Deck 13: Social Behavior

Question 1

Although stereotyping people can ____ our social judgments,these cognitive shortcuts also can ____ our thinking.

A) slow down;enhance
B) speed up;inhibit
C) slow down;inhibit
D) speed up;enhance

Answer 1

speed up;inhibit

Question 2

The physical attractiveness stereotype occurs in ____ cultures.

A) collectivist
B) individualist
C) Both a and b
D) None of the above

Answer 2

Both a and b

Question 3

Mark is walking down a dark,deserted city street at night when he suddenly notices a person walking toward him,three blocks ahead.At a distance of one block,he can tell that this person is a man.In less than a minute,their paths will cross.Mark is trying to gather information about the other person for his health and safety.What is the term used to describe this process?

A) Social interaction
B) Impression formation
C) Social relation
D) Risk-benefit analysis

Answer 3

Impression formation

Question 4

____ are "shortcuts to thinking" that provide us with information about individuals we do not personally know.

A) Generalizations
B) Judgments
C) Stereotypes
D) First impressions

Question 5

David perceives Joann as being very bright,outgoing,and happy.He's been wanting to ask her out because he appreciates these qualities.However,he would also like to ask Marcia out,but she is not as pretty as Joann.David believes Joann leads a more fulfilling,interesting life than Marcia.This hypothetical example illustrates the influence of ____.

A) the physical attractiveness stereotype
B) social categorization
C) the central route to persuasion
D) discrimination

Question 6

The way we seek to know and understand other people and events is known as ____.

A) social perception
B) social impression
C) impression formation
D) external attribution

Question 7

Veronica is a high school freshman living in Wisconsin.A new student joins her class,and Veronica learns that she is from California."Ah...A California girl!" exclaims Veronica."She must be a vegetarian who likes to surf and has liberal political beliefs!" What term explains Veronica's statements?

A) Attitude formation
B) Stereotyping
C) Social categorization
D) External attribution

Question 8

What is the term used to indicate a fixed way of thinking about people that puts them into categories and does not allow for individual variation?

A) Relativism
B) Impression formation
C) Stereotyping
D) Labeling

Question 9

What are the two beauty standards identified by researchers that are related to reproductive fitness?

A) Weight and facial features
B) Weight and height
C) Hair color and facial features
D) None of the above

Question 10

What are the two areas of social perception?

A) Societal relations and social status
B) Impression formation and attribution
C) Economic status and social relation
D) Impression formation and relations establishment

Question 11

Regarding weight,cross-cultural studies indicate that men worldwide are generally attracted to women who ____.

A) have an equal waist-to-hip ratio
B) have fair skin complexion
C) have a lower waist-to-hip ratio
D) are independent and self-sufficient

Question 12

Ellen is seeing Max for the first time.She evaluates him on the basis of his race,age,and attractiveness.What kind of categorization is Ellen actually engaging in?

A) Random categorization
B) Physical categorization
C) Social categorization
D) First-impression categorization

Question 13

People tend to believe that physically attractive individuals possess socially desirable personality traits.This belief is called the ____.

A) balance theory
B) mere exposure effect
C) fair world hypothesis
D) physical attractiveness stereotype

Question 14

Because we so often categorize people based on superficial physical features,our labeling has become ____,often occurring without conscious thought or effort.

A) stereotypical
B) rational
C) automatic
D) None of the above

Question 15

What does the discipline of social psychology attempt to do?

A) Explain how early childhood experiences shape the structure of our personality
B) Understand the influences of others on one's thoughts,feelings,and behavior
C) Explain how economic factors shape behavior on a societal level
D) Understand how social factors influence the onset of psychological disorders

Question 16

Human beings are ____ because we identify objects-including other people-according to features that distinguish them from other objects.

A) judgmental beings
B) homo sapiens
C) categorizing creatures
D) discriminators

Question 17

In ____ categorization,physical features such as race,sex,age,and attractiveness are the most common ways to classify people,especially during first encounters.

A) economical
B) social
C) professional
D) marital

Question 18

What is the process of integrating various sources of information about a person into an overall judgment known as?

A) Social interaction
B) Impression formation
C) Stereotyping
D) Perception formation

Question 19

An experiment was conducted by Galen Bodenhausen where he asked mostly White college students to act as mock jurors in a court case.Some students were told that the defendant was named Carlos Ramirez,and others were told that his name was Robert Johnson.The imaginary Carlos Ramirez (with a the Hispanic-sounding name)was found guilty more often than the imaginary Robert Johnson only when students learned the name before receiving the evidence.What did Bodenhausen conclude from this experiment?

