Deck 10: Personality

Question 1

Freud was impressed by psychiatrist ____ "talking cure" therapy,in which patients with emotional problems were told to report whatever came to mind.

A) Joseph Breuer's
B) Jean Charcot's
C) Carl Jung's
D) Alfred Adler's

Answer 1

Joseph Breuer's

Question 2

Which philosophy of life conceives of people as being unique,independent entities,separate from their social surroundings?

A) Collectivism
B) Individualism
C) Independence
D) Feminism

Answer 2

Individualism

Question 3

Although personality styles may be associated with particular cultures,most personality researchers strive to identify universal aspects of personality.Which personality perspective has been shaped by this observation?

A) Cognitive
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Social interactionist
D) Evolutionary

Answer 3

Evolutionary

Question 4

The text defines personality as the consistent and ____ thoughts,feelings,and behaviors an individual engages in.

A) likeable
B) conscious
C) distinctive
D) inconsistent

Question 5

Piecing together his patients' accounts of their lives while under hypnosis,Freud believed that he had discovered the ____ mind.

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) unconscious
D) ego

Question 6

Examples of ____ material might include your parents' phone number,some of the material from previous sections of this questionnaire,and a conversation you had yesterday with a friend.

A) conscious
B) unconscious
C) preconscious
D) ego

Question 7

Which two techniques did Freud adapt to his own emerging theory of the human mind?

A) TAT and inkblot test
B) "Talking cure" therapy and hypnosis
C) Projective and objective tests
D) Hypnosis and objective tests

Question 8

Painful,forgotten memories from childhood,hidden feelings of hostility,and sexual urges that would cause us anxiety if we were aware of them are held in our ____.

A) unconscious
B) ego
C) superego
D) preconscious

Question 9

An example of the kind of medical problem that set Freud on his journey of discovery into psychology was a strange neurological-like condition referred to as ____,in which the patient has no feeling from the wrists to the tips of the fingers but does have feeling in the forearms.

A) hypnoanaesthesia
B) glove anesthesia
C) age-regression
D) self-hypnosis

Question 10

Freud was originally trained as a ____.

A) physician
B) psychiatrist
C) psychologist
D) biologist

Question 11

During the past 25 years,as psychology has become more of an international science,personality theorists are thinking about human behavior in a way similar to that of collectivists.What is this perspective known as?

A) Cognitive perspective
B) Interactionist perspective
C) Social consciousness perspective
D) Evolutionary perspective

Question 12

____ is an important quality of personality because it is used to explain why everyone does not act the same in similar situations.

A) Distinctiveness
B) Consistency
C) Perseverance
D) Alertness

Question 13

What metaphor did Freud's model use to describe the mind?

A) Cornucopia
B) Trench
C) Machine
D) Iceberg

Question 14

Our ____ mind is the relatively small part of our mind that we are aware of at the moment,like the tip of the iceberg that is visible above the surface of the water.

A) unconscious
B) conscious
C) subconscious
D) preconscious

Question 15

Freud started looking into the unconscious mind when he realized that the ____ symptoms of his patients might be caused by ____ factors.

A) unconscious;psychological
B) psychosexual;physical
C) physical;psychological
D) psychological;physiological

Question 16

Personality psychology was developed and has flourished in the North American and Western European social climate of ____.

A) collectivism
B) short power orientation
C) feminism
D) individualism

Question 17

Dr.Young believes that our personality is set in early childhood and is driven by unconscious and sexual impulses that we poorly understand.Her beliefs reflect the ____ perspective of personality development.

A) social-cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) trait
D) humanistic

Question 18

Freud proposed that the mind is like an iceberg.What makes up the biggest part of this iceberg?

A) The preconscious mind
B) The unconscious mind
C) The conscious mind
D) The subterranean mind

Question 19

Freud claimed that we largely underestimate the effect of the ____ on our behavior.

A) ego
B) preconscious mind
C) conscious mind
D) unconscious mind

Question 20

According to Freud,those mental processes that are not currently conscious,but could become so at any moment are contained in the ____.

