Deck 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

The word tree is an example of a(n)________,whereas a picture of a tree is an example of a(n)________.

A) analogical representation; symbolic representation
B) symbolic representation; analogical representation
C) concept; analogical representation
D) analogical representation; prototype model

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A grocery store manager decides to combat shoplifting by requiring customers to pay somewhat more than the estimated cost of their groceries when they enter the store,and get their change when they leave.Customers are confused and unhappy about this change in the shopping:

A) reasoning.
B) script.
C) prototype.
D) concept.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Mandy emails her roommate to tell her that she has adopted a kitten.The email says nothing more.Mandy's roommate's ________ memory processes tell her that the kitten will be ________.

A) symbolic representation; living in their apartment
B) analogical representation; small,drink milk,and purr
C) mental imaging; go for walks on a leash
D) categorization; furry,meow,and need a litter box

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When David first moved to Austin,he had to rely on the GPS in his car.Over time,David found that he could navigate the city without using his GPS because he knew information about sections of the city and had a rough idea of its shape.David must have developed a ________ of the city.

A) symbolic representation
B) mental map
C) prototype
D) analogical representation

Question 5

The type of schema that helps us understand how a series of events progress in a situation is:

A) mental shortcut.
B) stereotype.
C) script.
D) exemplar.

Question 6

Why is categorization an efficient way of thinking?

A) It reduces the amount of information about a concept in memory.
B) It makes information about a concept more specific.
C) It reduces the number of concepts held in memory.
D) It prioritizes the important information in a concept.

Question 7

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by ________ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by ________ of the category.

A) the best example; all the examples
B) all the examples; the best example
C) the most common example; the best set of examples
D) the best set of examples; the most common example

Question 8

Consider two representations.Representation A is abstract and bears no systematic relationship to what it represents,whereas Representation B shares some features of what it represents.Representation A is a(n)________ and Representation B is a(n)________.

A) symbolic representation; analogical representation
B) analogical representation; symbolic representation
C) analogical representation; analogical representation
D) symbolic representation; symbolic representation

Question 9

Analogical representations ________ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.Symbolic representations ________ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.

A) do; do
B) do not; do not
C) do; do not
D) do not; do

Question 10

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church,whereas a professor will give a lecture in class,comes from which property of schemas?

A) categories contain exemplars
B) concepts contain prototypes
C) common situations have consistent attributes
D) people have specific roles within situational contexts

Question 11

In New York City,it might be a dress shoe.In Texas,it could be a cowboy boot.In Florida,it might be a sandal.In Montana,it could be a hiking boot.Each of these is a(n)________ of the shoe category for the culture of that city.

A) exemplar
B) prototype
C) schema
D) representation

Question 12

Which of the following statements about categorization is a problem for the defining attribute model?

A) All attributes are equally important.
B) It is difficult to specify defining attributes.
C) Category membership is not all-or-none.
D) Categories cannot be well specified by attributes alone.

Question 13

________ can lead to reinforcing racism or sexism.

A) Exemplars
B) Schemas
C) Reasoning
D) Cognition

Question 14

A(n)________ is a(n)________ of a sequence of events.

A) procedure; outline
B) schema; script
C) script; schema
D) outline; procedure

Question 15

A problem with schemas is that they can easily:

A) promote stereotypes.
B) incorrectly categorize examples.
C) confuse prototypes and exemplars.
D) miss defining attributes.

Question 16

Even though Vince sits with Hannah in class,he asks Ruiz to be his study partner because Ruiz works harder than Hannah.In thinking about this decision,Vince used which one of the following mental concepts?

A) friend
B) notes
C) book
D) exam

Question 17

Your neighbor is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him.He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is NOT part of our social:

A) schema.
B) attribute.
C) prototype.
D) concept.

Question 18

Their 5-year-old nephew asks Hallel and Hamdi what an aardvark looks like.Hallel finds a picture in a children's book about animals and shows it to him.Hamdi finds a description in the encyclopedia and uses it to describe an aardvark.Hallel's approach is similar to using a(n)________; Hamdi's approach is similar to using a(n)________.

A) analogical representation; representation based on attributes
B) analogical representation; analogical representation
C) representation based on attributes; analogical representation
D) representation based on attributes; representation based on attributes

Question 19

You are startled when you pass an 18-wheeler driven by a woman.A woman driver violates your ________ of a trucker.

