Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

____ is the second memory process,in which information is entered and maintained in memory for a period of time.

A) Retrieval
B) Encoding
C) Storage
D) Memorization

Answer 1

Storage

Question 2

The third memory process,which involves recovering stored information from memory so that it can be used is known as ____.

A) encoding
B) semantics
C) storage
D) retrieval

Answer 2

retrieval

Question 3

Up until the late 1950s,the perspective of memory as a single system was largely due to the influence of ____.

A) theorists
B) artificial intelligence
C) cognitivists
D) behaviorists

Answer 3

behaviorists

Question 4

According to the information-processing model,in both computer and human memory,there are three basic processes that information goes through: an input or encoding process,a ____ process,and a retrieval process.

A) decoding
B) storage
C) sending
D) delivery

Question 5

In the brain,sensory information from our surroundings is transformed into ____ language.

A) psychic
B) English
C) transcendental
D) neural

Question 6

In Ebbinghaus's memory experiment,the discovery that items near the beginning and the end of a list were more easily remembered than those in the middle is referred to as the ____.

A) serial-position effect
B) parallel-position effect
C) random-position effect
D) distributed-position effect

Question 7

Daniel has recently memorized the difference between the homophones: piece and peace.This process is known as ____.

A) acoustic encoding
B) syllable encoding
C) semantic encoding
D) None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following refers to the first memory process,in which incoming information is organized and transformed so that it can be entered into memory?

A) Storing
B) Retrieving
C) Cuing
D) Encoding

Question 9

Because semantic encoding involves the processing of the general,underlying meaning of information,it often ignores the ____ of the information.

A) source
B) details
C) relevance
D) storage

Question 10

Sofia is participating in a psychology experiment.She is told to memorize various icons that appear on a computer screen.This process is known as ____.

A) semantic encoding
B) sensory encoding
C) spatial encoding
D) visual encoding

Question 11

The increased memory for the first bits of information presented in a string of information is known as the ____.

A) latency effect
B) recency effect
C) primacy effect
D) serial effect

Question 12

The human memory systems that store information for relatively brief time periods are known as ____ and short-term memory.

A) random memory
B) sensory memory
C) read-only memory
D) perceived memory

Question 13

With the advent of computer technology in the 1950s,psychologists concluded that human information-processing was similar to ____.

A) cognitive information-processing
B) parallel distributed-processing
C) semantic network processing
D) computer information-processing

Question 14

The encoding of meaning,including the meaning of words is known as ____.

A) visual encoding
B) acoustic encoding
C) semantic encoding
D) syllogistic encoding

Question 15

A Spanish teacher is sounding out the correct pronunciation of the Spanish alphabet.The students are instructed to listen to her intonation.This helps the students memorize the correct pronunciation.This process is known as ____.

A) phonic encoding
B) acoustic encoding
C) semantic encoding
D) language encoding

Question 16

A memory model concerning the sequential processing and use of information,involving encoding,storage,and retrieval is known as ____.

A) information-processing
B) parallel-processing
C) random-processing
D) coded-processing

Question 17

Who is associated with memory studies involving serial-position effect?

A) George Sperling
B) Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus
D) George Miller

Question 18

Nancy is trying to remember what her brother said he wanted for his birthday.She remembers the setting.He was playing a computer game in their father's office.Now she remembers: he wants his favorite group's new CD.Nancy's remembering demonstrates the ____ process.

A) recognition
B) extraction
C) reactivation
D) retrieval

Question 19

Which of the following is not a valid encoding approach?

A) Acoustic encoding
B) Semantic encoding
C) Visual encoding
D) Sequential encoding

Question 20

Which of the following encoding approaches yield better memories?

A) Visual encoding
B) Semantic encoding
C) Acoustic encoding
D) Sequential encoding

Question 21

Which of the following memory systems is associated with the primacy effect?

A) Long-term memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Sensory memory
D) None of the above

Question 22

Identify the process in which information stored in long-term memory is sent back to short-term memory.

A) Storage
B) Release
C) Retrieval
D) Encoding

Question 23

The purpose of the ____ memory system is to retain for a split second a highly accurate record of what each of our senses has just experienced in the environment.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) random
D) primacy

Question 24

A durable memory system that has an immense capacity for information storage is known as ____.

A) stationary memory
B) static memory
C) long-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 25

Memory researchers argued that the ____ occurs because people have more time to think about the earlier items than the later items.

A) latency effect
B) serial effect
C) primacy effect
D) recency effect

Question 26

As a child,your parents may have told you that it was important to make a good first impression.The importance of good first impressions may be explained by what psychological memory principle?

A) Recency effect
B) Primacy effect
C) Sensory memory
D) State dependence

Question 27

A memory system that very briefly stores the sensory characteristics of a stimulus is known as ____.

