Deck 1: Fmttlhistorical and Theoretical Influences of Childrearing

Question 1

Thomas Hobbes expressed which of the following views?

A) That children should be unconditionally loved.
B) That parental authority when strictly applied upholds both a religious mandate and a cultural tradition.
C) That the family is a democracy where the rights of all family members should be respected.
D) That parents should be less harsh with their children.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Bowlby & Ainsworth's studies of infant attachment, which of the following statements is true?

A) Children's play is their work and in playing they get their work done.
B) Parents should treat parenting as a scientific experiment.
C) The use of scheduled care contributes to the development of attachment.
D) Infants, whose caregivers are emotionally and physically available to them, develop secure attachment.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Mary Ainsworth's perspective on children and/or childrearing emphasizes that:

A) children are active participants in their cognitive development.
B) children's minds are blank slates at birth, to be molded by their caretakers.
C) parents should respond to the feelings evoked by the child.
D) parents should set limits for their children.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following was one of Watson's recommendations?

A) Parents should practice demand feeding of their infants.
B) Parents should be responsive to their babies' cries.
C) Parents should treat parenting as a scientific experiment.
D) Parents should be aware of their children's basic instincts.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of Social Learning Theory?

A) Social Learning Theory evolved from Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development/
B) The basic premise of Social Learning Theory was developed by Erikson and Froebel.
C) Children have to be directly reinforced or punished to learn a behavior.
D) Children learn through vicarious reinforcement or punishment which involves two interrelated strategies, imitation and modeling.

Question 6

The Montessori philosophy of how to rear children explains the concept of which of the following?

A) The young child's mind unconsciously soaks up information from the environment resulting in the child's learning at a rapid pace.
B) The belief that children are do not need direct experience in order to learn new skills.
C) Children only learn through a scaffolding process.
D) All children pass through stages of psychosocial development.

Question 7

Which of the following represents Erikson's views of child development?

A) The quality of the parent-child relationship helps the child to resolve psychosocial crises at each stage of development.
B) Children benefit from scheduled care.
C) Parents should let their infants "cry it out."
D) Children are active participants in their cognitive development.

Question 8

Based on studies of infants and children in orphanages, Rene Spitz concluded which of the following,

A) Responsiveness of the caregiver to infants' cries and other gestures of communication are crucial to infant development.
B) Infants and children in orphanages who were provided scheduled care showed normal development.
C) Many of the infants and children in orphanages who did not get responsive care became overweight.
D) There are few differences between infants and children raised by their biological parents and their counterparts in orphanages.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of
G) Stanley Hall?

A) He emphasized that adults should respect the true nature and needs of the child.
B) He believed that children are basically sinful.
C) He believed that children's minds are blank slates at birth, to be molded by their caretakers.
D) He recommended that parents of infants disregard their natural inclinations to respond to their crying infants.

Question 10

Which of the following describes John Watson's childrearing views?

A) He was supportive of parental expressions of affection for their children.
B) He provided scientific evidence to support his views of childrearing.
C) He did not influence American parents very much.
D) He recommended that parents disregard their natural inclinations to respond to their crying infants.

Question 11

Which of the following represents the view of Social Learning Theorists?

A) Children have a natural tendency to imitate.
B) Parents can promote certain desired behaviors by scaffolding children's efforts.
C) Children need to be directly reinforced to learn a behavior.
D) Scheduled feeding of babies is recommended .

Question 12

The popularity of Watson's beliefs regarding how parents should rear their children was due to his views being:

A) published in the best seller, Raising a Well Disciplined Child.
B) published in popular journals such as McCalls.
C) published in academic journals.
D) supported by scientific evidence.

Question 13

From the beginning of the 20^th Century to the present time, American parents' relationships with their children have:

A) not changed at all.
B) undergone slight change.
C) undergone considerable change.
D) not been studied at all.

Question 14

Spock's advice to parents reflected which of the following:

A) The views of Watson, that parents should refrain from being warm and responsive to their children.
B) The view that children benefit from natural and logical consequences.
C) The belief that children need to experience the love of their parents but also need limits.
D) That parents should have a basic understanding of the role of contingencies in affecting behavior.

Question 15

The autocratic approach to child socialization was influenced by which of the following beliefs or theories?

A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Freudian Theory.
C) Watson's Psychological Theory
D) Attachment Theory

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the childrearing beliefs of the Early Puritans in the United States?

A) They were shaped by scientific theory.
B) They thought that children's willfulness was due to their inherent sinfulness.
C) They emphasized that adults should respect the true nature and needs of the child.
D) The believed that under optimal conditions children's innate talents would emerge.

Question 17

Which of the follow theorist is associated with the idea of the growth-producing effect of parental support for their children as they confront developmental crises?

A) Erikson
B) Skinner
C) Vygotsky
D) Watson

Question 18

The parenting pattern that developed as a result of Freudian influence reflected Freud's beliefs that:

A) Parents should be less harsh with their children.
B) Lenient parenting methods are detrimental to children's well-being.
C) Parents should not be affectionate toward their children.
D) Parents should set limits for their children

Question 19

Which of the following reflects a belief of John Watson?

A) He believed that that parental responsiveness to their children spoiled them.
B) He believed that children's play is their work
C) He believed that children are active participants in their own development.
D) He believed that the sensitive responsiveness of a caregiver provides for the child an internalized working model of parental availability.