A) schema
B) script
C) anchor
D) concept

Question 20

A picture of a carrot is an example of a(n)________ representation; the word carrot is a(n)________ representation.

A) symbolic; analogical
B) analogical; symbolic
C) analogical; analogical
D) symbolic; symbolic

Question 21

According to expected utility theory,we select among our alternatives based on the one that has the highest value,or:

A) heuristic.
B) utility.
C) money.
D) happiness.

Question 22

A grocery store owner places a new item at the front of each aisle every few days.He wants people to think that these items are in front because they are special or on sale.The grocery store owner is trying to use ________ to sell the items at the front.

A) loss aversion
B) framing
C) confirmation bias
D) prospect theory

Question 23

Samantha has always bought Japanese cars because she believes they are more reliable than cars made in the United States.Samantha has formulated a(n)________ for buying cars that may help her save time and money on her next car purchase.

A) anchor
B) affective forecast
C) algorithm
D) heuristic

Question 24

Two longtime friends,Joyce and Laurie,want to get back in touch with their childhood friend Rhonda,but they do not know whether she still lives in the area.Joyce randomly selects phone numbers from the local phonebook and asks people if they know Rhonda.Laurie calls numbers listed in the local phonebook for people who have the same last name as Rhonda.Joyce has approached the problem with a ________ approach,whereas Laurie has approached the problem with a(n)________.

A) heuristic; trial-and-error approach
B) trial-and-error; algorithm
C) algorithm; utility theory
D) trial-and-error; heuristic

Question 25

Your best strategy would be to use a heuristic if ________ is most important; your best strategy would be to use an algorithm if ________ is most important.

A) being thorough; ease
B) ease; being thorough
C) time; being right
D) being right; time

Question 26

The director of the school cafeteria discovers that students like chocolate chip cookies much better than molasses cookies.To sell the molasses cookies,she prices them at 25 cents each and continues to charge one dollar for the chocolate chip cookies.When students keep buying far more chocolate chip cookies,they are violating ________ theory,which is a ________ model of human decision making.

A) prospect; normative
B) expected utility; normative
C) prospect; descriptive
D) expected utility; descriptive

Question 27

In problem solving,a person:

A) moves from a present state to a goal state.
B) selects among a set of alternatives.
C) evaluates a conclusion for validity.
D) reasons from general to specific information.

Question 28

Lauren is baking a cake for her boyfriend's birthday.She starts to panic because she does not have all the ingredients.She calms down when she realizes that the important thing is to bake a cake,not to have specific ingredients.She first tries to find substitutes for the missing ingredients.She then looks for cake recipes that will work with the ingredients she has.Lauren is engaging in:

A) problem solving.
B) decision making.
C) heuristic reasoning.
D) algorithmic reasoning.

Question 29

If you are choosing among various alternatives by weighing the criteria associated with each,you are engaging in:

A) reasoning.
B) decision making.
C) problem solving.
D) framing.

Question 30

Shannon and Sayid go out for coffee.He holds the door for her,pulls out her chair,and takes the check.He is very confused when she becomes irritable with him for doing these things.You could help him understand Shannon's reactions by explaining that they probably have conflicting ________ for a man and woman going out.

A) concepts
B) scripts
C) prototypes
D) heuristics

Question 31

Norma is trying to decide which of four dresses to buy.For each dress,she carefully considers the cost,appearance,and quality.She then ranks the dresses in order of desirability and buys the most desirable one.Norma's decision is in accord with ________ theory,which is a ________ model of human decision making.

A) prospect; normative
B) expected utility; normative
C) prospect; descriptive
D) expected utility; descriptive

Question 32

You need to make a decision,but you must think quickly and don't consider all the evidence.What type of thinking are you using?

A) heuristic
B) algorithm
C) insight
D) forecasting

Question 33

________ models describe how people are irrational decision makers,whereas ________ models state that people are rational decision makers.

A) Normative; descriptive
B) Descriptive; normative
C) Heuristic; algorithm
D) Algorithm; heuristic

Question 34

If we assess the available evidence to try to determine when dinosaurs roamed the earth,we are engaging in:

A) reasoning.
B) decision making.
C) problem solving.
D) framing.

Question 35

Scripts are good because they ________,but can be bad because they ________.

