Deck 13: Self and Personality

Question 1

Our memories,beliefs,and generalizations about the self are integrated to make up our

A) sociometer.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-schema.
D) working self-concept.

Answer 1

self-schema.

Question 2

Psychologists use the term personality mainly to refer to characteristics and behaviors that

A) are relatively stable across time and circumstances.
B) show little variability across persons.
C) stem from conscious intentions.
D) are relatively easy to observe and measure.

Answer 2

are relatively stable across time and circumstances.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Self-esteem depends on the situation in which a person finds himself or herself.
B) Self-esteem is very stable over one's lifetime.
C) Self-esteem strongly predicts lifetime success.
D) Self-esteem is related to how others perceive a person.

Answer 3

Self-esteem is related to how others perceive a person.

Question 4

Frank believes that he is more valuable and special than anyone else.As a result,he feels he is entitled to special treatment,focuses mainly on his own needs,and gets angry when anyone
Challenges him.Frank most likely

A) has low self-esteem.
B) is using his sociometer.
C) is narcissistic.
D) is experiencing reflected appraisal.

Question 5

When we process information about the self,there is more activity in the ________ of the brain.

A) frontal lobes
B) parietal lobes
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala

Question 6

Which of the following is most clearly connected to reflected appraisal?

A) self-schema
B) working self-concept
C) self-knowledge
D) self-esteem

Question 7

How you experience yourself in the present,depending on which part of yourself is most relevant at the time,is referred to as

A) a sociometer.
B) self-esteem.
C) a self-schema.
D) a working self-concept.

Question 8

Grayson used to be very hard on himself when he would do poorly in school.Over time, he realized that he should treat himself with care,acceptance,and kindness,like he would
Treat a good friend.Grayson's realization shows he is developing

A) a reflected appraisal.
B) self-compassion.
C) a self-serving bias.
D) self-esteem.

Question 9

According to sociometer theory,self-esteem is important because it indicates

A) social acceptance and rejection.
B) discrepancies between internal and external evaluations.
C) good and bad interpersonal behaviors.
D) changes in our moods and emotions.

Question 10

If the planet was attacked by a disease that caused people to lose the use of their frontal lobes, one way people might be affected is they may

A) lose their self-awareness.
B) become narcissistic.
C) experience memory loss.
D) lose their sense of fear.

Question 11

Ahmed has high self-esteem and is happy with his life.Based on this information,which of the following predictions can you make?

A) He has a high level of achievement in many areas of his life.
B) He has a moderate level of achievement in many areas of his life.
C) He has a low level of achievement in many areas of his life.
D) You can predict very little about his achievement in many areas of his life.

Question 12

The cognitive structure that helps us perceive,organize,interpret,and use information about ourselves is called our

A) sociometer.
B) self-schema.
C) self-esteem.
D) working self-concept.

Question 13

Bruno is typically shy,likes working on computers,and tends to worry about the future. Bruno's many unchanging characteristics across time and situations are referred to as his

A) self-schema.
B) ego.
C) personality.
D) working self-concept.

Question 14

Marta has a successful job,a handsome husband,and three intelligent children.What would you predict about Marta's self-esteem based on this information?

A) She will have high self-esteem but only in specific situations.
B) She will have overall high self-esteem.
C) There is only a weak relationship between life outcomes and her self-esteem.
D) She will have weaker self-esteem compared with her friends.

Question 15

Fern decides that she is an excellent student because her grades are much higher than her younger siblings'.Her judgment is based on a(n) ________ comparison.

A) upward
B) downward
C) temporal
D) self-serving

Question 16

Blaine,who plays high school football,considers himself to be both athletic and shy.When he attends a pep rally for the football team,he is more likely to view himself as athletic because
His immediate experience and environment make that the most relevant self-description.
Blaine's view of himself as athletic at the pep rally is an example of

A) a sociometer.
B) self-esteem.
C) a self-schema.
D) a working self-concept.

Question 17

Dhara was recently in a car accident.Her doctor told her that she has brain damage only to her frontal lobe.What is one way this damage might affect Dhara?

