Deck 3: Research Design: the Experimental Model and Its Variations

Question 1

Which of the following is the plan or blueprint for a study and includes the who,what,where,when,why,and how of an investigation?

A)Research design
B)Casualty
C)Spurious
D)None of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following refers to a combination of errors introduced by selection bias plus the differential maturation of groups?

A)Selection-bias interaction
B)Bias-experimental interaction
C)Bias-maturation interaction
D)Selection-maturation interaction

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following refers to atypical or artificial behavior produced by respondent's awareness of being studied.

A)Interference
B)Intervention
C)Abnormality
D)Reactivity

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following refers to the bias and foreknowledge introduced to respondents as a result of having been pretested?

A)Analysis
B)Testing
C)Scrutiny
D)Inspection

Question 5

Which of the following refers to accuracy within the study itself?

A)External validity
B)Internal validity
C)Comprehensive validity
D)None of the above

Question 6

Which of the following involves changes in the measuring instrument from the beginning or first period of evaluation to the second,later,or final evaluation?

A)Testing
B)Maturation
C)Instrumentation
D)Analysis

Question 7

Which of the following occurs when the researcher chooses nonequivalent groups for comparison?

A)Selection inaccuracy
B)Selection bias
C)Selection prejudice
D)Selection preference

Question 8

Which of the following points to the tendency of pretests to destroy the naiveté of respondents with respect to the variables)being studied and decrease or more predictably increase the subjects' awareness or sensitivity?

A)Beta effects
B)Testing effects
C)Analysis effects
D)None of the above

Question 9

Which of the following serves as an example of reactivity resulting in atypical behavior or attitudes on the part of research subjects as a result of their awareness of being studied?

A)Hewton effect
B)Newton effect
C)Branton effect
D)Hawthorne effect

Question 10

Which of the following is described as a false relationship that can be explained away by other variables?

A)Spurious relationship
B)Fictional relationship
C)Forged relationship
D)Counterfeit relationship

Question 11

Which of the following refers to accuracy or correctness in research.

A)History
B)Correctness
C)Legitimacy
D)Validity

Question 12

Which of the following refers to observer bias?

A)Hawthorne effect
B)Halo effect
C)Hewton effect
D)None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following occurs when more than one treatment or predictor variable is used on the same subjects?

A)Multiple-treatment interference
B)Selection-treatment interference
C)Parallel-treatment interference
D)None of the above

Question 14

Which of the following refers to accuracy in the ability to generalize or infer findings from a study to a larger population?

A)External validity
B)Internal validity
C)Comprehensive validity
D)None of the above

Question 15

Which of the following refers to the loss of subjects over the course of time?

A)Experimental mortality
B)Control mortality
C)Projected mortality
D)Predictable mortality

Question 16

Which of the following are examples of external factors?

A)Testing effects
B)Selection bias
C)Reactivity or awareness of being studied
D)All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following refers to biological or psychological changes in the respondents during the course of study that are not due to the experimental variable?

A)Maturation
B)Development
C)Evolution
D)Progress

Question 18

Which of the following refers to other specific events that may have taken place during the course of the study and may have produced the results.

A)Control group
B)Experimental group
C)History
D)None of the above

Question 19

Which of the following refers to the tendency of groups that have been selected for study on the basis of extreme high or low scores to regress or move toward the mean or average on second testing?

A)Statistical progression
B)Statistical maturation
C)Statistical regression
D)Statistical deterioration

Question 20

Which of the following is described as any variables other than X the treatment)that may be responsible for the relationship?

A)Research design
B)Spurious
C)Rival causal factors
D)None of the above

Question 21

Research designs that lack one or two of the three major elements of experimental designs- equivalence or experimental and control groups-are designated as pre-experimental designs.

Question 22

Pre-experimental designs lack any equivalence of groups and include one- and two-group ex post facto and one-group before-after designs.

Question 23

Dualistic fallacy is the assumption that prisoners who are assumed to represent all criminals)and the general population who are assumed to represent all criminals)are mutually exclusive groups.

Question 24

The two-group ex post facto design,is an example of a longitudinal design.

Question 25

The one-group before-after design,or one-group pretest-posttest design,eliminates possible pretest reactivity by studying both an experimental and a control group after the experimental group has been exposed to some treatment.

Question 26

Which of the following is a means of controlling for invalidity in research through experimental design?