A) conscious mind
B) preconscious mind
C) unconscious mind
D) id

Question 21

As Freud continued treating patients with psychological problems,he proposed another dimension to his theory of the mind,which came to be called the ____ model.

A) five factor
B) reality
C) structural
D) cognitive

Question 22

Freud contended that our personality develops through a series of ____ stages.

A) psychosexual
B) psychosocial
C) moral
D) social-cognitive

Question 23

What is the function of the ego?

A) Consistently wants to satisfy whatever desire is currently active as quickly and directly as possible
B) To be the decision-making part of the personality that satisfies id impulses in socially acceptable ways
C) Contains the basic drives for reproduction,survival,and aggression
D) Overseeing the superego and making sure that it acts morally

Question 24

According to Freud,the superego represents the internalization of ____ into our minds.

A) sexual and aggressive drives
B) cultural norms and values
C) the reality principle
D) the unconscious

Question 25

Which of the following contains the basic drives for reproduction,survival,and aggression according to Freud's structural model?

A) Ego
B) Id
C) Superego
D) Both a and c

Question 26

According to Freud's structural model,the id is an entirely ____ portion of the mind.

A) unconscious
B) conscious
C) preconscious
D) irrelevant

Question 27

Which of the following age-groups did Freud consider to be the purest form of id impulses?

A) Adolescents
B) Adults
C) Elderly
D) Newborn infants

Question 28

According to Freud,at approximately what age does the superego develop?

A) At birth
B) 2 to 3 years of age
C) 4 to 5 years of age
D) At puberty

Question 29

The superego provides us with a(n)____.

A) scale
B) conscience
C) reference point
D) external reality

Question 30

What are the three subcomponents of Freud's structural model of the mind?

A) The id,the ego,and the superego
B) The conscious mind,the preconscious mind,and the unconscious mind
C) The oral stage,the anal stage,and the phallic stage
D) Repression,rationalization,and reaction formation

Question 31

Which of the following are frequently at odds about the proper course of action in a given situation?

A) The superego and the id
B) The ego and the id
C) The superego and the ego
D) The superego and the reality principle

Question 32

The conscious part of the ego is in contact with ____,while the unconscious part is in contact with the ____.

A) id;Internal reality
B) superego;internal reality
C) superego;id
D) external reality;id

Question 33

Essentially,Freud's ideas challenged the prevailing notion that ____ was the determining factor in the management and control of our lives.

A) our unconscious mind
B) divine intervention
C) our consciousness
D) the superego

Question 34

Freud asserted that,as infants,whenever immediate gratification does not occur,we experience distress and anxiety.As a way to cope with this infantile stress,the ____ develops out of the id.

A) it
B) ego
C) pleasure principle
D) superego

Question 35

Each of Freud's stages of personality development focuses on a part of the body referred to as ____ zones.

A) psychosexual
B) erogenous
C) pleasure
D) phallic

Question 36

According to Freud,what causes a person to become fixated in a psychosexual stage?

A) Having a peak experience during that stage
B) A release of large amounts of aggression during that stage
C) Their biological make-up
D) Unresolved conflicts when seeking pleasure during that stage

Question 37

Which of the following best describes the id's agenda?

A) "Do your own thing."
B) "If it feels good,don't do it."
C) "If it feels good,do it."
D) "What you see is what you get."

Question 38

The process by which the id seeks to immediately satisfy its current desire is called the ____ principle.

A) conflict
B) gratification
C) reality
D) pleasure

Question 39

Freud's model of the mind is sometimes called a(n)____ model.

A) five Factor
B) aggression
C) reality
D) conflict

Question 40

According to Freud,the ____ guides the ego in finding socially acceptable outlets for gratification of the id.

A) reality principle
B) conscience
C) ego ideal
D) pleasure principle

Question 41

In which of Freud's stages is a person relatively free from sexual desires and conflict?

A) The anal stage
B) The phallic stage
C) The latency stage
D) The oral stage

Question 42

In Freud's phallic stage,pleasure is derived from ____.

