Deck 3: Human Development

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT typical during the embryonic stage?

A) The embryo has a chance of surviving outside the womb.
B) Development of male sex organs is stimulated through secretion of testosterone.
C) Toward the end of this stage,the embryo has facial features.
D) The embryo has a functioning heart that pumps blood.

Answer 1

The embryo has a chance of surviving outside the womb.

Question 2

The first two weeks of prenatal development,from conception until the fertilized egg implants itself in the wall of the uterus,is called the ____ stage.

A) germinal
B) fetal
C) embryonic
D) neonatal

Answer 2

germinal

Question 3

What are teratogens?

A) Hormones that stimulate the development of the male sex organs
B) Drugs that foster the normal neurological development of a fetus
C) Any disease,drug,or other noxious agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
D) Specialized prenatal vitamins used to increase health of both mother and child

Answer 3

Any disease,drug,or other noxious agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

Question 4

How is the AIDS virus transmitted prenatally?

A) Through the esophagus
B) Through the mother's diet
C) Through the placenta
D) Through the vagina

Question 5

____ causes lower birth weight and less motor control in fetuses.

A) Marijuana
B) Nicotine
C) Thalidomide
D) Cocaine

Question 6

Why is it more likely for the fetus to develop negative effects due to malnutrition in the last three months of pregnancy?

A) Because there are more chances of the nutrition going waste during this time which will affect the brain development of the fetus
B) Because if there is no sufficient nutrition,the growth of the fetus will stop
C) Because this is the time when the head of the fetus starts to grow
D) Because during this time the fetus gains most of its weight and new brain cells grow rapidly

Question 7

An expectant mother with genital herpes can pass this disease on to her child ____.

A) during birth,if the child comes into contact with genital lesions
B) prenatally,if the virus passes through the placenta
C) during birth,if there is an exchange of blood between mother and newborn
D) All of the above

Question 8

The fetal stage takes place during the ____ of prenatal development.

A) first two weeks
B) conception phase
C) ninth through last week
D) This stage does not exist.

Question 9

Of the 30 percent of babies who receive AIDS from their HIV-infected mothers,few live longer than ____.

A) 1 year
B) 3 years
C) 5 years
D) 10 years

Question 10

The safest ages for women to bear children are from ____.

A) 13 to 35
B) 17 to 35
C) 13 to 40
D) 17 to 40

Question 11

Which of the following can be caused by maternal malnutrition during pregnancy?

A) Premature births
B) Low birth weight
C) Permanent intellectual deficits
D) All of the above

Question 12

If a fertilized egg successfully embeds itself in the uterine wall,it is now considered a(n)____.

A) zygote
B) fetus
C) embryo
D) neonate

Question 13

Cataracts,retarded skeletal growth,and premature delivery are the harmful effects of ____.

A) anticonvulsants
B) antibiotics
C) aspirin
D) caffeine

Question 14

What potential consequences would the drug aspirin have on prenatal development?

A) Deficits in intelligence,attention,and motor skills
B) Cataracts,retarded skeletal growth,and premature delivery
C) Heart problems and cleft palate
D) Premature births,lower birth weight,abnormal reflexes,and decreased muscle tone

Question 15

Fetuses can develop ____ if mothers use anticonvulsants.

A) heart problems and cleft palate
B) brain damage and retarded growth
C) withdrawal symptoms
D) less motor control

Question 16

Mothers with active herpes have cesarean deliveries.Why?

A) In active herpes,the vaginal tract shrinks,making it impossible for the baby to come out
B) To avoid infecting the babies through contact with the vaginal tract
C) To avoid pelvic prolapse
D) To avoid the death of the mother

Question 17

During which stage does the head of the fetus develop?

A) Embryonic stage
B) Fetal stage
C) Neonatal stage
D) Germinal stage

Question 18

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by all but which of the following?

A) Mental retardation
B) Alcohol addiction
C) Motor deficits
D) Heart problems

Question 19

A zygote contains ____ chromosomes.

A) 13
B) 23
C) 26
D) 46

Question 20

Most experts recommend that expectant mothers drink ____ during pregnancy.

A) no alcohol at all
B) alcohol only in the first two trimesters
C) alcohol in moderation
D) at least one glass of wine per week

Question 21

What are some of the factors that could have a profound impact on the adult neural wiring and complexity?