A)Research designs
B)Experimental designs
C)Validity designs
D)None of the above

Question 27

Which of the following refers to an incorrect assumption that because one variable precedes another in time,it is the cause of the outcome?

A)Ad hoc error
B)Post hoc error
C)Proctor hoc error
D)All of the above

Question 28

Quasi-experimental designs do not use random assignment of groups and instead employ matching or other means of obtaining equivalence of groups.Quasi-experimental designs include time-series and counterbalanced designs.

Question 29

Longitudinal designs involve studies of one group at one time and usually refer to a representative sample of this group.

Question 30

Randomization deals with assuming equivalence by selecting subjects on the basis of matching certain characteristics such as age,sex,and race.

Question 31

Equivalence serves as a prototype for all other research designs and contains three elements: equivalence,pretests and posttests,and experimental and control groups.

Question 32

The classical experimental design,which serves as a prototype for our discussion of all other research designs,contains three elements;equivalence,pre-tests and post-tests,and experimental and control groups.

Question 33

Which of the following refers to a researcher's hidden biases and expectations may influence his or her perception of events so as to bring about that which was assumed.

A)Self-rewarding prophecy
B)Auto-fulfilling prophecy
C)Bias-expectation prophecy
D)Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 34

Experimental designs sometimes called true experimental designs)are characterized by random assignment to treatment and control groups and include the classical,posttest-only control group,and Solomon four-group designs.

Question 35

The Solomon four-group design Solomon,1949)is viewed by some as the purest of research designs.

Question 36

Experimental group is the group that is exposed to stimuli or experimental arrangements.

Question 37

Matching is the random assignment of subjects from a similar population to one or another group.

Question 38

Classic experimental design refers to the attempt to select and assign subjects to experimental and control groups in such a manner that they are as similar as possible.

Question 39

Cross-sectional studies are studies of the same group over a period of time and generally are studies of change.

Question 40

Control group is the group that is not exposed to treatment.

Question 41

__________ are any variables other than X the treatment)that may be responsible for the relationship.

Question 42

Interrupted time-series designs can then be defined as an analysis of a single variable measured at many successive time points,with some measures taken prior to a treatment interruption)and others taken after the treatment.

Question 43

__________ is a combination of errors introduced by selection bias plus the differential maturation of groups.

Question 44

Discuss the three general types of experimental designs.

Question 45

__________ is the tendency of groups that have been selected for study on the basis of extreme high or low scores to regress or move toward the mean or average on second testing.

Question 46

__________ involves changes in the measuring instrument from the beginning or first period of evaluation to the second,later,or final evaluation.

Question 47

__________ is the loss of subjects over the course of time.

Question 48

Discuss the three essential steps in resolving the causality problem.

Question 49

Time-series designs measurement of a single variable at successive points in time.

Question 50

__________ refers to biological or psychological changes in the respondents during the course of study that are not due to the experimental variable.

Question 51

The three essential steps in resolving the causality problem are demonstrate that a relationship exists between the key variables,specify the time order of the relationship,and __________.

Question 52

__________ refers to other specific events that may have taken place during the course of the study and may have produced the results.

Question 53

__________ refers to accuracy or correctness in research.Internal factors question the internal validity of research,whereas external factors impugn the external validity of findings.

Question 54

__________ point to the tendency of pretests to destroy the naiveté of respondents with respect to the variables)being studied and decrease or more predictably increase the subjects' awareness or sensitivity,thus complicating the ability to generalize their responses to a larger population that has not been pretested.

Question 55

A distinction is also made between multiple interrupted time-series designs,which examine one group or site's preprogram and post-program outcomes over time,and single interrupted time-series designs,which contrast one group's performance with that of relevant comparison groups.

Question 56

__________ occurs when the researcher chooses nonequivalent groups for comparison.

Question 57

__________ is a false relationship that can be explained away by other variables.

Question 58

The problem of __________ has been a subject of continuing philosophical discussion,but scientific investigation is based on the a priori assumption that the fundamental nature of reality can be known-that causation lies at the basis of reality.

Question 59

__________ are intended to manage or control the problem of multiple-treatment inference,in which X1 refers to one treatment,X2 a second,X3 a third,and X4 a fourth.

Question 60

__________ pretest bias)refers to the bias and foreknowledge introduced to respondents as a result of having been pretested.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the one-group before-after design and the two-group ex post facto design.

Question 62

Discuss the Provo and Silverlake experiments.

Question 63

What advantage does a time-series design have over a simple before-after design? Give an illustration and explain.