Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

When you recall a memory of your best friend's car,you are activating the cortical circuits in the _____ cortex involved in _____ her car.

A) visual; storing
B) visual; perceiving
C) spatial; storing
D) spatial; perceiving

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

A) encoding.
B) rehearsal.
C) retrieval.
D) storage.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Digitally editing a photograph on a computer is analogous to which memory process?

A) spreading activation
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) reconsolidation
D) retrieval

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The phase of information processing that is most similar to a Google search is:

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) rehearsal.

Question 5

Even though Manuel has watched his psychology professor lecture three times a week for 10 weeks,he does not know what color her hair is.This lack of knowledge most likely represents a failure of:

A) sensation.
B) encoding.
C) retrieval.
D) rehearsal.

Question 6

The information processing model of memory is based on computer functioning and consists of all of the following stages EXCEPT:

A) retrieval.
B) storage.
C) encoding.
D) processing.

Question 7

In memory information processing,an individual MUST ________ a memory before ___________ it.

A) store; retrieving
B) retrieve; rehearsing
C) process; inputting
D) store; consolidating

Question 8

You witness an accident and see one of the cars driving away from the scene.Even though you have just seen the license plate,you cannot remember the number.The license plate was probably NOT initially:

A) encoded.
B) ignored.
C) rehearsed.
D) processed.

Question 9

What are the three steps in memory information processing?

A) input,storage,retrieval
B) encoding,storage,retrieval
C) encoding,retrieval,storage
D) input,processing,output

Question 10

Sleep disturbances disrupt memory because they disrupt:

A) consolidation.
B) transience.
C) consciousness.
D) analogies.

Question 11

The storage phase of information processing lasts:

A) a fraction of a second.
B) several seconds.
C) several minutes.
D) variable amounts of time.

Question 12

The working of memory is frequently compared to the actions of a computer.However,human memory differs from that of a computer because human memories:

A) are entered by sensory input.
B) can degrade over time.
C) become stronger over time.
D) "live" in one place in the brain.

Question 13

The idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is called:

A) concurrent storage.
B) equity of distribution.
C) connectivity.
D) equipotentiality.

Question 14

When you are studying for an exam,the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the connections among neurons is the:

A) medial temporal lobe.
B) posterior parietal lobe.
C) left frontal lobe.
D) right temporal lobe.

Question 15

Uchenna has been studying for his philosophy midterm all day.It is now 3:00 AM,and the exam is at 8:00 AM the same morning.The best thing that Uchenna can do now to increase his chances of doing well on the exam is to:

A) keep reviewing the material.
B) relate the material he has learned to his own life.
C) get some sleep.
D) write some sample essays.

Question 16

Yesterday you taught your dog to crawl across the floor while barking.If the dog is to perform this fabulous trick tomorrow,then he will need to _____ the trick,then _____ the trick,then _____ the trick.

A) encode; store; retrieve
B) store; encode; retrieve
C) rehearse; store; retrieve
D) store; rehearse; retrieve

Question 17

Memory requires attention.If you want to remember something well,it is best to attend to only one thing at a time because:

A) attention is limited.
B) attention is unlimited.
C) attention is relatively permanent.
D) attention waxes and wanes.

Question 18

Research on memory consolidation reveals that memories:

A) are aided by sleep.
B) are stored as exact copies of experience.
C) are easy to duplicate.
D) none of the above.

Question 19

Recent research suggests that negative memories may be erased through:

A) blocking of reconsolidation.
B) lack of sleep.
C) schemas.
D) fMRI studies.

Question 20

Changes in the strength of neural connections and construction of new synapses is the process of:

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) consolidation.
D) rehearsal.

Question 21

A children's flipbook consists of a series of pictures of Mickey Mouse with his feet in slightly different positions.If you look at the pages one at a time,slowly,all you see are the individual pictures of Mickey.However,if you flip the pages quickly,you see Mickey running.This illusion is due to storage of the successive pictures in:

A) sensory memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) working memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 22

Why is memory not a perfect record of everything we see and experience?

A) We need to remember details of events.
B) It would take up too much of our limited long-term memory storage.
C) Attention is limited.
D) Neural networks are too limited.

Question 23

Kumar is trying to remember who ran against John F.Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election.Kumar's search for information to answer this question is being carried out in his:

A) working memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 24

The brain is selective about the information that gets stored in long-term memory.This selectivity may be evolutionarily advantageous because:

A) only a limited amount of space is available in long-term memory.
B) information that aids in reproduction and survival is emphasized.
C) increased selectivity is associated with greater intelligence.
D) selectivity improves the organization of information in long-term memory.

Question 25

If you spend the same amount of time reviewing material as testing yourself on the material,you will learn more from _____ because of the increased _____ time.