A) She will not experience fear.
B) She will be less self-aware.
C) She will have memory loss.
D) She will not recognize others.

Question 18

Self-esteem is ________ related to objective life outcomes,such as being successful in one's work.

A) weakly
B) strongly
C) negatively
D) not

Question 19

When you make a downward comparison,it will typically ________ self-esteem.

A) decrease your own
B) increase your own
C) have little effect on your own
D) increase another person's

Question 20

When Tori was asked whether she considered herself smart,she immediately answered, "Yes,of course." Tori's ability to answer this question about herself effortlessly and
Automatically suggests that

A) she has low self-esteem and is giving a defensive answer.
B) her self-schema includes information about her intelligence.
C) her self-schema does not include information about her intelligence.
D) she has high self-esteem and is very narcissistic.

Question 21

According to the psychodynamic approach,children feel unconscious impulses toward their parents of the opposite sex during the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

A) genital
B) oral
C) anal
D) phallic

Question 22

Which person is most likely to have a sense of self largely defined by his social roles and group relationships?

A) Pierre,who was raised in France
B) Mike,who grew up in New York
C) Martin,who grew up in Canada
D) Miko,who was raised in Japan

Question 23

When Joe did really well on his first sales presentation,he said it was because he worked hard on it.When he did poorly on his second sales presentation,he said it was because
The computer and projector were not working properly.Joe's explanations about his two
Sales presentations reveal a

A) reflected appraisal.
B) temporal comparison.
C) self-serving bias.
D) downward comparison.

Question 24

Raj is unconsciously attracted to his best friend's wife,Bernadette.But consciously, whenever Raj talks about Bernadette,he says how dumb and ugly she is.This example best
Demonstrates the ________ defense mechanism.

A) projection
B) reaction formation
C) displacement
D) sublimation

Question 25

Katie is very particular.She likes her apartment to be overly organized and things have to be done correctly or she gets upset.According to psychodynamic theory,Katie is
Most likely fixated at the ________ phase of psychosexual development.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 26

Susan usually does well on her written assignments and she says this is because she works really hard.But when she gets a bad grade on her last written assignment,she says it is
Because the teacher does not like her.Her explanations show that she is making a

A) self-serving bias.
B) reflected appraisal.
C) better-than-average effect.
D) downward comparison.

Question 27

Ryan's sister is visiting for Thanksgiving.She always gets on Ryan's nerves,and this year is no exception.While walking the dog after dinner,Ryan may reveal this conflict with his
Sister unconsciously by being strict with the dog.According to psychodynamic theory,
Ryan's behavior is best explained by the ________ defense mechanism.

A) rationalization
B) reaction formation
C) displacement
D) projection

Question 28

Andy is an angry child whose aggressive behavior has gotten him into trouble.His parents decide to get him involved in sports to channel some of this anger into a healthier and more
Productive outlet.According to the psychodynamic theory of personality,his parents are trying
To use the defense mechanism of

A) displacement.
B) repression.
C) reaction formation.
D) sublimation.

Question 29

When Bart turns four,he unconsciously begins to find his mother sexually attractive. He has an unconscious desire to kill his father,Homer,so that he does not have to share
His mother.According to Freud,Bart is experiencing the ________ complex.

A) ego
B) latency
C) phallic
D) Oedipus

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a finding from research on the better-than-average effect?

A) People are unrealistically optimistic about their futures.
B) People overestimate their control over events.
C) People overestimate other people's abilities.
D) People overestimate their abilities.

Question 31

After performing poorly at the track meet,Troy said that he just does not have as much natural athletic ability as the other runner.Troy explains his performances at the track meet
Based on a

A) self-serving bias.
B) downward comparison.
C) temporal comparison.
D) upward comparison.

Question 32

Children raised to have connections with their family and follow societal norms are more likely to be from a(n) ________ culture.

A) individualistic
B) independent
C) collectivist
D) cohesive

Question 33

Ria's parents have raised her to follow group norms,obey authority,and to not challenge or complain about her status in society.Ria is probably being raised as a member of a(n)
________ culture.