A) short-term memory
B) perspective memory
C) sensory memory
D) working memory

Question 28

Why does information flow from short-term memory go to long-term memory?

A) For retrieval
B) For further decoding and storage
C) For storage and retrieval
D) For further encoding and storage

Question 29

____ memory is not involved in the retrieval process of memory.

A) Executive
B) Primary
C) Long-term
D) Sensory

Question 30

Two-way processing is not associated with ____.

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) Both a and c

Question 31

Information decay is fastest in ____.

A) random memory
B) sensory memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Question 32

Memory researchers discovered that the recency effect occurs because ____.

A) people have more time to think about the earlier items than the later items that are presented to them in a string of information
B) people recall information when cued,which allows them to recall the first and last items within a string of information
C) the last items presented in a string of information are stored within a memory system for a short amount of time
D) the first items presented in a string of information are often stored in one's long-term memory

Question 33

The increased memory for the last bits of information presented in a string of information is known as the ____.

A) recency effect
B) serial effect
C) latency effect
D) primacy effect

Question 34

____ memory happens automatically,without effort and without conscious awareness.

A) Random
B) Short-term
C) Long-term
D) Sensory

Question 35

The primacy and recency effects discovered by Ebbinghaus provided evidence for two distinct memory systems known as ____.

A) sensory and working memory
B) short-term and long-term memory
C) working and short-term memory
D) sensory and long-term memory

Question 36

A limited capacity memory system where we actively "work" with information is known as ____.

A) ephemeral memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) executive memory

Question 37

____ receives information from sensory memory.

A) Long-term memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Abstract memory
D) Executive memory

Question 38

Which of the following is the first memory system that typically comes into play in the memory process?

A) Random memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Long-term memory
D) Sensory memory

Question 39

Which of the following memory systems is associated with the recency effect?

A) Long-term
B) Sensory
C) Short-term
D) Necessary

Question 40

When you are asked to recall the name of the dog you had as a child,the information is retrieved from ____ and sent to ____.

A) short-term memory;long-term memory
B) long-term memory;short-term memory
C) storage;long-term memory
D) long-term memory;storage

Question 41

Research indicates that iconic memory lasts no more than four-tenths of a second;however,the ____ the visual image,the ____ it fades.

A) brighter;faster
B) brighter;slower
C) dimmer;faster
D) dimmer;slower

Question 42

The ____ is responsible for temporarily storing visual and spatial images.

A) image map
B) iconic sketchpad
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) iconic memory prototype

Question 43

Information must be encoded and ____ before it can be retrieved from long-term memory.

A) perceived
B) attended
C) rehearsed
D) stored

Question 44

Auditory sensory memory is referred to as ____.

A) echoic memory
B) iconic memory
C) ephemeral memory
D) parallel memory

Question 45

Which of the following is in charge of encoding information received from sensory memory and then filtering the sufficiently important information to long-term memory?

A) Iconic memory
B) Phonological loop
C) Visuospatial sketchpad
D) Central executive

Question 46

"Working memory" is an updated conceptualization and more active view of ____.

A) long-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) iconic memory
D) short-term memory

Question 47

The ____ is responsible for decoding language.

A) echoic mechanism
B) semantic application
C) central executive
D) phonological loop

Question 48

Ben is talking to a friend on the phone who provides him with an important telephone number.Ben recites the phone number to himself while searching for a pen to write it down.What is Ben relying on?

A) Visuospatial sketchpad
B) Audio indexing
C) Central executive
D) Phonological loop

Question 49

Information that is not transferred to short-term memory from sensory memory is ____.

A) quickly replaced by incoming stimuli
B) encoded for about an hour then lost
C) retrievable by long-term memory
D) None of the above

Question 50

Visual sensory memory is referred to as ____.

A) echoic memory
B) ephemeral memory
C) iconic memory
D) prototypal memory

Question 51

Which of the following is considered to be the doorway to memory?

A) Ears
B) Long-term memory
C) Sensory memory
D) Short-term memory

Question 52

Which component of working memory represents all of what we originally thought of as short-term memory?

A) Sensory memory
B) Phonological loop
C) Visuospatial sketchpad
D) Central executive

Question 53

The concept of working memory,as applied to short-term memory,assumes that short-term memory is more of a(n)____ rather than ____ process.

A) passive;active
B) active;passive
C) passive;primary
D) reactive;passive

Question 54

Which of the following can be "refreshed" through rehearsal?

A) Phonological loop
B) Visuospatial sketchpad
C) Central executive
D) Sensory memory

Question 55

When you recall what your home from childhood looked like,this cognitive task relies on the ____.