A) provide a guide to behavior in a given situation; reinforce stereotypical behaviors
B) reinforce stereotypical behaviors; provide a guide to behavior in a given situation
C) provide a guide to behavior in a given situation; take time to activate
D) provide a flexible way to assess a situation; reinforce stereotypical behaviors

Question 36

Meagan's economics professor argues that people are optimal decision makers.Her psychology professor argues that people are often irrational decision makers.Her economics professor believes in a ________ model of human decision making; her psychology professor believes in a ________ model.

A) normative; descriptive
B) normative; normative
C) descriptive; descriptive
D) descriptive; normative

Question 37

One week before my rent is due,I am short $100.Rather than ask my parents for the money,I decide that I will work one weekend for my friend's landscaping company.By doing this,I will then have enough money for rent.This strategy is an example of:

A) affective forecasting.
B) anchoring.
C) problem solving.
D) framing.

Question 38

When Xavier is looking for a book to buy,he takes recommendations from the staff at the local bookstore.Even though he sometimes winds up with a book that he does not like,he keeps using the staff recommendations because his strategy is a(n)________ that ________.

A) algorithm; usually works
B) heuristic; usually works
C) algorithm; is easy
D) heuristic; is easy

Question 39

The expectation that someone will sell you nails in a hardware store,whereas someone will sell you dresses in a boutique,comes from this property of schemas:

A) categories contain exemplars.
B) concepts contain prototypes.
C) situations have consistent attributes.
D) schemas have prototypes.

Question 40

Jamail is trying to decide whether to major in biology or psychology.Kevin is trying to figure out what major might allow him to get a good job right after college.Jamail is engaged in ________ ; Kevin is engaged in ________.

A) problem solving; decision making
B) inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning
C) decision making; problem solving
D) deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning

Question 41

Annie is moving from one apartment to another.She has three cats and only one cat carrier.She puts one cat in the carrier,the second inside her large Crock-Pot,and the third under a laundry basket on the passenger seat of her car.Annie clearly does not have a problem with:

A) mental sets.
B) functional fixedness.
C) working backward.
D) restructuring.

Question 42

When a friend asks you to recommend a restaurant,you send her to the place where you ate last Saturday because it comes most quickly to mind.This way of thinking is an example of:

A) confirmation bias.
B) the framing effect.
C) insight.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 43

Restructuring a problem often reveals a new and more successful approach to solving the problem.This fact suggests that a critical step in problem solving is:

A) analyzing subgoals.
B) brainstorming strategies.
C) replicating potential solutions.
D) formulating the problem.

Question 44

Nkeis decides to buy a small car because it is good for the environment.When she goes to look at small cars,she is surprised that they come in luxury versions because she expected them to be very basic and uncomfortable.Nkeis has been using:

A) confirmation bias.
B) the framing effect.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 45

When Mandy and Joe meet,Joe tells her that he loves math and computers and his favorite hobbies have always involved building things.Mandy concludes that Joe must be an engineering student rather than a liberal arts student,even though there are many more liberal arts than engineering students at their school.Mandy is using the ________ heuristic and ignoring ________.

A) representativeness; base rates
B) availability; base rates
C) representativeness; subjective likelihood
D) availability; subjective likelihood

Question 46

Ngwama has been asked to interview for a very prestigious job.She knows that very few people who are interviewed will be offered jobs by this company.She turns down the interview because she is afraid of how terrible she will feel if she interviews and is not offered a job.In refusing the interview,Ngwama was influenced by:

A) affective forecasting.
B) projected regret.
C) confirmation biases.
D) subjective likelihoods.

Question 47

A critical property of insight is that the solution to the problem:

A) has clear subgoals.
B) emerges in a single step.
C) emerges over several steps.
D) develops clear subgoals.

Question 48

Lucia won the bronze medal in gymnastics.What might you expect her to say to reporters after the ceremony about her feelings?

A) "If only I had ..."
B) "Things might have been different if ..."
C) "I can't stop thinking about how close I came...."
D) "I am glad that at least I won a medal...."

Question 49

Research has shown that people do not necessarily believe that "time heals all wounds" when something bad is about to happen to them.Instead,people tend to use ________ and anticipate the worst.

A) affective forecasting
B) projected regret
C) confirmation biases
D) subjective likelihoods

Question 50

After struggling to solve a math problem,you suddenly see the solution.For no apparent reason,the method for solving the problem just came to your mind.You have experienced:

A) insight.
B) clarity.
C) restructuring.
D) fixedness.