A) How time is spent during infancy,childhood,and adolescence
B) Nutrition received
C) Infections endured
D) All of the above

Question 22

____ causes abnormalities in arms and legs.

A) Thalidomide
B) Cocaine
C) Tranquilizers
D) Marijuana

Question 23

At age ____,the brain/body adult percentages are at 90 percent and 35 percent,respectively.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 24

What are the potential consequences of a mother using nicotine when she is pregnant?

A) Increased risk of sudden death syndrome
B) Increased risk of learning disabilities
C) Increased risk of ADHD and conduct disorders
D) All of the above

Question 25

The ____ is important in regulating and coordinating basic motor activities such as sucking and swallowing.

A) cerebellum
B) cerebral cortex
C) frontal cortex
D) medulla oblongata

Question 26

In late adolescence,neurological development in the ____ allows teenagers to engage in the type of abstract thinking so crucial for complex scientific and moral reasoning.

A) cerebral cortex
B) medulla oblongata
C) cerebellum
D) frontal cortex

Question 27

Specific neurons are activated and strengthened by each sight,sound and touch the baby experiences.What happens to the ones that are not regularly activated?

A) They are shifted to different areas where they can fit.
B) All the nutrition required for their growth is directed to these neurons.
C) They become weak and die.
D) All of the above

Question 28

Which of the following is a permanent reflex?

A) Rooting
B) Grasping
C) Babinski reflexes
D) Eye-blink

Question 29

The ____ is responsible for language acquisition in infants between 6 and 8 months of age.

A) medulla oblongata
B) cerebral cortex
C) cerebellum
D) frontal cortex

Question 30

The brain's weight increases during early childhood,as its mass increases.What constitutes this increased mass?

A) The growth of new dendrites that increase the connections between neurons
B) The growth of the myelin sheath around neural axons
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 31

Though the brain is generally programmed by genetics,it is more specifically shaped by ____.

A) how loud the baby cries after birth
B) the experiences of life
C) the cervical tract
D) None of the above

Question 32

During the first few months of infancy,the area at the hindbrain that is developing the most is the ____.

A) cerebellum
B) medulla oblongata
C) pon varolii
D) cerebral cortex

Question 33

What are survival reflexes?

A) Reflexes that develop in the uterus
B) Automatic,involuntary response to sensory stimuli that are necessary for continued existence
C) Reflexes that are present at birth but soon disappear after sometime
D) Automatic,involuntary response to sensory stimuli that are holdovers from our evolutionary history that have outlived their usefulness

Question 34

Identify the primitive reflex characterized by the splaying outward and then inward of toes.

A) Moro reflex
B) Babinski reflex
C) Grasping reflex
D) Stepping reflex

Question 35

By the age of 2,the brain is at ____ percent of its adult weight while the body has grown to only ____ percent.

A) 75;20
B) 10;50
C) 50;10
D) 60;40

Question 36

The brain generally grows ____.

A) from back to front
B) from middle to the sides
C) from front to back
D) from top to bottom

Question 37

Which organ of the body grows faster than the rest of the body?

A) The heart
B) The brain
C) The lungs
D) The reproductive organs

Question 38

The brain of a newborn weighs ____ percent of its adult weight.

A) 50
B) 35
C) 25
D) 10

Question 39

Which of the following is categorized as a primitive reflex?

A) Eye-blink reflex
B) Swimming reflex
C) Sucking reflex
D) Rooting reflex

Question 40

Identify the reflex that allows a child to receive nourishment and protects against choking.

A) Moro reflex
B) Sucking reflex
C) Swallowing reflex
D) Rooting reflex

Question 41

When is stranger anxiety likely to peak?

A) In the third year
B) In the sixth month
C) At about 1 year
D) At about 3 years

Question 42

Which of the following statements about children of divorce is false?

A) Children of divorce are less psychologically healthy than children who come from conflict-ridden two-parent families.
B) Children of divorce grow up feeling less happy than children who come from intact families.
C) Children of divorce feel less emotionally secure than children who come from intact families.
D) Children are often negatively affected by changes in child-rearing that accompanies divorce.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about attachment style is true?

A) Insecure attachment dooms one to a life of loneliness and misery.
B) Secure attachment makes a child invulnerable to later problems in life.
C) Infants generally start out with an insecure attachment style that eventually develops into a secure attachment style as they mature.
D) Attachment style remains quite stable throughout childhood.