A) masturbation
B) defecation
C) sucking,biting,and chewing
D) developing sexual relationships

Question 43

Latency stage is followed by puberty and the onset of the ____ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) genital
D) phallic

Question 44

What may cause someone to become fixated in Freud's anal stage?

A) Overly relaxed or strict toilet training experiences
B) Deriving pleasure from defecation
C) Unresolved Oedipus/Electra complex
D) Repression of sexual desires

Question 45

Fixation at the anal stage,caused by overly harsh toilet-training experiences,produces children who too closely conform to the demands of parents and other caretakers.As adults,they will be excessively neat and orderly.This can be referred to as ____.

A) anal reclusive
B) anal expulsive
C) anal retentive
D) anal attentive

Question 46

Which of the following defense mechanisms involve offering seemingly logical self-justifying explanations for our attitudes,beliefs,or behavior in place of the real,unconscious reasons?

A) Reaction formation
B) Projection
C) Rationalization
D) Displacement

Question 47

Freud proposed that castration anxiety occurs during the ____ stage.

A) anal
B) genital
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 48

During Freud's genital stage,issues of earlier stages ____.

A) re-emerge and can be reworked to a certain extent
B) move from the superego to the ego
C) are forgotten by the ego
D) lead to temporary regression

Question 49

Freud believed that personality was largely determined by age ____.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 12
D) 30

Question 50

According to Freud,what must happen for a child to successfully negotiate the phallic stage so that they develop a superego?

A) They must identify with the rival same-sex parent.
B) They must confront the desired other-sex parent.
C) They must confront the rival other-sex parent.
D) They must identify with the desired same-sex parent.

Question 51

Your uncle is extremely clingy and emotionally dependent on others.Given the fact that he smokes three packs of cigarettes per day,is an incessant talker,and is a constant eater,Freud would say that your uncle may well ____.

A) be fixated in the oral stage
B) have an archetype fixation in the oral stage
C) be suffering from an Oedipal conflict in the oral stage
D) have successfully resolved the oral stage

Question 52

During Freud's ____ stage,babies derive a great deal of pleasure from sucking,biting,and chewing.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) latency
C) oral
D) phallic

Question 53

Ieshua is 2 years old and is in the process of being toilet trained by her parents.She is in Freud's ____ stage.

A) latency
B) anal
C) oral
D) phallic

Question 54

Which of the following is the first stage of psychosexual development,which encompasses the first year of life?

A) Anal
B) Oral
C) Phallic
D) Latency

Question 55

Freud proposed that we ____ to keep unacceptable or threatening material out of consciousness.

A) use the collective unconscious
B) focus on erogenous zones
C) use defense mechanisms
D) seek out peak experiences

Question 56

Which of the following refers to a tendency to persist in pleasure-seeking behaviors associated with an earlier psychosexual stage where conflicts were unresolved?

A) Perversion
B) Hangover
C) Fixation
D) Frigidity

Question 57

Which of the following psychosexual stages follows the oral stage?

A) Anal
B) Latency
C) Phallic
D) Genital

Question 58

Freud believed that people moved things into the unconscious through the use of a very basic defense mechanism called ____.

A) regression
B) rationalization
C) reaction formation
D) repression

Question 59

The Oedipus complex experienced by boys is similar to the ____ experienced by girls.

A) castration anxiety
B) Aphrodite complex
C) Hermes complex
D) Electra complex

Question 60

What causes someone to become fixated in Freud's phallic stage?

A) Overly relaxed or strict toilet training experiences
B) Identification with the other-sex parent
C) Unresolved Oedipus/Electra complex
D) Excessive sibling rivalry

Question 61

Identify the aspect of Jung's personality theory that has been incorporated into mainstream personality theories.

A) Archetypes reveal themselves when our conscious mind is distracted.
B) Archetypes reveal themselves when our conscious mind is inactive.
C) Besides our personal unconscious,we also have a collective unconscious,which is that part of the unconscious mind containing inherited memories shared by all human beings.
D) We are born with tendencies to direct our psychological energies either into our inner self or into the outside world.