A) individualistic
B) independent
C) collectivist
D) cohesive

Question 34

Children raised with an emphasis on self-expression and diversity are more likely to be from a(n) ________ culture.

A) individualistic
B) independent
C) collectivist
D) cohesive

Question 35

Tyra is tall and very thin and appears to be anorexic.She justifies her weight by saying that she is small boned.Tyra's excuse for her eating habits is an example of the ________
Defense mechanism.

A) displacement
B) rationalization
C) projection
D) denial

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a psychosexual stage of development?

A) oral
B) phallic
C) latency
D) erogenous

Question 37

Tom was hungry,so he went to a fast-food restaurant.He did not have any money,so when a young girl left her burger unattended,Tom quickly grabbed her burger and left.According
To the psychodynamic theory of personality,his actions were most likely driven by his

A) defense mechanisms.
B) id.
C) ego.
D) superego.

Question 38

Freud thought that anxiety resulted from conflict between ________ and ________.

A) the id;the superego
B) repression;rationalization
C) the preconscious;the unconscious
D) the oral stage;the anal stage

Question 39

Which person is most likely to have a sense of self that is based on his feeling of being unique from others?

A) Miko,who was raised in Japan
B) Jack,who was raised in Australia
C) Chien,who grew up in China
D) Ibrahim,who grew up in Pakistan

Question 40

According to psychosexual development theory,when the erogenous zone centers on the genitals,a person is in the ________ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 41

Dr.Carl is a humanistic psychologist studying personality.Which of the following statements is he most likely to say?

A) "Personality is based on a person's unconscious wishes and conflicts."
B) "Personality is influenced by a person's uniqueness,growth,and self-understanding."
C) "Personality is based on how we think,our expectancies,and our values."
D) "Personality can be described by our personal characteristics."

Question 42

Which of the following is a message that might be driven by your pleasure principle?

A) "It is not safe to run with scissors."
B) "I should hold that door open for that person carrying all those packages."
C) "I want to use his red crayon,so I will see if he will trade for my green crayon."
D) "I am thirsty and I need to have a soda right now!"

Question 43

Which of the following is a message that might be driven by your reality principle?

A) "I am hungry and I have got to eat a pizza right now!"
B) "I want to play with his toy,so I will offer to trade him mine."
C) "It is not safe to play with matches."
D) "I should help that elderly woman or she might fall down."

Question 44

Sara and Jen,who compete together on a trivia team,lost their latest competition.After the competition,Sara's parents express their disappointment by walking outside and not
Speaking to her during the car ride home,whereas Jen's parents hug her,tell her they
Love her,and say that she can work harder next time.Sara may develop her personality
Based on ________,while Jen may develop her personality based on ________.

A) unconditional positive regard;conditions of worth
B) defense mechanisms;self-actualization
C) conditions of worth;unconditional positive regard
D) self-actualization;defense mechanisms

Question 45

Eddie failed his driver's license test.When asked why he failed,Eddie says the questions were not fair and the driving instructor did not teach him properly.According to expectancy
Theory,Eddie probably has an

A) internal sense of determinism.
B) external sense of determinism.
C) internal locus of control.
D) external locus of control.

Question 46

Ken wants a new music album but does not want to buy it.He knows that he can download it for free but that doing so is illegal.Or he can buy just a few tracks online.Ken wants to
Steal the music but knows it is wrong.According to psychodynamic theory,Ken has a
Conflict between his ________ and ________.

A) superego;ego
B) id;ego
C) subego;superego
D) id;superego

Question 47

Betty is making a mud pie out of dirt she brought in from the backyard.When her mother sees it,she yells,"Stop it.Good girls do not play with dirt and mud." According to humanistic
Approaches to personality,Betty's mom is creating ________ for her daughter.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) self-actualization
C) unconscious conflicts
D) conditions of worth

Question 48

Sam does not try hard at work,because he believes that promotions are completely random and that he has no control over whether he will get promoted.According to expectancy
Theory,Sam most likely has a(n) ________ locus of control.

A) internal
B) external
C) situational
D) dispositional

Question 49

Charlotte is excessively needy and smokes cigarettes constantly to ease her anxiety. According to the psychodynamic theory of personality,Charlotte may be fixated at the
________ stage of psychosocial development.