A) The Hispanic-sounding name activated student's stereotypes and biased their information processing.
B) The origin or sound of the names had no influence on the judgment.
C) Ramirez was found guilty more often as he was the one who had the most witnesses against him.
D) None of the above

Question 20

Which of the following is the scientific study of how people's thoughts,feelings,and behavior are influenced by others?

A) Educational psychology
B) Clinical psychology
C) Experimental psychology
D) Social psychology

Question 21

For a person who wants to be less prejudiced,censoring the ____ and guarding against ____ thinking takes conscious and deliberate attention,like breaking a bad habit.

A) explicit prejudice;biased
B) negative stereotype;prejudicial
C) biased reaction;explicit
D) explicit prejudice;superficial

Question 22

David goes to the supermarket.When he checks out,the cashier neither smiles nor talks to him.Instantly,David begins to analyze the reason for the cashier's behavior.What is the process David is engaged in?

A) Introspection
B) Cognitive perception
C) Empathizing
D) Attribution

Question 23

What are the two forms that prejudice can take?

A) Overt,covert
B) Explicit,implicit
C) Bias,discrimination
D) Hatred,deliberate distancing

Question 24

What is the term used to describe a negative action toward members of stigmatized groups?

A) Socialization
B) Stigmatization
C) Prejudice
D) Discrimination

Question 25

Disliking,disrespecting,and/or resenting people because of their group membership are examples of ____.

A) discrimination
B) segregation
C) stereotyping
D) prejudice

Question 26

What is the crucial factor in inhibiting prejudiced attitudes?

A) Staying away from target groups
B) Strength of one's motivation
C) Power of one's mind
D) None of the above

Question 27

The biggest obstacle to breaking prejudice habits involves the tension and distress experienced when interacting with a person from a different social group.What term describes this tension?

A) Individual-target group tension
B) Intergroup anxiety
C) Anticipatory stress
D) Premeditated anxiety disorder

Question 28

Which form of prejudice involves consciously holding negative attitudes toward a group?

A) Implicit prejudice
B) Pent-up prejudice
C) Covered-up prejudice
D) Explicit prejudice

Question 29

Failing to hire people for jobs because of their group membership is an example of ____.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) stereotyping
D) socialization

Question 30

A(n)____ consists of any explanation of an event that locates the cause as being inside the person,such as personality traits,moods,attitudes,abilities,or effort.

A) internal locus
B) internal attribution
C) external attribution
D) internal characteristic

Question 31

Individuals holding which form of prejudicial attitude may believe that they are not prejudiced even while they react negatively toward people in the target group?

A) Discriminate prejudicial attitude
B) Implicit prejudicial attitude
C) Overt prejudicial attitude
D) Explicit prejudicial attitude

Question 32

When the stereotypes associated with a particular group of people are negative and/or condescending,they can form the basis for ____ and ____.

A) generalization;wrong impressions
B) prejudice;discrimination
C) groupism;discrimination
D) generalization;limited interactions

Question 33

____ prejudice involves unconsciously holding negative attitudes toward a group.

A) Implicit
B) Overt
C) Explicit
D) Subconscious

Question 34

The ____ illustrates how we treat people differently based on the degree to which their physical appearance matches one's standards of beauty.

A) physical attractiveness stereotype
B) fundamental attribution error
C) mental block
D) None of the above

Question 35

____ is defined as an attitude toward members of a specific group that directly or indirectly suggests they deserve an inferior social status.

A) Discrimination
B) Prejudice
C) Stereotyping
D) Labeling

Question 36

In the U.S. ,following the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001,people's hatred of the Islamic terrorist Osama bin Laden and his followers intensified,and so did patriotism.What term can be used to describe this change in attitude towards the terrorist group,in relation to the pattern of behavior of people in the U.S.?

A) Egocentrism
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Patriotism
D) Aversion

Question 37

Although automatic stereotype activation makes nonprejudiced responding ____,one can change his or her prejudiced attitudes if they carefully pay attention to what is being ____.

A) easy;thought
B) difficult;punished
C) easy;punished
D) difficult;thought

Question 38

____ is the process by which individuals use information to make inferences about the causes of behavior or events.

A) Attribution
B) Decoding
C) Behavioral analysis
D) Concept analysis

Question 39

Realistic group conflict theory contends that when groups are in conflict,two important changes occur in each group.The first change involves increased hostility toward the opposing outgroup,and the second change involves an intensification of ingroup loyalty.This pattern of behavior is referred to as ____.