Question 62

____ occurs when we cannot psychologically function in our current surroundings due to anxiety,and we psychologically retreat to a more infantile developmental stage where some psychic energy remains fixated.

A) Regression
B) Reaction formation
C) Rationalization
D) Repression

Question 63

According to Carl Jung's analytical psychology,what part of our unconscious mind contains images passed down from our prehistoric ancestors?

A) The cumulative unconscious
B) The id
C) The preconscious
D) The collective unconscious

Question 64

After finding out that you didn't pass your chemistry exam,you go home and yell at your dog.According to Freud,this may be an example of ____.

A) projection
B) rationalization
C) displacement
D) reaction formation

Question 65

Carl Jung asserted that people are motivated by a desire for psychological growth and wholeness,which he called the ____.

A) need for collective growth
B) need for appreciation
C) need for individuation
D) need for recognition

Question 66

Karen Horney conceded with Freud that women often feel inferior to men.However,she believed this was caused by women's desire for men's ____,rather than penis envy.

A) attention and deviation
B) social power and privilege
C) sexual freedom
D) physical strength

Question 67

Identify the most important archetype,which Jung described as the ultimate unity of the personality,symbolized in religions by the circle,the cross,and the mandala.

A) Yin
B) Self
C) God
D) Mother

Question 68

Which of the following is a Freudian defense mechanism that diverts our sexual or aggressive urges toward objects that are more acceptable than the one actually stimulating our feelings?

A) Repression
B) Reaction formation
C) Displacement
D) Projection

Question 69

When an insecure person falsely accuses other people of being insecure,they are probably using the defense mechanism called ____.

A) reaction formation
B) displacement
C) repression
D) projection

Question 70

Freud believed gender differences in behavior were largely due to ____,while Horney proposed they were due to ____.

A) biological factors;social and cultural factors
B) social and cultural factors;biological factors
C) environmental factors;biological factors
D) hormonal differences;differences in brain structure

Question 71

Adler's view of personality stressed ____ factors more than did Freud's theory.

A) cognitive
B) social
C) sexual
D) biological

Question 72

When five-year-old Mung Chen's parents bring home his new baby sister,he starts to suck his thumb again-something he hasn't done in two years.This is an example of ____.

A) displacement
B) repression
C) regression
D) reaction formation

Question 73

Carl Jung proposed that our unconscious minds contain images passed down from prehistoric ancestors.What did he call these images?

A) Collectivist symbols
B) Peak experiences
C) Phallic symbols
D) Archetypes

Question 74

After the breakup with his girlfriend,Taylor convinces himself that he never really liked her that much anyway.Freud would say that Taylor seems to be using the defense mechanism called ____.

A) reaction formation
B) rationalization
C) displacement
D) projection

Question 75

Identify the defense mechanism that allows us to express an unacceptable feeling or idea by consciously expressing its exact opposite.

A) Displacement
B) Projection
C) Rationalization
D) Reaction formation

Question 76

The Freud-Adler relationship ended when Adler proposed his individual psychology,which downplayed the importance of sexual motivation and,instead,asserted that people strive for ____.

A) distinctiveness
B) consistency
C) superiority
D) motivation

Question 77

Although Alfred Adler's individual psychology did not deny the strong influence of parents on personality development,unlike Freud,he also emphasized the influence of ____.

A) grandparents
B) the extended family
C) siblings
D) peers

Question 78

Alfred Adler's individual psychology introduced the idea that particularly insecure people ____ to overcome feelings of inferiority.

A) regress
B) overcompensate
C) rationalize
D) create archetypes

Question 79

Three of Freud's closest coworkers,Alfred Adler,Carl Jung,and Karen Horney,disagreed about the central role of ____ in the determination of people's personalities.

A) defense mechanisms
B) multi levels
C) superego
D) sexual drives

Question 80

Which defense mechanism lets us we perceive our own aggressive or sexual urges not in ourselves but in others?

A) Displacement
B) Projection
C) Reaction formation
D) Regression