A) anal
B) oral
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 50

Your teacher asks you what you did on your last vacation.After thinking about it for a moment,you tell her that last summer you went to Europe.According to Freud,in order to
Answer your teacher's question,you had to pull information from your ________ level of
Awareness.

A) unconscious
B) nonconscious
C) conscious
D) preconscious

Question 51

If you become fixated at the anal psychosexual stage,which of the following would likely characterize your behavior?

A) You would be sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent.
B) You would focus on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
C) You would be stubborn and very regulating.
D) Your self-esteem would be dependent on others' views of you.

Question 52

Anik's id is a very dominant force in his personality.Which of the following is Anik most likely to do?

A) feel embarrassed even if he has done nothing wrong
B) act calmly around strangers
C) follow his impulses when making decisions
D) resolve conflicts in a peaceful way

Question 53

Derek's dad demands that Derek play catch with him.When Derek drops the ball,his dad tells him that he is useless unless he can be a good athlete.According to humanistic
Approaches to personality,Derek's dad is creating ________ for his son.

A) conditions of worth
B) self-actualization
C) unconscious conflicts
D) low self-esteem

Question 54

Tyson reads a book on best parenting practices that suggests parents should accept and value their children no matter how they behave or what they accomplish.Tyson's book is
Recommending parenting practices based on

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) self-actualization.
C) unconscious conflicts.
D) conditions of worth.

Question 55

When Phia's boss tells her that she is lazy and needs to work harder,Phia smiles and nods politely.That night,she screams at her husband,Eric,for burning the steaks.
According to psychodynamic theory,Phia's behavior most likely is a result of the
Defense mechanism of

A) displacement.
B) denial.
C) sublimation.
D) repression.

Question 56

Greg is a parent who wants to apply a person-centered approach to raising his son Isaac. Which of the following things should Greg do?

A) He should withhold treats and gifts to reinforce his rules.
B) He should emphasize Isaac's responsibility for his failures.
C) He should love and support Isaac no matter how he behaves.
D) He should teach Isaac defense mechanisms to relieve his internal conflicts.

Question 57

Dr.Roger is a psychologist trained in the person-centered approach to therapy.Which of the following describes how Dr.Roger would treat a client?

A) He would have his client's behaviors observed by two or more raters.
B) He would discuss his client's problems as the client understands them.
C) He would have his client take tests that measure the five-factor theory.
D) He would have his client take multiple projective tests to reveal unconscious conflicts.

Question 58

Our ability to fulfill our potential through greater self-understanding is part of the ________ approach to personality.

A) social cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) trait

Question 59

Josh is not worried that his newborn baby seems easily frightened.He tells his wife, "Our baby's personality will develop later,as a pattern of learned thinking." Josh believes in
The ________ approach to personality.

A) psychodynamic
B) trait
C) humanistic
D) social cognitive

Question 60

Maritza's parents want her to become a doctor,but she would like to be an artist.Which approach to personality would suggest that Maritza's personal growth is associated with
Following her dream of becoming an artist?

A) social cognitive
B) trait
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic

Question 61

Phoebe is an inventor who is creative and good at using everyday items in unusual ways. According to the Big Five model of personality,Phoebe most likely would be high in

A) neuroticism.
B) openness to experience.
C) conscientiousness.
D) agreeableness.

Question 62

Suppose you have an internal locus of control.When you perform poorly in volleyball and your team loses the game,which of the following statements are you most likely to say?

A) "The other team was too good."
B) "Luck was not on my side today."
C) "I did not practice enough last week."
D) "My teammates need to play harder."

Question 63

Jared is an identical twin adopted into a family that is different from his biological family. When Jared is an adult,his personality should most resemble his

A) adopted siblings.
B) adopted parents.
C) biological parents.
D) identical twin.

Question 64

Which of the following traits is NOT part of the five-factor theory of personality?

A) openness to experience
B) agreeableness
C) neuroticism
D) constraint

Question 65

In the five-factor theory,the trait of neuroticism is similar to the dimension of ________ in Eysenck's biological trait theory.