Question 51

The availability heuristic can cause people to incorrectly assess the probabilities of various events because:

A) the most available event is not always the most frequent.
B) the most likely event is not always the most frequent.
C) it is too difficult to compute joint probabilities of events.
D) it is too difficult to distinguish between probabilities and likelihoods.

Question 52

Sahndra and Yosef each need to buy cereal.Sahndra goes to the convenience store that stocks only three kinds of cereal.Yosef goes to the grocery store that stocks fifteen kinds.If the brands in each store represent at least reasonable choices,who is more likely to buy cereal? If they both buy cereal,who is more likely to be happy with the cereal?

A) Sahndra; Sahndra
B) Yosef; Yosef
C) Yosef; Sahndra
D) Sahndra; Yosef

Question 53

What is the paradox of choice?

A) Not having any choices is what makes us happiest.
B) Having a lot of choices makes us happy.
C) Having unlimited choices makes us happiest.
D) Having some choice is better than none,but too many choices can make us unhappy.

Question 54

Jack and Kate,a married couple,have demanding jobs and too little time for their relationship.They decide that one of them needs to step down in his or her career,but they cannot agree on who should do it.Their marriage counselor is trying to get them to see that other solutions are possible.In doing this,the counselor is encouraging them to ________ their problem.

A) define
B) minimize the impact of
C) avoid
D) restructure

Question 55

Itzhak is trying to decide whether to take art history from Professor Nguyen or from Professor Molyneaux.When he looks into the professors' past grading distributions,he discovers that both have given 50 percent As and Bs.However,this information is further broken down: "Professor Nguyen gives 20 percent As,and Professor Molyneaux gives 30 percent Bs." If ________ influences Itzhak's reasoning,Itzhak will take the class from Professor ________.

A) the framing effect; Molyneaux
B) the framing effect; Nguyen
C) affective forecasting; Molyneaux
D) affective forecasting; Nguyen

Question 56

Lakshmi has been trying to work out her class schedules for the fall and spring semesters.No matter what she tries,she cannot seem to work in all the classes she needs to take.She suddenly realizes that she could also take some classes during the summer session,and she is able to quickly work out her schedules.Lakshmi solved the problem by using:

A) restructuring.
B) validity.
C) subgoal analysis.
D) framing.

Question 57

If you are shopping for a bathrobe and buy the first soft robe you see,you are likely a(n)________.If you go on to look for robes in every store in town before purchasing one,you are likely a(n)________.

A) minimizer; optimizer
B) optimizer; minimizer
C) maximizer; satisficer
D) satisficer; maximizer

Question 58

In a psychology study,people are asked which is more likely: an earthquake that kills 100,000 people or an earthquake in California that kills 100,000 people.Far more people will say that the earthquake in California is more likely,even though there are clearly more earthquakes than there are earthquakes in California.This way of thinking is an example of the:

A) confirmation bias.
B) framing effect.
C) representativeness heuristic.
D) availability heuristic.

Question 59

Marco never had to study in high school,and he starts college the same way.After his first exams,he realizes he needs to study.He decides to go to the library every night and study for six straight hours.When he cannot study for that long,he does not know what to do and gives up.Marco's approach to solving his problems with studying failed because:

A) he was exhibiting functional fixedness.
B) was expecting to do poorly.
C) he did not establish reasonable subgoals.
D) he did not have a clearly defined goal.

Question 60

People tend to become closed minded when asked to find a different use for an object that has a clear purpose.This mind-set is a result of:

A) mental sets.
B) restructuring.
C) working backward.
D) functional fixedness.

Question 61

Lauren recently began having difficulty interpreting the prosody of others' speech,understanding sarcasm,and understanding proverbs.She likely has a lesion in her:

A) right hemisphere.
B) left parietal lobe.
C) Broca's area.
D) Wernicke's area.

Question 62

A surgical team was operating in a rural hospital without a backup electrical generator.The power went out.To provide light for the surgery,they collected all the cell phones in the hospital and turned them on.The operation was able to proceed because the surgical team avoided ________ and ________ the problem.