A) iconic prototype
B) phonological loop
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) central executive

Question 56

Groundbreaking research in the area of sensory memory is associated with ____.

A) Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
B) George Sperling
C) George Miller
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 57

The phonological loop of working memory is responsible for ____.

A) temporarily storing auditory input and generating and decoding language
B) distributing information from all environmental stimuli to long-term memory where it is encoded and stored
C) processing all environmental stimuli that subsequently is stored in short-term memory
D) coordinating input from the visuospatial sketchpad with sensory memory storage

Question 58

Auditory echoes ____ than visual images.

A) do not last as long
B) last longer
C) are more important
D) are more distinct

Question 59

When recalling a painting we saw one month ago,we are accessing ____.

A) sensory memory
B) echoic memory
C) iconic memory
D) long-term memory

Question 60

The memory model that is active and contains a "central executive" processor and two subsystems for temporarily storing audio and visual-spatial input is known as ____.

A) primary memory
B) secondary memory
C) working memory
D) distributed memory

Question 61

Memory for factual information acquired at a specific time and place is known as ____.

A) semantic memory
B) flashbulb memory
C) episodic memory
D) procedural memory

Question 62

Which of the following components of working memory is responsible for retrieving information from long-term memory,if necessary?

A) Phonological loop
B) Visuospatial sketchpad
C) Central executive
D) Sensory memory

Question 63

Which method would you normally rely on when memorizing dialogue in a play,multiplication tables,or foreign language vocabulary?

A) Maintenance rehearsal
B) Elaborative rehearsal
C) Repetition priming
D) Chunking

Question 64

Although we can store information in short-term memory using both ____ codes,we rely more on ____ encoding.

A) visual and acoustic;visual
B) visual and acoustic;acoustic
C) sensory and semantic;sensory
D) sensory and semantic;semantic

Question 65

According to Craik and Lockhart,encoding sights and sounds typically involves ____ processing.

A) narrow
B) echoic
C) deep
D) shallow

Question 66

Counterfeiters can be more successful at "passing" fake currency because of which type of memory error?

A) Semantic encoding error
B) Maintenance rehearsal
C) Mnemonics
D) Heuristics

Question 67

According to Craik and Lockhart,encoding information in terms of its meaning involves ____ processing.

A) lateral
B) general
C) deep
D) shallow

Question 68

For chunking to effectively increase short-term memory capacity,it often requires the retrieval of information from ____.

A) phonological loop
B) central executive
C) long-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 69

Which of the following original defining characteristics of short-term memory is(are)not part of the concept of working memory?

A) Small capacity
B) Short duration
C) Passivity
D) Both a and b

Question 70

Although information is stored in short-term memory for only about 18 seconds,this time can be extended through ____.

A) repetition priming
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) chunking
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 71

George Miller discovered that short-term memory is limited to ____ items or chunks of information (plus or minus two).

A) 10
B) two
C) an unlimited number of
D) seven

Question 72

According to Craik and Lockhart,information processed at a shallow level can be retained only briefly in what is conventionally called ____.

A) short-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) sequential memory

Question 73

Who proposed that elaborative rehearsal is a more effective way of encoding new information than maintenance rehearsal because elaborative rehearsal involves a deeper level of cognitive processing?

A) Hermann Ebbinghaus
B) George Sperling
C) George Miller
D) Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart

Question 74

Hope is studying a list of Spanish vowels.In order to remember their correct pronunciation,she associates the sound of the vowel in Spanish with an English word.For example,she associates the Spanish word "pais" with the English words "pie ease" in order to remember the correct pronunciation.This strategy illustrates ____.

A) mnemonics
B) repetition priming
C) semantics
D) practice effects

Question 75

A friend just told Juan his new phone number.Juan recites the number to himself while he looks for something on which to write it down.Which technique is Juan using?

A) Repetition priming
B) Maintenance rehearsal
C) Chunking
D) Elaborative rehearsal

Question 76

____ is the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information.

A) Elaborative rehearsal
B) Maintenance rehearsal
C) Repetition priming
D) Chunking

Question 77

____ involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long-term memory.

A) Repetition
B) Maintenance rehearsal
C) Chunking
D) Elaborative rehearsal

Question 78

Remembering your first driving lesson,favorite pet,or your best friend's most embarrassing experience are examples of ____.

A) semantic memory
B) flashbulb memory
C) episodic memory
D) procedural memory

Question 79

Craik and Lockhart's theory of elaborative rehearsal states that ____ processing typically involves encoding information in terms of its superficial perceptual qualities.

A) randomized
B) synergistic
C) perpetual
D) shallow

Question 80

A memory strategy known as ____ can greatly increase the amount of information held in short-term memory.

A) semantics
B) chunking
C) grouping
D) None of the above