Deck 6: Learning

Question 1

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which ____.

A) a behavior elicits a stimulus
B) a stimulus signals the occurrence of a second stimulus
C) two stimuli are presented simultaneously
D) a stimulus shapes increasingly complex behaviors

Answer 1

a stimulus signals the occurrence of a second stimulus

Question 2

In Pavlov's experiment,the food powder presented right after the ticking sound naturally triggered the dog's salivary reflex.Pavlov called the food that elicited this automatic response a(n)____.

A) Unconditioned response
B) Conditioned stimulus
C) Conditioned response
D) Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

The initial stage of classical conditioning,in which a previously neutral stimulus is able to elicit a conditioned response,is known as ____.

A) acquisition
B) extinction
C) reinforcement
D) stimulus discrimination

Answer 3

acquisition

Question 4

Pavlov asserted that classical conditioning was an essentially "____" process.

A) conscious
B) mindless
C) mindful
D) voluntary

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a correct observation?

A) Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.
B) Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which one stimulus comes to serve as a signal for the occurrence of a second stimulus.
C) Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which we discover the reasons for behavior.
D) Observational learning deals with how we learn by observing the behaviors and the behavioral consequences of those around us.

Question 6

Which of the following refers to the type of conditioning Skinner investigated,a form of learning in which we discover the consequences of behavior?

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Behavior conditioning

Question 7

Consider Pavlov's experiments with dogs.The ticking of the metronome became a(n)____,once the dogs learned the association between the meat powder and the metronome's sound.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 8

The type of learning that goes on in classical conditioning is often considered ____.

A) behavior through observation
B) voluntary and goal directed
C) controlled by consequences
D) unintentional and automatic

Question 9

Consider Pavlov's experiment.After several pairings of food with the metronome's sound,the dogs' act of salivating at the sound of the metronome became the ____.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned response
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner proposed a general rule of classical conditioning which states that a previously ____ will lead to a conditioned response whenever it provides the organism with information about the upcoming unconditioned stimulus.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) intentional stimulus
C) targeted stimulus
D) neutral stimulus

Question 11

What type of learning is Pavlov associated with?

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Vicarious conditioning

Question 12

In Pavlov's experiment,the food powder presented right after the ticking sound naturally triggered the dog's salivary reflex.Pavlov called this unlearned act of drooling a(n)____.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned response
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

In classical conditioning,the unlearned,automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus is known as a(n)____.

A) unconditioned response
B) conditioned response
C) response-contingent
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Learning is a relatively ____ change in behavior.

A) temporary
B) continuous
C) static
D) permanent

Question 15

Which of the following elicits a response?

A) Condition
B) Stimulus
C) Operant
D) Observation

Question 16

In his experiments on classical conditioning,what did Pavlov use as the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A) Sound of a bell
B) Tuning fork
C) Metronome
D) Meat

Question 17

During conditioning,through repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus,the ____.

A) neutral stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus
B) neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
D) unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response

Question 18

In the beginning of Pavlov's experiments,the dogs' act of drooling was a(n)____,because it was unlearned.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 19

Psychologist John Watson was concerned with ____.

A) people's internal states
B) people's unconscious drives
C) people's cognitive behavior
D) people's outward behavior

Question 20

Who proposed the general rule of classical conditioning which states that a previously neutral stimulus will lead to a conditioned response whenever it provides the organism with information about the upcoming unconditioned stimulus?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner
C) Lavond and Steinmetz
D) John Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Question 21

A researcher,several times a day,sounds a tone in a monkey's cage,then proceeds not to present a further stimulus.Later the researcher sounds a tone and drops nuts into the monkey's food dish.Despite the repetition of this tone-and-nuts presentation,the monkey has difficulty learning this association.This phenomenon is known as ____.

A) stimulus generalization
B) general learned irrelevance
C) stimulus discrimination
D) operant conditioning

Question 22

What occurs when an organism gives a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus but not to stimuli similar to it?

A) Stimulus generalization
B) Stimulus dissection
C) Stimulus association
D) Stimulus discrimination

Question 23

Regarding order of presentation,which of the following situations is conducive to conditioning?

A) Back ward conditioning
B) Forward conditioning
C) Simultaneous conditioning
D) Voluntary conditioning

Question 24

Identify the phenomenon in which conditioned responses occur at full strength right away.

A) Acquisition
B) Observational learning
C) Single signal
D) One-trial learning

Question 25

One observation Pavlov made while conditioning his dogs to salivate was that salivation triggered by the conditioned stimulus often generalized to other,similar stimuli.What did he term this phenomenon?

A) Stimulus association
B) Stimulus discrimination
C) Stimulus continuum
D) Stimulus generalization

Question 26

A bird that becomes sick after eating a poisonous Monarch butterfly avoids eating other orange and black insects.Which phenomenon is being discussed in this example?

A) Extinction
B) Stimulus generalization
C) Stimulus discrimination
D) Stimulus adaptation

Question 27

The ____ with which the appearance of the UCS can be predicted by the CS will also determine whether a conditioned response is formed.

A) presentation
B) accuracy
C) swiftness
D) order

Question 28

Tim responds very coldly when he deals with strangers who resemble his class teacher,because of a punishment he received in school.Which phenomenon explains this behavior?

