Deck 5: Consciousness

Question 1

When you go back home from school,sometimes you tend to sit back and think about all that happened at school.Probably you said 'Hi' to somebody you saw after a long time and just forgot about it.How would you describe this level of consciousness?

A) Conscious
B) Subconscious
C) Preconscious
D) Unconscious

Answer 1

Preconscious

Question 2

Nick is driving in his car,listening to the music playing,thinking about the cars around him,remembering what he needs to buy at the grocery store,and thinking about his car payment.His ability to do this is referred to as ____.

A) divided attention
B) selective attention
C) unconscious awareness
D) daydreaming

Answer 2

divided attention

Question 3

Which of the following concepts is similar to a "biological clock"?

A) Daydreaming
B) Menstruation
C) Brain wave activity
D) Circadian rhythm

Answer 3

Circadian rhythm

Question 4

What are the essential characteristics of consciousness?

A) Subjective,selective,complete,continuous,changing,many levels
B) Impersonal,selective,divided,continuous,changing,two levels
C) Subjective,selective,divided,continuous,unchanging,two levels
D) Subjective,selective,divided,continuous,changing,many levels

Question 5

What is the term used to describe a nonwaking state of consciousness characterized by minimal physical movement and minimal responsiveness to one's surroundings?

A) Daydreaming
B) Circadian rhythm
C) Sleep
D) Trance

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the term consciousness?

A) An altered state of mind
B) Awake
C) Ability to process all stimuli
D) Awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 7

Mental events that you are presently aware of are said to exist at the ____.

A) conscious level
B) subconscious level
C) preconscious level
D) unconscious level

Question 8

The hormone melatonin is produced by the ____ gland.

A) pituitary
B) thyroid
C) pineal
D) endocrine

Question 9

What are internally generated behavioral and physiological changes that occur on a daily basis?

A) Beta waves
B) Circadian rhythms
C) Delta waves
D) Theta waves

Question 10

Daydreaming is sometimes useful because ____.

A) it saves us from physical activity
B) it may help us solve problems
C) it's a good pastime
D) we become totally relaxed and more attentive

Question 11

The ability to focus awareness on a single stimulus to the exclusion of all others is known as ____.

A) selective attention
B) attention deficit
C) divided attention
D) stream of consciousness

Question 12

On a daily basis everybody daydreams,but the frequency and intensity of daydreaming ____.

A) increases with age
B) decreases with age
C) is more in females
D) is more in males

Question 13

Gina is part of a research group studying selective attention.She wears earphones and different messages are given to each of her ears simultaneously,but she is instructed to listen to only one of the messages.She is asked to repeat this message out loud.This process is known as ____.

A) daydreams
B) divided attention
C) shadowing
D) selective attention

Question 14

By mentally manipulating events and reflecting on possible behavioral choices before acting,our ancestors were able to greatly reduce the sort of aimless and impulsive behavior that is likely to cause death,and thus,their reproductive success increased.Psychologists from which of the following psychological perspectives would most likely make this observation?

A) Behavioristic
B) Functionalistic
C) Evolutionary
D) Cognitive

Question 15

Unacceptable thoughts and urges that occur in dreams may be kept at the ____ level.

A) subconscious
B) preconscious
C) conscious
D) unconscious

Question 16

Fantasy-prone personalities are those who ____.

A) act out their fantasies
B) spend much of their time daydreaming
C) do not daydream
D) None of the above

Question 17

William James' notion of a continuous,altering flow of thoughts,feelings,and sensations is referred to as ____.

A) selective attention
B) stream of consciousness
C) divided attention
D) hypnotic induction

Question 18

Children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)____.

A) are not able to focus attention on something for long time periods
B) become hyperactive when they need to focus their attention on one thing
C) take time to focus their attention
D) become very dull when they are not able to concentrate

Question 19

A relatively passive state of waking consciousness that involves turning attention away from external stimuli to internal thoughts and imaginary situations is referred to as ____.

A) the hypnotic state
B) daydreaming
C) the meditative state
D) stage 1 sleep

Question 20

Diurnal mammals are ____,while nocturnal mammals are ____.