A) stability
B) psychoticism
C) constraint
D) extraversion

Question 66

Josh,who is generally quiet and reserved,seldom raises his hand to answer the teacher's questions in class.However,while attending after-school tutoring with only one other student,
Josh is more open to talk about the content with the teacher and his classmate.The idea that
Josh's behavior changes based on the environment he is in can be explained with the theory of
Personality called

A) trait theory.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) psychodynamic theory.
D) locus of control theory.

Question 67

On the weekends,Sarah prefers to hang out in noisy,crowded bars,whereas her friend Justin prefers cozy,calm coffee shops.Sarah finds the coffee shop boring.According to biological
Explanations of personality,Sarah is most likely an ________ with an underaroused ________.

A) introvert;reticular activating system
B) extrovert;reticular activating system
C) introvert;frontal lobe
D) extrovert;frontal lobe

Question 68

Bandura's reciprocal determinism theory of personality includes all of the factors EXCEPT ________ factors.

A) person
B) environment
C) behavior
D) trait

Question 69

Trait theories,like the five-factor theory,are important because they

A) provide information on unconscious processes.
B) can use projective measures to assess personality.
C) provide insight into how situations influence personality.
D) can predict a wide variety of behaviors.

Question 70

James prefers to study in a quiet library study room,whereas his friend Becky prefers to study in a lively coffee shop with lots of people and loud music playing.James finds the coffee
Shop overwhelming and he can't focus there.According to biological explanations of
Personality,James is most likely an ________ with an overaroused ________.

A) introvert;reticular activating system
B) extrovert;reticular activating system
C) introvert;frontal lobe
D) extrovert;frontal lobe

Question 71

Eysenck proposed that the extraversion/introversion dimension of personality is related to activation in the brain.Relative to their optimal level of arousal,extraverts tend to be
Chronically ________,which is related to activity in the ________.

A) overaroused;reticular activating system
B) under-aroused;reticular activating system
C) overaroused;frontal lobes
D) under-aroused;frontal lobes

Question 72

Anita takes a personality test online.The results say she is high on the extraversion dimension of personality and she is likely to be assertive and energetic.The online personality test most
Likely used the ________ approach to personality.

A) social cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) trait

Question 73

Brad and Gloria met on an online dating site.In her profile,Gloria describes herself as secure, calm in stressful situations,and rarely angry.According to the Big Five trait theory,Gloria
Is most likely

A) high in conscientiousness.
B) high in openness.
C) low in extraversion.
D) low in neuroticism.

Question 74

Silas thinks that a personality is made up of characteristics that can be described on a dimension from low to high.Silas most likely agrees with the ________ approach
To personality.

A) psychodynamic
B) social cognitive
C) humanistic
D) trait

Question 75

Recent psychological research suggests that the impact of parenting style on personality is

A) more influential than previously assumed.
B) less influential than previously assumed.
C) only influential in individualistic cultures.
D) only influential in collectivistic cultures.

Question 76

Eysenck's trait theory proposes that personality traits have all of the following dimensions EXCEPT

A) the ability to control selfish impulses.
B) emotional stability.
C) extroversion/introversion.
D) openness to experience.

Question 77

Sheldon and Amy met on an online dating site.In his profile,Sheldon describes himself as stubborn,competitive,and argumentative.According to the Big Five trait theory,Sheldon
Is most likely

A) low in agreeableness.
B) high in neuroticism.
C) low in extraversion.
D) high in conscientiousness.

Question 78

Trait theories of personality differ from psychodynamic and humanistic approaches because they

A) describe behavioral tendencies that are consistent over time.
B) have a generally more positive view of human nature.
C) are less able to be tested scientifically.
D) are based on people's unconscious conflicts.

Question 79

As identical twins get older,their personalities

A) become more different.
B) become more similar.
C) are as similar as they were growing up.
D) change depending on situational influences.

Question 80

Suppose you know you can successfully get into medical school.You think,"All I have to do is figure out how other people got in,select the strategies I can use,and implement my
Plan." You appear to have a(n) ________ locus of control.

A) internal
B) external
C) situational
D) dispositional