 42

Choose the term that describes the specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue.

A)osteoblasts
B)osteopenia
C)osteoclasts
D)osteoporosis

Question 43

________ ________ is the fracture resulting from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude.

Question 44

An epiphyseal injury can terminate ________ bone growth.

Question 45

Choose the term that describes the small,cubical skeletal structures,including the carpals and tarsals.

A)flat bones
B)short bones
C)long bones
D)irregular bones

Question 46

Choose the term that describes the decrease in bone mass resulting from a predominance of osteoclast activity.

A)appendicular skeleton
B)bone hypertrophy
C)axial skeleton
D)bone atrophy

Question 47

Choose the term that describes the disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with one or more fractures.

A)osteoclasts
B)osteoporosis
C)periosteum
D)porous

Question 48

________ refers to an excessive loss of bone mass and strength resulting in one or more fractures.

Question 49

Choose the term that describes a fracture resulting from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude.

A)stress fracture
B)stress reaction
C)tensile strength
D)trabecular bone

Question 50

The effects of several months' intervention treatment with whole body vibration appear to include improved bone mineral density.

Question 51

A condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes the individual to fractures is called ________.