A) awake twice a day;asleep during the day
B) asleep twice during the day;asleep only during the night
C) awake during the night and asleep at night;asleep during the day and awake at night
D) awake during the day and asleep at night;asleep during the day and awake at night

Question 21

NASA ground personnel are often subjected to light-treatment therapy to ____.

A) warm up their body
B) readjust their circadian rhythms
C) get them used to powerful lights
D) help them experience weightlessness in space

Question 22

Scientists have isolated a gene in the suprachiasmatic nucleus that,along with perhaps 10 other genes,actually controls our internal clock.What is this gene called?

A) Superman
B) Clock
C) Sleeper
D) Circadia

Question 23

According to research,which of the following is the best way for employers to schedule workers on rotating shifts,in order to minimize disruption to their circadian rhythm?

A) Refrain from alternative shifts (a person working 7-4 will always work that shift)
B) Allow 30 minutes for employees to sleep during graveyard shifts
C) Schedule in a clockwise direction (from days to evenings to nights)
D) Schedule people to work a 12-hour shift for two days and get the next three days off

Question 24

What is the phase in the sleep cycle characterized by rapid brain waves,increased heart rate and breathing?

A) REM
B) NREM
C) Sleep spindles
D) Stage 4 sleep

Question 25

____ is the term used to describe a relatively active phase in the sleep cycle,characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming.

A) Stage 1 sleep
B) REM sleep
C) NREM sleep
D) Stage 4 sleep

Question 26

What happens to your brain waves as you fall into later stages of sleep?

A) Higher in amplitude and faster in frequency
B) Lower in amplitude and faster in frequency
C) Lower in amplitude and slower in frequency
D) Higher in amplitude and slower in frequency

Question 27

Which of the following is the best example of a disruption of circadian rhythm?

A) Shift work during normal sleeping hours
B) Taking naps during the afternoon
C) Occasionally working late to finish a project
D) Studying while watching television

Question 28

The behavioral cycle of sleep and wakefulness that we naturally follow throughout our lives corresponds to ____.

A) physiological changes
B) chemical changes
C) environmental changes
D) our habits

Question 29

____ is called "nature's sleeping pill" by researchers.

A) Melatonin
B) Organic sleeping pill
C) Somnulin
D) Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 30

What is the term used to describe the first four stages of sleep?

A) REM sleep
B) Sleep spindles
C) NREM sleep
D) Paradoxical sleep

Question 31

If we fly westward for five hours,there will be a phase delay,and our sleep cycle will be pushed back five hours.What does this mean?

A) The 24-hour day will become 29 hours
B) The 24-hour day will become 19 hours
C) The time will increase five times in the eastern countries
D) The time will decrease five times in the western countries

Question 32

Which brain waves are associated with an active and alert state of mind?

A) Beta
B) Theta
C) Delta
D) Alpha

Question 33

Which brain waves are indicative of relaxed wakefulness?

A) Beta
B) Theta
C) Alpha
D) Delta

Question 34

Which brain waves are irregular and associated with stage 1 sleep?

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Theta
D) Delta

Question 35

Jenny is in a sound sleep.Which brain wave pattern is she experiencing?

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Delta
D) Theta

Question 36

In which stage of sleep do sleep spindles begin to occur?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 37

Which brain waves are associated with stage 4 deep sleep?

A) Beta
B) Delta
C) Theta
D) Alpha

Question 38

How many stages of NREM sleep are there?

A) Four
B) Five
C) Seven
D) Three

Question 39

____ travel is easier to adjust to than ____ travel.

A) East to west;west to east
B) West to east;east to west
C) South to north;north to south
D) North to south;south to north

Question 40

During the night,humans go through about ____ sleep cycles,each lasting about ____.

A) 7;one hour
B) 2 or 3;two hours
C) 90;4 or 5 minutes
D) 4 or 5;90 minutes

Question 41

____ have the highest percentage of REM sleep.

A) Newborns
B) Adults
C) Adolescents
D) Elderly adults

Question 42

According to research,young children who fail to get sufficient sleep at night or during nap times are at a greater risk for which of the following?