A) Adaptation
B) Stimulus discrimination
C) Stimulus generalization
D) None of the above

Question 29

Conditioning generally occurs only when ____.

A) the CS comes before the UCS
B) the CS comes after the UCS
C) the CS comes at the same time as the UCS
D) backward conditioning happens

Question 30

After conditioning,the organism responds more quickly because it is now reacting to the ____.

A) later-occurring CS
B) later-occurring UCS
C) earlier-occurring CS
D) earlier-occurring UCS

Question 31

Which principle is used in drug treatment programs to enhance their effectiveness?

A) Activation
B) Acquisition
C) Extinction
D) Obliteration

Question 32

Overall,research on the acquisition of conditioned responses tells us that organisms are ____ in this process.

A) unintentional participants
B) not passive
C) passive
D) unaware

Question 33

In animal research,the most efficient CS-UCS interval is ____.

A) less than 0.6 seconds
B) between 0 and 2.5 seconds
C) between 0.2 and 2 seconds
D) between 1 and 7 seconds

Question 34

The six important principles of classical conditioning are acquisition,high-order conditioning,stimulus generalization,stimulus discrimination,____,and spontaneous recovery.

A) escape
B) reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction

Question 35

Backward conditioning is ____.

A) when the UCS comes before the CS
B) when the CS comes after the UCS
C) when the UCS is no longer presented
D) when the CS is no longer presented

Question 36

Pavlov discovered that conditioned responses seldom occur at full strength right away but,rather,gradually build up over a series of trials.Based on this finding,psychologists initially believed that the key to acquiring a conditioned response was ____.

A) the order of CS-UCS pairings
B) the order and number of CS-UCS pairings
C) the number of CS-UCS pairings
D) the timing of CS-UCS pairings

Question 37

Former soldiers who long ago overcame the panic attacks they experienced during combat may reexperience acute anxiety while viewing a movie containing graphic war scenes.Which of the following explains this situation?

A) Extinction
B) Stimulus generalization
C) Spontaneous recovery
D) Spontaneous appearance

Question 38

The practical importance of ____ is that,even if you succeed in ridding yourself of a conditioned response,it may surprise you by reappearing later.

A) spontaneous appearance
B) spontaneous recovery
C) extinction
D) revival

Question 39

What do we call the gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus?

A) Extinction
B) Termination
C) Terminal response
D) Shaping

Question 40

When a once extinguished response reappears,this reappearance is most likely ____.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) outlier introduction
C) extinction
D) reemergence contingency

Question 41

The type of learning that occurs due to ____ helps you prepare for future events but seldom allows you to change those events.

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) vicarious learning
D) latent learning

Question 42

In Garcia and Koelling's experiment on taste aversion using rats,the authors concluded that it makes evolutionary sense that the rats associated their nausea with ____.

A) electric shock
B) sound
C) sight
D) taste

Question 43

Fear can be learned through ____,as demonstrated by Watson and Raynor's study with Little Albert.

A) stimulus discrimination
B) stimulus generalization
C) extinction
D) stimulus presentation

Question 44

Frank becomes so anxious upon entering a classroom to take an exam that his ability to concentrate is affected.What could best explain this anxiety?

A) Higher-order conditioning
B) Stimulus association
C) Stimulus discrimination
D) Acquisition

Question 45

Consider John Watson's experiment with the eight-month-old boy,Albert.Albert became fearful of not only white rats but also various white fuzzy objects that resembled white rats.His aversion to the other objects was most likely due to ____.

A) stimulus specification
B) stimulus discrimination
C) stimulus generalization
D) stimulus presentation

Question 46

Essentially,Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to develop a(n)____ to white rats.

A) phobia
B) attraction
C) ambivalence
D) superstition

Question 47

In a study of women undergoing treatment for ovarian cancer,researchers found that,following several chemotherapy sessions,the patients' immune systems were weakened as soon as they entered the hospital-in anticipation of the treatment.What had become a conditioned stimulus in this example,causing an inhibition of cellular activity?

A) Chemotherapy
B) Immune system
C) Doctors
D) Hospital

Question 48

Which of the following is a drawback of the chemotherapy drugs given to cancer patients?

A) They inhibit the growth of new cancer cells.
B) They result in higher secretions of adrenalin.
C) They inhibit the growth of immune cells.
D) None of the above

Question 49

A classical conditioning procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being paired with an existing conditioned stimulus is known as ____.

A) stimulus generalization
B) higher-order conditioning
C) stimulus discrimination
D) operant conditioning

Question 50

Who developed the law of effect?

A) Edward L.Thorndike
B) William James
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) John Watson

Question 51

Higher-order conditioning is also called ____.

A) first-order conditioning
B) second-order conditioning
C) adaptive conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 52

In one study,captured wolves were fed sheep carcasses containing lithium chloride,a chemical that causes severe nausea and vomiting.After recovering from this very unpleasant experience,these same hungry predators were placed in a pen with a live sheep.At first,the wolves moved toward the sheep in attack postures.However,as soon as they smelled their prey,they backed off and avoided further contact.In this study the unconditioned response is ____.