A) functional fixedness; restructured
B) mental sets; correctly analyzed
C) affective forecasting; gained insight into
D) the availability heuristic; reframed

Question 63

The sentences Jill was kissed by Jack and Jack kissed Jill have the same:

A) phonemes.
B) morphemes.
C) surface structure.
D) deep structure.

Question 64

Gerardo's old girlfriend used to cheat on him.He knew when she was being unfaithful because she would be gone a lot,claiming that she needed to work.When his new girlfriend tells him that she has a lot of work to do and will not be able to see him as much right now,he assumes she is seeing another man.Gerardo's suspicions result from his:

A) insight.
B) emotional heuristic.
C) mental set.
D) affective forecasting.

Question 65

The existence of brain areas like Wernicke's and Broca's areas support which linguist's beliefs about language development?

A)B.F.Skinner
B) Benjamin Whorf
C) Laura-Ann Petitto
D) Noam Chomsky

Question 66

You get home only to find you have lost your keys.Instead of trying to think of every place that you have been that day,you try to remember the last time you saw your keys.This strategy is a good analogy for:

A) restructuring.
B) working backward.
C) developing an analogy.
D) using an algorithm.

Question 67

Cara is a mechanic at the local garage.This morning she has seen three cars that would not start,all of which needed new batteries.When a fourth car that will not start is brought in,Cara assumes the problem is the battery.Cara's assumption reflects ________.If the problem is actually with the car's transmission,Cara will need to ________ to solve the problem.

A) functional fixedness; restructure
B) her mental set; restructure
C) functional fixedness; reframe
D) her mental set; reframe

Question 68

Morphemes are:

A) the basic sounds of a language.
B) the smallest units of language that have meaning.
C) equivalent to syllables.
D) sounds that are similar across various languages.

Question 69

Across individuals,language development is characterized by:

A) similar stages but variations in the rate of acquisition.
B) similar rates of acquisition.
C) differences in the order in which the stages occur.
D) similarity in the rate at which vocabulary is developed but large differences in the acquisition of the rules of grammar.

Question 70

Until about 6 months of age,a baby:

A) can understand only the sounds of his native language.
B) can discriminate all the speech sounds that occur in all languages.
C) speaks in single words.
D) overgeneralizes syntactic rules.

Question 71

Babies typically generate their first words at around:

A) 6 months.
B) 1 year.
C) 18 months.
D) 2 years.

Question 72

Phonemes are:

A) the basic sounds of a language.
B) the smallest units of language that have meaning.
C) equivalent to syllables.
D) sounds that are similar across various languages.

Question 73

If people cannot restructure a problem that they are having trouble solving,they could try the easier approach of finding a(n):

A) effective algorithm.
B) appropriate analogy.
C) useful heuristic.
D) working frame.

Question 74

If a child is using telegraphic speech,he will:

A) say only single words,not sentences.
B) speak in complex sentences.
C) speak in simple,three- to four-word sentences.
D) speak in simple,two-word sentences.

Question 75

If a child is using telegraphic speech,she is most likely:

A) about 2 years old.
B) at least 4 years old.
C) under 1 year old.
D) 12 to 15 months old.

Question 76

The disorder that results in difficulties with being able to produce speech is called:

A) Korsakoff's syndrome.
B) global aphasia.
C) Wernicke's aphasia.
D) Broca's aphasia.

Question 77

Josh was trying to decide which of two people to hire for a job.Donna told him a story about her parents deciding to get two cats when they could not decide which one to buy.Josh recognized that hiring both people would solve his problem as well.Josh has:

A) restructured his problem.
B) worked backward from an end state.
C) used an appropriate analogy.
D) overcome a mental set.

Question 78

The average adult knows about:

A) 20,000 words.
B) 40,000 words.
C) 60,000 words.
D) 20,000 to 60,000 words,depending on which language the adult has learned.

Question 79

Research has demonstrated that infants:

A) do not develop a preference for sounds from their own language until they are about 1 year old.
B) show a preference for sounds from their own language by the time they are a week old.
C) cannot distinguish sounds from their own language and other languages until they start to speak.
D) cannot distinguish sounds from their own language and other languages until their vocabulary includes well over 1,000 words.

Question 80

Khoury has very little food in his kitchen.Rather than inventorying his ingredients before starting dinner,he considers recipes and looks to see if he has the required ingredients.Khoury is solving the problem of making dinner by:

A) restructuring.
B) working backward.
C) developing an analogy.
D) using an algorithm.