A) Nightmares
B) Attachment problems
C) Behavioral problems
D) Problems with bodily functions

Question 43

Among which group does REM sleep account for the greatest percentage of sleep?

A) Premature infants
B) Children
C) Adolescents
D) Adults

Question 44

Which of the following is true?

A) About 75 percent of people are night persons.
B) Generally,we all have the same sleep patterns.
C) Approximately half of all people fall somewhere between morning or night extremes.
D) Different sleep patterns have nothing to do with our circadian body temperatures.

Question 45

According to the off-line theory,dreaming is the time when the ____.

A) brain goes off-line to somehow integrate the new information from the day with our older memories and experiences
B) brain stops all its procedures and remains dormant for a while
C) mind relaxes
D) temperature of the body rises very quickly

Question 46

Which of the following is not true regarding siestas?

A) They typically are in colder cultures.
B) They allow people to avoid strenuous activity during the hottest time of the day.
C) Siestas are also known as midday naps.
D) As siesta cultures industrialize,people stop taking them.

Question 47

Wang Tai,the father of Chinese medicine,used a hypnotic-like medical technique involving ____.

A) the use of needles
B) incantations and the passing of hands over patients
C) the use of Chinese herbs
D) body-massage using herbal oils

Question 48

The brain and other physiological functions are almost as active during REM sleep as in the waking state.This phase of sleep is described as ____.

A) paradoxical sleep
B) hypnogogic sleep
C) unconscious sleep
D) preconscious sleep

Question 49

The ability to respond to external cues during sleep,although diminished,is not absent.Which of the following examples best describes this characteristic of sleep?

A) Alise's alarm clock was set to music and when it went off,the music became part of her dream.
B) Alan found a solution to his tax dilemma in his dream.
C) Sandy had a dream that someone was chasing her and she awoke in a sweat.
D) Charlie woke up when he heard the car honking outside his window.

Question 50

According to Rosalind Cartwright,those who frequently dreamed about divorce-related problems,while going through a divorce,____.

A) made a better adjustment to single life than those who did not dream much about their problems
B) developed behavioral problems
C) were not able to carry out social relationships
D) All of the above

Question 51

When does the body temperature of night people peak?

A) Late in the morning
B) At midday
C) In the evening
D) Before they go to sleep

Question 52

Which of the following have been observed experiencing REM sleep?

A) Amphibians
B) Reptiles
C) Mammals
D) Insects

Question 53

The percentage of REM sleep ____ in adulthood.

A) remains fairly constant
B) decreases
C) increases
D) diminishes

Question 54

____ are storylike sequences of visual images.

A) Dreams
B) Night terrors
C) Hallucinations
D) Thoughts

Question 55

According to research,what steps can sleep-deprived students take to offset some of the negative effects of sleep deprivation when studying for final exams?

A) Take naps
B) Study the most at mid-day
C) Engage in lucid dreaming
D) Reduce daydreaming

Question 56

There is evidence indicating that hypnosis ____.

A) is influenced by social expectations and a desire to please the hypnotist
B) is being used illegally
C) is being done without the consent of the concerned person
D) involves the use of animals as well

Question 57

Art is a "morning" person and Sam is a "night" person? What appears to cause these differences?

A) Their daily schedules
B) The birth weight of each
C) The time zone each lives in
D) The circadian body temperatures of each

Question 58

Reah was sleeping well when her mother woke her up so that she could get ready for school.After she came back from school,she said she was very tired and went to bed earlier than usual.Reah was experiencing ____.

A) REM rebound
B) Paradoxical sleep
C) Microsleep
D) NREM rebound

Question 59

Which of the following characteristics or phenomena are you likely to find during REM sleep?

A) Slow rhythmic brain waves
B) Lack of dreams
C) Sleepwalking
D) Increased heart rate and breathing

Question 60

Which of the following developmental groups spend less time in slow-wave stage 4 deep sleep?

A) Newborns
B) Children
C) Adolescents
D) Elderly adults

Question 61

Identify the origin of the term hypnosis.

A) It was named after the man who invented the technique.
B) It was named after the maker of the first clock that was used for induction.
C) It was named after the Greek God of sleep.
D) It is a combination of a number of different terms.