A) faction centrism
B) egocentrism
C) ethnocentrism
D) discrimination

Question 40

____ contend that what is valued as desirable and attractive in men and women is that which increases their probability of producing offspring,while ____ maintain that men seek beauty in a woman and women seek power in a man.

A) Social scientists;evolutionary theorists
B) Collectivist cultures;individualistic cultures
C) North Americans;Europeans
D) Evolutionary theorists;social scientists

Question 41

People seem to develop positive attitudes naturally toward those things that are repeatedly presented to them.What is this phenomenon?

A) Cognitive dissonance
B) Elaboration likelihood feeling
C) Mere exposure effect
D) Companionate love

Question 42

What was Theodore Mita and his colleagues trying to illustrate through their experiment when they reasoned that people are more exposed to their mirrored facial images than they are to their true facial images and thus should have more positive attitudes toward the former than the latter?

A) Cognitive dissociation
B) Mere exposure effect
C) Self-adoration
D) Elaboration likelihood feeling

Question 43

Linda went to a car dealership to buy a car.However,the salesperson she encountered was rude and impatient.She decides that he is probably having a particularly difficult afternoon and decides to come back another time.The inference Linda makes about the car salesperson is an example of a(n)____.

A) external attribution
B) internal attribution
C) stereotyping
D) impression formation

Question 44

Identify the term that indicates the positive or negative evaluation of an object.

A) Impression
B) Attitude
C) Perception
D) Attribution

Question 45

Identify the persuasion theory developed by Richard Petty and John Cacioppo.

A) Elaboration likelihood model
B) Cognitive dissonance theory
C) Mere exposure effect
D) Cognitive rational theory

Question 46

According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion,attitude change can occur without

A) Reducing cognitive dissonance
B) Increasing cognitive dissonance
C) The audience inhibition effect
D) Comprehension of the persuasive message

Question 47

To what does the distinctiveness information in Harold Kelley's model refer?

A) The extent to which other people react in the same way to the stimulus object as do the actors
B) The extent to which the actors react to stimulus object in the same way on other occasions
C) The extent to which actors separate their experiences from the others
D) The extent to which the actors react in the same way to other,different stimulus objects

Question 48

According to which model do people engage in either high or low elaboration when processing persuasive messages?

A) Cognitive dissonance model
B) Path analysis model
C) Elaboration likelihood model
D) Persuasive model

Question 49

What is the term employed to communicate any explanation of an event that locates the cause as being outside the person,such as the actions of others or the nature of the situation?

A) External locus
B) External characteristic
C) External judgment
D) External attribution

Question 50

____ information,with regard to the covariation model,deals with the extent to which other people react in the same way to the stimulus object as do the actors.

A) Consistency
B) Consensus
C) Response attitude
D) Distinctiveness

Question 51

In which route to persuasion is the message content influenced by the strength and quality of the arguments?

A) Peripheral route
B) Commencing route
C) Conclusive route
D) Central route

Question 52

What is the process of consciously attempting to change attitudes through the transmission of some message called?

A) Enlightenment
B) Rhetoric
C) Persuasion
D) Elaboration

Question 53

Which was the model developed by Harold Kelly,based on how people make attributions about the behavior of others?

A) Tri-component attribution model
B) Covariation model
C) Attribution process model
D) Self-concept model

Question 54

What is the significance of mere exposure effect?

A) It illustrates how attitudes are the result of situation.
B) It illustrates how people like their mirror-imaged photographs better that the original.
C) It illustrates how attitudes are altered in relation to environmental conditions.
D) It illustrates how attitudes sometimes develop outside the realm of conscious awareness.

Question 55

The two routes to ____ are the central route and the peripheral route.

A) message sending
B) persuasion
C) impression formation
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 56

Which principle states that for something to be the cause of a particular effect,it must be present when the effect occurs and absent when it does not occur?

A) Presence-absence principle
B) Action-reaction principle
C) Cause-effect principle
D) Covariation principle

Question 57

Jason visits his girlfriend at her home and meets her mom for the first time.His girlfriend's mom does not smile or shake his hand during the introductions.Jason infers that she is an unfriendly person.The inference Jason drew about his girlfriend's mom illustrates an ____.

A) internal judgment
B) internal attribution
C) external attribution
D) external judgment

Question 58

Which kind of information in the covariation model concerns the extent to which the actor reacts to the stimulus object in the same way on other occasions?