A) reviewing; rehearsal
B) reviewing; retrieval
C) testing; retrieval
D) testing; rehearsal

Question 26

Shannon has a biology exam next week.To be sure that she really knows the material,she should:

A) cram the night before the test.
B) test herself on the material.
C) make up multiple-choice questions.
D) use maintenance rehearsal.

Question 27

Even though they probably look at quarters on a daily basis,most people are unlikely to be able to correctly identify which coin is a real quarter from an array of possible quarters because:

A) people do not pay attention to money that isn't theirs.
B) people do not pay attention to quarters.
C) memories are transient.
D) other things interfere with the memory of the quarter.

Question 28

Short-term memory:

A) has a limited capacity
B) has an unlimited capacity
C) retains information for up to an hour
D) lasts a lifetime

Question 29

As a friend gives you her new address over the phone,you realize that you do not have a pen to write it down.Approximately how long do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your short-term memory?

A) about half a minute
B) several minutes
C) less than half a second
D) less than 1 second

Question 30

You see all of a written word simultaneously,but you hear a spoken word over time.The memory that accumulates the sound of a word until it is formed as a unit is:

A) iconic memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) working memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 31

Even though he has already memorized his notes,Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks before the exam.This strategy is likely to _____ his performance due to _____.

A) hurt; cramming
B) hurt; spreading out his practice
C) help; cramming
D) help; spreading out his practice

Question 32

Students frequently learn the Big Five personality model by using the acronym OCEAN,where each letter of the word corresponds to the first letter of one of the factors (openness,conscientiousness,extraversion,agreeableness,neuroticism).These students are using:

A) hierarchies.
B) linkage.
C) chunking.
D) primitive features.

Question 33

Short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory via a process called:

A) attention.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) encoding.
D) transduction.

Question 34

Storage in this memory system is brief and represents a sensory experience.

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) working memory

Question 35

You are reading a book,and your friend John asks you a question.By the time you ask,"What did you say?" you hear his question.This effect is due to storage of information in the _____ for audition.

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) working memory
D) sensory memory

Question 36

Animation works by presenting still pictures rapidly enough that they merge in iconic memory.How much time can elapse between each successive picture if animation is to work?

A) several minutes
B) of a second
C) of a second
D) variable amounts of time

Question 37

To remember more information,_____ can be used to organize information into meaningful units.

A) cognitive maps
B) chunking
C) networks of association
D) mnemonics

Question 38

In order for us to experience the world as a continuous stream of information,one experience is kept in the brain while we move to the next experience.This overlap is a function of:

A) short-term memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) working memory.
D) sensory memory.

Question 39

When you read,your eyes fixate for a fraction of a second,and then jump to a new point in the text.Your reading experience is continuous because during the jump,the information from the last eye fixation is held in:

A) short-term memory.
B) working memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) echoic memory.

Question 40

Colt is an excellent quarterback.One skill that contributes to his ability is that he sees the players not just as individuals but as units that can be called on to make different plays.This skill enables him to process the game more efficiently and to hold more information about the game in his short-term memory.Colt is using the memory strategy of:

A) visualization.
B) imaging.
C) chunking.
D) linking.

Question 41

When remembering words on a list,people tend to remember words at the beginning of the list and words at the end of the list better than words in the middle of the list.This phenomenon is known as:

A) the serial position effect.
B) retroactive interference.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) spreading activation effect.

Question 42

Consider the many ways in which you could organize the books in your library.You could sort them into groups with the same color cover.You could alphabetize them by the authors' last names or by the titles of the books.You could also sort them into groups with common themes.Which of these ways of organizing your library would be most like the way in which memories are organized in long-term memory?

A) alphabetize by title
B) group by common theme
C) alphabetize by authors' names
D) group by common color

Question 43

In a memory experiment,participants in Group A are asked to just listen to a list of words.Group B is asked to count the number of words that begin with the lettere.Group C is asked to repeat each word as they hear it.Group D is asked to use each word in a sentence.According to the ________ model of memory,________ would later remember the most words from the list.

A) level of processing; Group A
B) spreading activation; Group B
C) spreading activation; Group C
D) level of processing; Group D

Question 44

Geoff is trying to remember his shopping list by repeating the items over and over again to himself.He is using:

A) maintenance rehearsal.
B) acoustic rehearsal.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) linkage rehearsal.

Question 45

Fayd is studying for his English literature exam.For each novel he has read for the course,he tries to spend a lot of time thinking of how the novel relates to his own life.This activity requires that he really thinks about the themes and characters in the book,making him recognize more about how different characters in the story relate to each other.Fayd is using the memory strategy of:

A) maintenance rehearsal.
B) practice.
C) chunking.
D) elaborative rehearsal.