A) sheep
B) severe nausea and vomiting
C) backing off
D) carcasses containing lithium chloride

Question 53

The relationship between behavior and its consequences is called the ____ because behavior becomes more or less likely based on the effect it has in producing desirable or undesirable consequences.

A) law of consequence
B) law of effect
C) law of causality
D) law of contingency

Question 54

Evolutionary pressures will not remove fear of snakes until,over the long term,the fear ____.

A) becomes neutral
B) becomes an advantage
C) becomes an actual disadvantage
D) becomes invalid

Question 55

____ contend that the reason people more easily develop phobias for certain objects or situations is because they once posed a real danger to our ancestors.

A) Classical conditioning theorists
B) Psychiatrists
C) Psychoanalysts
D) Evolutionary theorists

Question 56

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert,the loud noise that startled him is the ____.

A) conditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 57

Identify the technique used by John Garcia to control predators' attacks on ranchers' livestock.

A) Phobia
B) Vicarious conditioning
C) Conditioned taste aversion
D) Conditioning the immune system

Question 58

The smell of pine needles elicits pleasant thoughts from your memory.The scent reminds you of your childhood and Christmastime,and all the presents and tasty food available at this time of the year.These fond recollections stem from ____.

A) higher-order conditioning
B) general learned relevance
C) operant conditioning
D) stimulus generalization

Question 59

Identify the term that refers to exaggerated and irrational fears of objects or situations.

A) Mania
B) Aversion
C) Phobia
D) Hyperactive response

Question 60

Which of the following greatly increases the number of situations in which classical conditioning explains behavior?

A) Operant conditioning
B) Second-order conditioning
C) Behavior conditioning
D) Vicarious conditioning

Question 61

According to Skinner,an organism's behavior ____ the environment to achieve some desired goal.

A) reacts to
B) operates on
C) does not depend on
D) None of the above

Question 62

A lab assistant is working to train lab rats how to press a water lever.Each time a rat hits the lever it releases a water drop.The rat soon learns how to obtain water using the lever.What is the reinforcer in this example?

A) The water drop
B) The rat's being thirsty
C) Pressing the water lever
D) The rat becoming satiated

Question 63

A ____ increases the probability of the behavior it follows.

A) punishment
B) consequence
C) reinforcer
D) contingency

Question 64

When a desired behavior increases it is most likely being ____.

A) recovered
B) punished
C) acquired
D) reinforced

Question 65

Every time Deborah answers her teacher's questions correctly,she does not have to see her teacher frown and,therefore,avoids an aversive condition.This is an example of ____.

A) positive reinforcement
B) aversive reinforcement
C) punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 66

Examples of secondary reinforcers are ____ and ____.

A) warmth;food
B) money;praise
C) physical activity;novel stimulation
D) sleep;water

Question 67

In a Skinner box,a moderate electric shock administered through the floor grid often serves as a ____.

A) positive reinforcer
B) primary reinforcer
C) negative reinforcer
D) tertiary reinforcer

Question 68

Food,water,warmth,and sex are all examples of ____.

A) secondary reinforcers
B) innate reinforcers
C) primitive reinforcers
D) primary reinforcers

Question 69

A stimulus is a ____ because of what it does,not because of what it is.

A) response
B) reinforcer
C) model
D) None of the above

Question 70

A type of learning in which a behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and weakened if followed by punishment is known as ____.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) contingency learning
D) observational learning

Question 71

The type of learning in which your actions,not conditioned stimuli,produce consequences is ____.

A) classical conditioning
B) higher-order conditioning
C) latent learning
D) operant conditioning

Question 72

Which of the following strengthens a response by removing an aversive or unpleasant stimulus after a response?

A) Punishment
B) Positive reinforcer
C) Negative reinforcer
D) Escape contingency

Question 73

How does one know that something is acting as a reinforcer?

A) The behavior abruptly stops
B) The behavior decreases
C) The behavior increases
D) The behavior doesn't change

Question 74

Which important element in operant conditioning comes into existence through classical conditioning?

A) Primary reinforcer
B) Positive reinforcer
C) Secondary reinforcer
D) Negative reinforcer

Question 75

Operant behavior is largely voluntary,____,and is controlled by its consequences.

A) selective
B) secondary
C) necessary
D) goal-directed

Question 76

Sleep is an example of a ____ reinforcer.

A) secondary
B) latent
C) token
D) primary

Question 77

When parents use money to reinforce their child's washing the dishes after supper,the money is an example of a ____ reinforcer.

A) primary
B) token
C) latent
D) secondary

Question 78

The process by which a stimulus increases the probability of the behavior that it follows is ____.

A) secondary reinforcement
B) internalization
C) reinforcement
D) classical conditioning

Question 79

Johnny receives a piece of candy each time he is courteous or helpful with his classmates.Soon Johnny is voted "most polite" by all his peers.This type of learning is called ____.

A) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
C) operant conditioning
D) consequential learning

Question 80

What are innately reinforcing because they satisfy some biological need?

A) Physiological reinforcers
B) Secondary reinforcers
C) Primary reinforcers
D) Positive reinforcers