Deck 61: Fetal Thorax

Question 1

The supernumerary lobe of the lung is called which one of the following?

A) Pulmonary hypoplasia
B) Succenturiate lobe
C) Anomalous lobe
D) Pulmonary sequestration

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which one of the following abnormalities refers to a fetus with a significantly narrow diameter of the chest?

A) Bronchopulmonary sequestration
B) Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy
C) Congenital bronchial atresia
D) Lymphangiectasia

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Diaphragmatic hernias may occur anteriorly and medially in the diaphragm through the foramen of ______________.

A) Luschka
B) Bochdalek
C) Morgagni
D) Monro

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The average cardiac axis is ______ degrees.

A) 23
B) 30
C) 45
D) 50

Question 5

Sonographic findings in sequestration include all of the following except:

A) sequestration appears as an echogenic mass that resembles lung tissue.
B) sequestration is seen with normal intra-thoracic anatomy.
C) sequestration commonly occurs below the diaphragm.
D) sequestration is associated with hydrops.

Question 6

When fetal pleural effusion is encountered, a careful search of the _________ should be attempted.

A) urinary bladder
B) diaphragm
C) long bones
D) facial profile

Question 7

Which one of the following statements about fetal breathing is false?

A) Fetal breathing is most prominent in the second and third trimesters.
B) The mature fetus spends one third of its time breathing.
C) Breathing is present if the fetal chest or abdomen makes seesaw movements for 20 seconds.
D) Breathing is absent if no fetal activity is noted during a 2-minute period.

Question 8

Chest circumference measurements are made in the transverse plane at the level of which one of the following?

A) Diaphragm
B) Four-chamber view of the heart
C) Short axis of the heart
D) Mediastinum

Question 9

Sonographic evaluation of the normal fetal thorax should include all of the following except:

A) size.
B) shape.
C) chest circumference/abdominal circumference ratio.
D) symmetry.

Question 10

Herniation through the foramen of Bochdalek is usually found on which one of the following portions of the diaphragm?

A) Anterior
B) Right
C) Medial
D) Left

Question 11

Which one of the following statements about the fetal thorax is false?

A) The majority of the heart is positioned in the midline and left chest.
B) The apex of the heart should be directed toward the spleen.
C) The central portion of the thorax is occupied by the heart.
D) The base of the heart lies horizontal to the diaphragm.

Question 12

The most important determinant for fetal viability is which one of the following?

A) Pulmonary hypoplasia
B) Bronchopulmonary sequestration
C) Pulmonary development
D) Bronchial atresia

Question 13

Which one of the following lung cysts detected prenatally is the most common?

A) Cystic adenomatoid malformation
B) Bronchogenic cyst
C) Pleural effusion
D) Lymphangiectasia

Question 14

The most common type of diaphragmatic defect occurs:

A) posteriorly and laterally.
B) posteriorly and medially.
C) anteriorly and laterally.
D) anteriorly and medially.

Question 15

Normal sonographic appearances of the fetal chest include all of the following except:

A) ribs form the lateral margin of the chest.
B) clavicles form the upper margin of the chest.
C) lungs serve as the medial borders for the heart.
D) thoracic cavity is symmetric and bell shaped.

Question 16

Congenital bronchial atresia is found most commonly in the __________ lobe.

A) left lower
B) left upper
C) right lower
D) right upper

Question 17

Common abnormalities associated with pulmonary hypoplasia include all of the following except:

A) renal agenesis.
B) premature rupture of membranes (PROM).
C) macrosomia.
D) posterior urethral valve syndrome.

Question 18

Sonographic findings in cystic adenomatoid malformation include all of the following except:

A) cystic adenomatoid malformation may occur below the diaphragm.
B) cystic adenomatoid malformation may be an echogenic mass in type II cystic adenomatoid malformation.
C) cystic adenomatoid malformation may be a large cyst in type I cystic adenomatoid malformation.
D) cystic adenomatoid malformation is associated with polyhydramnios.

Question 19

The severity of pulmonary hypoplasia depends on which one of the following?

A) When it occurs during pregnancy
B) Fetal breathing movements
C) Amniotic fluid volume
D) Systolic/diastolic ratio of the umbilical artery

Question 20

The normal fetal lungs appear on ultrasound as which one of the following?

A) Heterogeneous with moderate echogenicity
B) Homogeneous and hyperechoic
C) Heterogeneous and hypoechoic
D) Homogeneous with moderate echogenicity

Question 21

The mortality rate at birth for the fetus with a diaphragmatic hernia is ____________.

A) low
B) mild
C) moderate
D) high

Question 22

The presence of a pleural effusion may cause which one of the following to occur?

A) Enlargement of the heart
B) Enhancement of the diaphragm
C) A shift of mediastinal structures
D) A bronchogenic cyst

Question 23

Which one of the following does not describe sonographic features of a right-sided diaphragmatic hernia?

A) The liver is seen in the chest.
B) A collapsed bowel may be present.
C) The stomach lies superior to the diaphragm.
D) The heart is deviated far to the left.

Question 24

Diaphragmatic hernia is frequently associated with all of the following except:

A) facial cleft.
B) talipes.
C) cardiac defect.
D) vertebral defect.

Question 25

Abnormalities within the thoracic cavity include all of the following except:

A) pleural effusion.
B) pulmonary sequestration.
C) brachial cleft cyst.
D) cystic adenomatoid malformation.