Question 46

Professor Smith is doing research on fish.He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory,which could be better used for fish information.He is incorrect because:

A) different types of information,such as facts about fish and names of people,are stored in different parts of memory.
B) the students' names would have been stored in short-term memory.
C) long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information.
D) the students' names that are preserved in long-term memory could be replaced later with different information.

Question 47

Harry was reading the textbook for his potions class and was trying to relate the material to his own experiences.According to the _______ model of memory,this would be considered _______.

A) levels of processing; deep processing
B) levels of processing; consolidation
C) spreading activation; shallow processing
D) spreading activation; transfiguration

Question 48

Research has shown that memories can be distorted because of beliefs that people already hold when the memory is formed.These earlier beliefs are part of cognitive:

A) nodes.
B) schemas.
C) biases.
D) frames.

Question 49

Suppose you need to learn the following list: pen,ship,log,cup,paper,radio,rose,sun,chair,glass,fork,wave.Which of the following types of study would lead you to the best recall?

A) count the number of vowels in each word
B) relate each word to a fond childhood memory
C) think about whether each word rhymes with den
D) passively listen to the list while counting backward from 100 by 3s

Question 50

As a research participant,you study this list of words: curtain,book,anger,dirt,plant,hunger,paper,sadness,sunshine,music,disease,surprise,fired,love,test,pizza,electricity.When you are later asked to recall the list,the _______ effect would suggest that you are most likely to have trouble remembering _______.

A) chunking; book
B) chunking; pizza
C) serial position; music
D) serial position; curtain

Question 51

When you hear a story about a person you know,you will _____,which may lead to _____.

A) activate a script; recall of additional information you know about the person when you are asked to retell the story
B) activate a schema; recall of additional information you know about the person when you are asked to retell the story
C) activate a script; poorer understanding of the story
D) activate a schema; perfect memory of the story

Question 52

Memory for items presented at the beginning of a list and at the end of the list is referred to as:

A) serial position effect.
B) networks of association.
C) chunking.
D) episodic memory.

Question 53

According to levels of processing theory,information that is encoded more deeply is remembered better than information that is encoded less deeply,because information encoded more deeply:

A) has greater rehearsal.
B) is stored longer in short-term memory storage.
C) is more meaningful.
D) is entered into long-term memory more logically.

Question 54

Yu-sheng,Jocelyn,and Juan are in three different introductory anthropology classes.Yu-sheng's class takes a multiple-choice midterm.Jocelyn's class takes a short-answer midterm.Juan's class takes an essay midterm.Which student(s)take(s)the midterm that requires the greatest depth of processing?

A) Yu-sheng
B) Jocelyn
C) Juan
D) Jocelyn and Juan

Question 55

Cognitive structures that help us perceive,organize,process,and use information are referred to as:

A) sensory memory.
B) schemas.
C) working memory.
D) none of the above.

Question 56

The best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that:

A) brain damage can leave one but not the other memory intact.
B) recent events are remembered better than most past events.
C) recalling past events requires retrieval cues but recalling recent events does not.
D) the recency effect can be disrupted but the primacy effect cannot.

Question 57

Students taking an introductory class in a subject that is completely new to them often find that the material seems very disorganized and confusing at the beginning.As the class progresses,the information seems to become better structured,and the students find it easier to integrate and interpret new material.One important reason for this happy change is that the students are developing _____ that allow them to make sense of,organize,and utilize information in memory.

A) prototypes
B) schemas
C) frames
D) feature lists

Question 58

In a serial position curve,words that are NOT part of either the primacy effect or the recency effect are more easily:

A) forgotten.
B) only partially learned.
C) stored but not consolidated.
D) unprocessed.

Question 59

Shushant makes up a rhyme to remember what she needs to buy at the grocery store,"Garrett said to buy milk and bread." Shushant is trying to ________ her memory for her list by using _______.

A) consolidate; maintenance rehearsal
B) retrieve; acoustic rehearsal
C) maintain; elaborative rehearsal
D) elaborate; linkage rehearsal

Question 60

People have better memories for events that involve negative emotions.According to an evolutionary perspective,this phenomenon suggests that negative emotions:

A) make information easier to rehearse.
B) emphasize information important to survival.
C) increase consolidation of information.
D) act as mnemonics for information.

Question 61

Akila's brother asks her if she knows the names of the capitals of Texas and Montana.She instantly knows that the capital of Texas is Austin,but she does not know the capital of Montana.Akila is using her _____ memory to retrieve _____ memories.