Question 62

Sheila is having a dream in which someone is chasing her.Suddenly she becomes aware that she is dreaming and she decides to turn around and tell the person to quit following her.What type of experience is Sheila having?

A) Sleepwalking
B) Lucid dreaming
C) Narcolepsy
D) Insomnia

Question 63

The contention that hypnosis is like a truth serum,compelling people to avoid deception is ____.

A) only true for highly susceptible persons
B) valid for most people who are hypnotized
C) a myth
D) only true for children

Question 64

What is a psychological state of altered attention and awareness in which a person is unusually receptive to suggestions?

A) Hypnosis
B) Meditation
C) A religious experience
D) Sleep

Question 65

According to the activation-synthesis theory,the ____ strives to assign some rational meaning to behavior and the ____ may help construct most of the dream's visual features.

A) left hemisphere,right hemisphere
B) right hemisphere,left hemisphere
C) frontal lobe,cerebral cortex
D) cerebral cortex,frontal lobe

Question 66

Which theory contends that dreams provide people with the opportunity to creatively solve everyday dilemmas and obstacles?

A) Off-line dream theory
B) Activation-synthesis theory
C) Problem-solving theory
D) Psychoanalytic theory

Question 67

If you were a hypnotist and wanted your subject to forget everything that occurred during the session,which of the following would you likely induce?

A) Posthypnotic amnesia
B) Cognitive passivity
C) Enriched fantasy
D) Reduced reality testing

Question 68

Which theory suggests that dreaming consolidates and stores information input during the day,allowing for maintaining a smaller and more efficient brain for survival?

A) Problem-solving theory
B) Activation-synthesis theory
C) Off-line theory
D) Psychoanalytic

Question 69

The ____ theory states that a dream is the forebrain's attempt to interpret the random neural activity initiated in the midbrain during sleep.

A) activation-synthesis
B) off-line
C) problem-solving
D) psychoanalytic

Question 70

Ann remembers she was playing in the mud at her grandmother's house in her dream last night.What is the phrase used to refer to the part of her dream that she remembers?

A) Manifest content
B) Latent content
C) Problem-solving theory
D) Lucid dreaming

Question 71

I dreamed that my dog ate my homework.My dog eating my homework is the ____ of my dream.

A) manifest content
B) latent content
C) off-line content
D) activated-synthetic content

Question 72

When the hypnotized person waits for the hypnotist to suggest thoughts or action,instead of planning action,this is referred to as ____.

A) hyperselective attention
B) cognitive passivity
C) posthypnotic amnesia
D) enriched fantasy

Question 73

All of the following are true about hypnosis except ____.

A) not everyone can be hypnotized
B) children are the most hypnotizable
C) memory is not more accurate under hypnosis
D) the hypnotist has total control

Question 74

What would a Freudian psychoanalyst most likely focus on when analyzing the meaning of dreams?

A) Manifest content
B) Latent content
C) Lucid dreams
D) Problem-solving theories

Question 75

All of the following are components of hypnosis except ____.

A) cognitive passivity
B) enriched fantasy
C) reduced reality testing
D) sleep

Question 76

What did Franz Anton Mesmer intend to accomplish when he used hypnosis?

A) To cure people of fears
B) To cure people of disease
C) To help people to relax and rest
D) To understand people's personalities

Question 77

With which of the following concepts is Mesmer associated?

A) Psychoactive drugs
B) Hypnosis
C) Meditation
D) A religious experience

Question 78

Eric decided to address his fear of the dentist.He became very relaxed and another person gave him suggestions about visualizing certain conditions where he would face that fear.What did Eric most likely experience?

A) Meditation
B) A religious experience
C) Hypnosis
D) Psychoanalysis

Question 79

Which theory did Sigmund Freud use when analyzing the meaning of dreams?

A) Off-line theory
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Problem-solving
D) Activation-synthesis

Question 80

Identify the term that refers to an awareness of one's self and one's environment that is different from a normal state.

A) Consciousness
B) Lucid dream
C) Divided consciousness
D) Altered state of consciousness