A) Response attitude
B) Distinctiveness
C) Consistency
D) Consensus

Question 59

When explaining others' actions,people from individualist cultures tend to make internal attributions rather than external attributions.What is the term given to this bias?

A) Fundamental attribution error
B) Mere exposure effect
C) Introspective analysis
D) Internal attribution error

Question 60

The term ____ refers to the probability that a person who receives a persuasive message will elaborate on the information contained in the message.

A) cognitive dissonance
B) elaboration likelihood
C) reasoned action
D) probability interpretation

Question 61

What are the three main behavioral consequences of social influence?

A) Conformity,compliance,and obedience
B) Loyalty,conformity,and obedience
C) Homogeneity,compliance,and conformity
D) Compliance,accordance,and obedience

Question 62

Who developed the cognitive dissonance theory?

A) Richard Petty and John Cacioppo
B) Hans Selye
C) Leon Festinger
D) Harold Kelley

Question 63

____ occurs because we are concerned with how others might respond if we refuse them.

A) Conformity
B) Persuasion
C) External compliance
D) Obedience

Question 64

People from collectivist cultures are socialized to think of group needs before their own needs;it is more acceptable for them to behave in a manner inconsistent with their attitudes than it is for individualists.What does this say to us about the desire for consistency?

A) It is more common in collectivist,rather than individualist,cultures.
B) It is less common in collectivist,rather than individualist,cultures.
C) The desire for consistency is equally common in both collectivist and individualist cultures.
D) None of the above

Question 65

What did Solomon Asch investigate in his line judgment studies?

A) Compliance
B) Conformity
C) Obedience to authority
D) Roles

Question 66

Publicly acting in accordance with a direct request is referred to as ____.

A) compliance
B) conformity
C) obedience
D) audience inhibition effect

Question 67

According to the elaboration likelihood model,when unable or unwilling to analyze a message,individuals may take the ____ route to persuasion.

A) peripheral
B) central
C) logical
D) rhetorical

Question 68

Which factor that influences conformity occurs when we resist social influence in order to feel we are in control of our actions?

A) Desire for personal control
B) Social support
C) Group cohesiveness
D) Group segregation

Question 69

The ____ norm states that one should return a favor or a good deed,and it is based on maintaining fairness in social relationships.

A) persuasion
B) reciprocity
C) additive
D) eye-for-eye

Question 70

Yielding to perceived group pressure is known as ____.

A) compliance
B) conformity
C) obedience
D) accordance

Question 71

In general,groups with a ____ sense of togetherness elicit ____ levels of conformity than less cohesive groups.

A) weak;higher
B) strong;higher
C) strong;lower
D) weak;lower

Question 72

What is the feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that is inconsistent with one's attitudes?

A) Cognitive indecision
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Cognitive complexity
D) Cognitive discontentedness

Question 73

Physically attractive people and funny people are often found in television commercials trying to convince the audience to buy their products.The advertisers use these types of people to sell their products probably because they think that their audience is often taking the ____ to persuasion when watching these commercials.

A) central route
B) direct route
C) peripheral route
D) indirect route

Question 74

Which two factors derail expected cognitive dissonance effects?

A) Cultural relativism and avoidance behavior
B) Cultural upbringing and a person's psychological needs
C) Self-esteem needs and one's need for inconsistency
D) A need to belong to a group and early childhood experience

Question 75

What is the term for the exercise of social power by a person or group to change the attitudes or behavior of others in a certain direction?

A) Social attribution
B) Social motivation
C) Social influence
D) Social directives

Question 76

____ refers to the force available to the influencer to motivate this change,which can originate from having access to certain resources or from being liked and admired by others.

A) Social power
B) Social attribution
C) Social influence
D) Social directives

Question 77

What was the initial assumption underlying cognitive dissonance theory?

A) Everyone has an equal desire to think and act consistently.
B) People always act consistently.
C) Everyone does not have an equal capability to act consistently.
D) Most people do not care whether they think or act consistently.

Question 78

If people are suspicious of our motives when we flatter them,flattery is ____ effective in securing compliance.

A) almost never
B) still often
C) always
D) never

Question 79

What occurs when we act in accordance with a direct request despite privately disagreeing with the idea?

A) Internal compliance
B) External compliance
C) Conformity
D) None of the above

Question 80

"Would you please donate fifty dollars to the Hunger Task Force?" A person asking this question is attempting a type of social influence termed ____.

A) obedience
B) conformity
C) compliance
D) persuasion