A) explicit; declarative
B) implicit; tacit
C) episodic; autobiographical
D) procedural; semantic

Question 62

Consider a psychology experiment where someone is asked to say,as rapidly as possible,whether a sentence appearing on a computer screen is true or false.Research has shown that people will be faster to say that it is true that a sandal is a shoe than to say that it is true that a sandal is a piece of clothing.Which model of human memory could easily account for this finding?

A) levels of processing model
B) modal memory model
C) prototype model
D) spreading activation model

Question 63

A psychologist who agreed with network of association theories would suggest that the best way to set up a computer hard drive to mimic human memory would be to organize the information into:

A) alphabetically tagged files.
B) nested files.
C) temporally flagged files.
D) hierarchical files.

Question 64

When Jon visits his grandmother's house,he always thinks about his childhood.Something about the way her house smells triggers the memory.This phenomenon is referred to as:

A) context-dependent memory.
B) a network of association.
C) memory nodes.
D) none of the above.

Question 65

According to the networks of association theory,what words would come to mind when you hear the trigger word red?

A) rose; fire engine
B) flower; vehicle
C) cherry; police car
D) pansy; toy wagon

Question 66

One of the best ways to remember factual information is to relate it to something personal that happened to you.In this way,you are taking advantage of your _____ memory to aid retrieval from your _____ memory.

A) implicit; explicit
B) semantic; episodic
C) episodic; semantic
D) explicit; implicit

Question 67

If you study in the same room in which you take an exam,you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied somewhere else.This outcome occurs because of _____ memory,which is a form of _____.

A) context-dependent; hierarchical storage
B) state-dependent; hierarchical storage
C) context-dependent; encoding specificity
D) state-dependent; encoding specificity

Question 68

According to network of association theories,concepts in memory are localized in:

A) nodes.
B) associations.
C) feature lists.
D) feature hierarchies.

Question 69

Samantha has just broken up with her boyfriend and is feeling very sad.She resolves to change her mood by thinking about happy things but finds that she just keeps remembering other sad things.Samantha's experience can best be explained in terms of:

A) context-dependent memory.
B) cognitive schemas.
C) depth of processing.
D) state-dependent memory.

Question 70

Karl's grandmother,who came from Poland,died when he was three.He can remember very little about her.In fact,he has no conscious memories of the wonderful Polish food she used to cook.One day,Karl walks by a Polish restaurant and is flooded with memories of his grandmother.The food served as a _____ for Karl's memories of his grandmother.

A) mnemonic
B) mental image
C) frame
D) retrieval cue

Question 71

The encoding specificity principle states that:

A) only similar kinds of information can be encoded together.
B) anything encoded with information can be a retrieval cue for that information.
C) similar kinds of information are encoded into common schemas.
D) associative networks are formed of similarly encoded pieces of information.

Question 72

On his way to get an afternoon snack,Jed walks by a billboard advertising hamburgers.He had intended to order an ice cream cone but instead orders french fries.According to the spreading activation model,the hamburger made Jed want french fries because:

A) hamburgers and french fries are part of the prospective memory.
B) hamburgers activated the nodes for french fries.
C) hamburgers were encoded with french fries.
D) hamburgers and french fries are part of the same procedural memory.

Question 73

The memory enhancement that occurs when the situations during encoding and recall match is called _____ memory; the memory enhancement that occurs when the internal states during encoding and recall match is called _____ memory.

A) context-dependent; state-dependent
B) semantic; episodic
C) episodic; semantic
D) state-dependent; context-dependent

Question 74

If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of the 50 states,then you have excellent episodic memory but somewhat poor _____ memory.

A) semantic
B) implicit
C) explicit
D) procedural

Question 75

Patient H.M.suffered from seizures and had part of his medial temporal lobes removed.As a result,he could no longer:

A) remember his past.
B) form new implicit memories.
C) form new explicit memories.
D) remember anything at all.

Question 76

An older view of human memory argued that all memories were essentially of the same type.Newer views like those of Schachter and Tulving disagree,arguing that memories involve several different:

A) strengths.
B) types of neurons.
C) interacting systems.
D) independent processes.

Question 77

If someone asks you who is running for president,you will answer from your _____ memory.If someone asks who you voted for in the last election,you could answer from your _____ memory.

A) episodic; semantic
B) semantic; episodic
C) procedural; explicit
D) explicit; procedural

Question 78

People usually remember how many days there are in the months of September,October,and May by using:

A) verbal mnemonics.
B) episodic memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) elaborative retrieval.

Question 79

The memory of your wedding day is an example of a(n):

A) procedural memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) episodic memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 80

Understanding how to serve a ball in tennis involves _____ memory; the act of serving the ball involves _____ memory; and your first memory of serving a tennis ball involves ________ memory.

A) declarative; procedural; episodic
B) episodic; procedural; declarative
C) procedural; declarative; episodic
D) procedural; episodic; declarative