Question 20

Freud's view of the nature of the child reflected the philosophical perspective of the French philosopher, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, that:

A) Children are basically sinful.
B) Under optimal conditions children's innate talents would emerge.
C) Children's minds are blank slates at birth, to be molded by their caretakers.
D) Children are like adults, with all the faculties of maturity on a reduced scale.

Question 21

Which of the following represents the theory of Jean Piaget?

A) Piaget emphasized guided participation of parents in children's learning experiences.
B) Piaget's view of children as active participants in their cognitive development reflects those of Watson.
C) Piaget's theory of how children learn extended beyond the first 6 years that were the focus of Montessori.
D) Piaget focused on cognitive development only during early childhood.

Question 22

Which theory did Bowlby and Ainsworth introduce and what did they recommend regarding infant care, including infant feeding?

Question 23

Which of the following describes the process of guided participation?

A) Parents are taught how to carry out family meetings using a democratic family model.
B) The teacher engages the learner in joint activities providing instruction as well as direct involvement in the learning process.
C) The effect of time on a child's development is explored using a chronosystem model.
D) Children receive reinforcement after performing certain behaviors

Question 24

Which of the following is reflects a premise of Family Systems Theory?

A) The behavior of each person in the family has an influence on the behaviors of all other family members.
B) There are several stages of family development, that begin with the anticipation of the arrival of children.
C) It is an organized set of ideas that are shared by members of a cultural group?
D) It consists of assorted contexts that impact the socialization process and the ongoing development of the individual.

Question 25

Which of the following describes Bronfenbrenner's Developmental Model?

A) It represents a model for studying people in similar social environments.
B) It emphasizes guided participation, engaging the child in joint activities.
C) It draws attention to the assorted contexts that impact the socialization process and the ongoing development of the individual.
D) It emphasizes the importance of understanding children's natural instincts.

Question 26

Which of the following theories or models allow us to consider family dynamics across generations and to consider the interactional intricacy of families

A) Family Systems Theory
B) Family Development Theory
C) Systemic Family Development Model
D) Ethnotheories

Question 27

Which of the following statements is reflects Jean Piaget's view of children?

A) Piaget's view of children's development reflects the work of Freud.
B) The cognitive development of infants and children is enhanced by their active engagement of objects in their environment.
C) Piaget's theory of how children learn is limited to the first 6 years.
D) Piaget emphasized guided participation of parents in children's learning experiences.

Question 28

What are three recommendations for parents to ensure that children are helped, not harmed, by their use of technology?

Question 29

The Double ABCX Model of Stress and Adaptation emphasizes which of the following?

A) A model for studying people in various cultural environments.
B) The behavior of each person in the family has an influence on the behaviors of all other family members.
C) Family members' perception of a crisis as well as family coherence affect how family members adapt to a crisis.
D) The ways in which gender shapes family interaction patterns.

Question 30

What important idea regarding family relationships did Dreikursr introduce in his Social Discipline Theory and what does that idea mean in terms of parent-child relations?

Question 31

Which of the following theories is an organized set of ideas that are shared by members of a cultural group?

A) Family Systems Theory
B) Family Development Theory
C) Systemic Family Development Model
D) Ethnotheory

Question 32

Name the two early influences of autocratic parenting, including the views of the child related to those influences.

Question 33

Which of the following family interaction patterns is explained by Feminist Theory?

A) The socio-emotional needs of the parent are balanced with the physical demands of the child.
B) The ways in which family members adjust to normative and normative events in the family.
C) The ways in which many families cope with the stresses they encounter.
D) The granting of differing levels of freedom for sons and daughters during adolescence.

Question 34

According to Galinsky's Theory of Parental Role Development:

A) The socio-emotional needs of the parent are balanced with the physical demands of the child.
B) Variations of developmental stages are dependent on the marital status of the parents.
C) It begins with the anticipation of the arrival of children and is continually adjusted to children's ongoing developing needs.
D) It is similar to Erikson's psychosocial development with crisis stages that must be resolved at various points of raising children.

Question 35

When teaching something new to a child, Vygotsky pointed out that:

A) Competencies come about as a result of interactions between novices and more skilled members of a society acting as tutors or mentors.
B) One can measure a child's capability by that child's performance of a skill the child has accomplished already.
C) Children's development is enhanced when they work independently.
D) The young child's process of learning is passive and completely dependent on the environment.

Question 36

According to Montessori, a/an______________________ is a genetically determined timetable during which certain developmental changes occur when normal environmental conditions are present.

A) Chronosystem
B) Ecological system
C) Vicarious reinforcement
D) Sensitive period of development

Question 37

Discuss the role of the parent in a child's learning experience using Vygotsky's theory.

Question 38

After years of believing that a child's nature dictates the best approach to parenting, Rudolph Dreikurs:

A) suggested that we needed an increased awareness of the role of contingencies in influencing children's behavior.
B) advocated that autocratic parent-child relationships be replaced by democratic parent-child relationships.
C) influenced the Social Learning theorists, who emphasized vicarious reinforcement.
D) suggested that children need limits and boundaries as well as parental support.

Question 39

In the large-scale child care study conducted by the NICHD, which of the following was found to be more important than actual time spent with the mother.

A) the quality of the infant's relationship with the mother,
B) maternal sensitivity and alternate caregiver sensitivity
C) the number of hours the child spent away from home
D) child-caregiver ratio, and caregiver turnover.