Question 44

You enter the room where your three-month-old nephew,Jamie,is lying in his crib,and the wind abruptly slams the door behind you.In response,Jamie immediately arches his back and throws his arms out.He is demonstrating ____ reflex.

A) a survival
B) the grasping
C) the Moro
D) the Babinski

Question 45

Who proposed that attachment is part of many species' genetic heritage,and its evolutionary function is to keep immature animals close to their parents so that they are protected from predators?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Erik Erikson
C) John Bowlby
D) Lev Vygotsky

Question 46

Dion is a popular,independent,socially skilled 10-year-old.At one year of age,he probably had a(n)____ attachment style.

A) social
B) independent
C) insecure
D) secure

Question 47

Separation anxiety is the fear and distress ____.

A) children experience when their parents divorce
B) children experience when separated from their siblings
C) infants display when separated from their primary caregiver
D) infants often display when approached by an unfamiliar person

Question 48

Which of the following primitive reflexes is the first to disappear?

A) Moro reflex
B) Babinski reflex
C) Swimming reflex
D) Stepping reflex

Question 49

Which of the following does not play a noticeable role in children's attachment styles?

A) Cultural beliefs
B) Temperament
C) Parenting responsiveness
D) Nutrition

Question 50

Diana's baby,Pilar,has just started to become very upset when Diana leaves her at daycare or with the babysitter.Pilar is probably around ____.

A) 3 months old
B) 7 months old
C) 2 years old
D) 4 years old

Question 51

Parents in the U.S.and Germany generally try to foster independence in their children at an early age,and thus,they will often give them a toy when they cry rather than pick them up.In contrast,Japanese parents do not promote independence in their children and hold them a great deal.What is one of the consequences of this cultural difference?

A) U.S.and German children are far more likely than Japanese children to develop a type of insecure attachment.
B) Japanese children are far more likely than U.S.and German children to develop a type of insecure attachment.
C) U.S.and German children are more likely than Japanese children to develop multiple attachments.
D) The development of attachment to many people has adverse effects on U.S.and German children,but not on Japanese children.

Question 52

Which of the following is not a survival reflex?

A) Rooting reflex
B) Pupillary reflex
C) Eye-blink reflex
D) Stepping reflex

Question 53

Which of the following is not true of stranger anxiety?

A) It develops in children at about 6 or 7 months of age.
B) It is unique to Western culture.
C) It is displayed when approached by an unfamiliar person.
D) It is no longer present by the time children turn three years old.

Question 54

Mothers with insecurely attached babies often ____.

A) respond every time their baby cries
B) refuse to console their baby when it is crying
C) derive as much pleasure from contact comfort as mothers with securely attached babies
D) provide too much contact comfort

Question 55

Which of the following statements about parenting responsiveness,temperament,and attachment is true?

A) Most studies suggest that a child's temperament has a greater impact than parenting responsiveness in shaping the quality of attachment.
B) Most studies suggest that parenting responsiveness has a greater impact than the child's temperament in shaping the quality of the attachment
C) Most studies suggest that a child's temperament does not impact the quality of attachment,but parenting responsiveness does.
D) Most studies suggest that parenting responsiveness does not impact the quality of attachment,but a child's temperament does.

Question 56

The "theory" or "story" that a person constructs about herself/himself through social interaction is referred to as ____.

A) gender identity
B) self-awareness
C) self-esteem
D) self-concept

Question 57

A basic ingredient in developing attachment that explains why children often clutch or stroke soft objects when they are tired is known as ____.

A) closeness
B) separation anxiety
C) contact comfort
D) temperament

Question 58

The effects of divorce can negatively impact children in that ____.

A) mothers usually retain primary custody,and may become overburdened and less warm and consistent in discipline
B) noncustodial fathers may become less permissive
C) divorce does not have a negative impact on children
D) lack of parental structure can lessen children's sense of emotional insecurity

Question 59

Your new baby cousin tends to react positively to new situations and is generally good natured.She is displaying a(n)____ temperament and will most likely develop a(n)____ attachment style.

A) difficult;insecure
B) difficult;secure
C) easygoing;insecure
D) easygoing;secure

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true about children of divorce?

A) The emotional turmoil surrounding divorce may have a greater impact on younger children than on their older peers.
B) The emotional turmoil surrounding divorce may have a greater impact on older children than on their younger peers.
C) Divorce is much less likely to have a negative impact on children if the mother initiates divorce proceedings rather than the father.
D) The emotional turmoil surrounding divorce is the same for all children.

Question 61

What do Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and research on attachment have in common?

A) Erikson's theory and attachment research apply across both individualistic and collective cultures.
B) Both focus exclusively on adult development.
C) Both support the idea that failing to develop a sense of trust early in life can have detrimental effects on relationships in adulthood.
D) Both have used rhesus monkeys when testing hypotheses.

Question 62

According to Erikson,young adults who do not successfully resolve the crisis of intimacy versus isolation are left with a sense of ____.

A) low self-esteem
B) social isolation
C) incompetence
D) regret

Question 63

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,if children in elementary school master the knowledge and skills necessary for adult life,they develop a sense of ____.

A) autonomy
B) indiscipline
C) integrity
D) competence

Question 64

Among second-generation Mexican-American children,high self-esteem is associated with ____,possibly because their parents have taught them ____ values.

A) competitiveness;collectivist
B) competitiveness;individualist
C) cooperativeness;collectivist
D) cooperativeness;individualist

Question 65

High self-esteem children usually have ____.

A) authoritative parents
B) authoritarian parents
C) permissive parents
D) individualistic parents

Question 66

Researchers put rouge on babies' faces and placed them in front of a mirror to demonstrate the development of ____.

A) gender identity
B) self-awareness
C) self-esteem
D) self-concept

Question 67

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development ____.

A) focuses on early childhood development
B) focuses on development from birth through adolescence
C) focuses on the development of adults
D) encompasses the entire life span

Question 68

According to research,self-awareness develops in children at about ____.

A) 9 months of age
B) 36 months of age
C) 18 months of age
D) 28 months of age

Question 69

According to Erikson,if preschoolers are made to feel overly guilty,this will inhibit their ____.

A) initiative
B) guilt
C) trust
D) autonomy

Question 70

In collectivist cultures,____.

A) trust is placed in individual decisions
B) personal and group goals are often inconsistent
C) emphasis is on individual initiative and leadership
D) emphasis is on belonging to organizations and other groups

Question 71

Cynthia's parents make few demands on her and generally let her have her way.Cynthia has ____.

A) authoritative parents
B) authoritarian parents
C) permissive parents
D) individualistic parents

Question 72

In which psychosocial stage do we ask ourselves,"Did my life have meaning?"

A) Identity versus role confusion
B) Competence versus inferiority
C) Integrity versus despair
D) Generativity versus stagnation

Question 73

Etti is 6 years old and getting ready to enter first grade.She is also most likely entering Erikson's psychosocial stage of ____ where she will attempt to gain skills necessary for adult life.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) competence versus inferiority
C) initiative versus guilt
D) trust versus mistrust

Question 74

Individualist societies encourage ____.

A) independence
B) self-reliance
C) conformity
D) Both a and b

Question 75

Erikson believed that the crisis of trust versus mistrust occurs during ____.

A) the first year of life
B) the second year of life
C) young adulthood
D) the last stage of psychosocial development

Question 76

Self-esteem is defined as ____.

A) the "theory" or "story" that a person constructs about herself or himself through social interaction
B) a psychological state where you take yourself as an object of attention
C) a person's evaluation of her or his self-concept
D) the knowledge that one is female or male and the internalization of this fact into one's self-concept

Question 77

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development,an organized cluster of knowledge that people use to understand and interpret information is referred to as a(n)____.

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) schema
D) metacognition

Question 78

Dan is 50 years old,has never had children,and never really developed a career that he enjoys.He feels like he's in a rut and wonders whether he is really contributing to the world in any significant way.Dan is struggling with Erikson's psychosocial conflict of ____.

A) intimacy versus isolation
B) identity versus role confusion
C) integrity versus despair
D) generativity versus stagnation

Question 79

Authoritarian parenting is most likely to negatively affect the self-esteem of ____ children.

A) Chinese-American
B) Caucasian-American
C) African-American
D) Hispanic-American

Question 80

Cultures with a collectivist orientation tend to value ____.

A) uniqueness
B) self-reliance
C) conformity
D) the individual over the group