Deck 10: Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

Toby is generally somewhat sad and pessimistic.Today,however,his candidate for president has won the election,and Toby is feeling incredibly optimistic and exuberant.Toby's usual sadness and pessimism is a(n)________; his current optimism and exuberance is a(n)________.

A) emotion; mood
B) emotion; emotion
C) mood; emotion
D) mood; mood

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Imagine you are in the forest and come across a bear.Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) I'm afraid because I'm shaking.
B) I'm shaking because I'm afraid.
C) My shaking must be due to fear because bears are naturally scary.
D) I'm shaking,and I'm afraid.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In the mythical country of Xacandra,people experience an emotion that they call blegthium.Though everyone agrees that people experience blegthium,it has proven very difficult to define or to associate blegthium with physiological correlates.Cross-cultural Xacandran psychologists have not been able to consistently find an emotion comparable to blegthium in other cultures.In terms of the circumplex model of emotions,blegthium is a ________ emotion.

A) universal
B) primary
C) secondary
D) cross-culturally congruent

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The Cannon-Bard theory argues that physiological responses and emotional experiences occur:

A) roughly simultaneously and independently.
B) sequentially and independently.
C) sequentially beginning with physiological responses.
D) sequentially beginning with emotional experiences.

Question 5

Distinguish which of the following is NOT a secondary emotion?

A) remorse
B) anticipation
C) happiness
D) submission

Question 6

How might the James-Lange theory of emotion describe the relationship between fear and trembling?

A) Fear and trembling are unrelated.
B) We tremble and feel afraid simultaneously.
C) We tremble because we feel afraid.
D) We feel afraid because we tremble.

Question 7

Eva and Garnet are identical twins who survived a traumatic accident in which a bus they were riding in plummeted into a river.During the accident,Eva's amygdala was severely damaged; Garnet experienced no injuries.You would expect that Eva ________ develop a conditioned fear to buses and Garnet ________ develop a conditioned fear to buses.

A) would not; would not
B) would; would not
C) would; would
D) would not; would

Question 8

In terms of the circumplex model,anger and annoyance share ________,whereas anger and joy share ________.

A) valence but not activation; activation but not valence
B) valence and activation; activation but not valence
C) activation but not valence; valence but not activation
D) activation but not valence; valence and activation

Question 9

Which brain region processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions?

A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

Question 10

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that:

A) the emotions we experience cause our bodily reactions.
B) our perception of bodily responses leads to our emotions.
C) our emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously.
D) emotion and physical reaction happen independently but at the same time.

Question 11

Imagine you are in the forest and come across a bear.Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A) I'm afraid because I'm shaking.
B) I'm shaking because I'm afraid.
C) My shaking must be due to fear because bears are naturally scary.
D) I'm shaking,and I'm afraid.

Question 12

In the mythical country of Xacandra,people experience an emotion they call revzola.Revzola is associated with particular states of arousal,and the people who experience it strongly do better in Xacandran society.When Xacandran psychologists explored nearby countries,they discovered that every culture had an emotion like revzola,though they called it by different names.In terms of the circumplex model of emotions,revzola is a ________ emotion.

A) universal
B) primary
C) secondary
D) cross-culturally congruent

Question 13

If you hold a pencil in your teeth,forcing you to raise the edges of your lips into a sort of smile,you will ________,as predicted by the ________.

A) begin to feel happy; facial feedback hypothesis
B) begin to feel happy; Cannon-Bard model
C) not feel any differently than you did before; facial feedback hypothesis
D) not feel any differently than you did before; circumplex model

Question 14

Distinguish which of the following is NOT a primary emotion?

A) fear
B) guilt
C) sadness
D) disgust

Question 15

A child is very excited to go to the playground.He is walking in circles,fidgeting with his hands,and showing other forms of agitation.These behaviors are almost certainly the result of:

A) homeostasis.
B) arousal.
C) incentives.
D) goals.

Question 16

One criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion has been that physiological responses are not specific enough to correspond to different emotions.However,more recent research has shown that ________,which is ________ with the James-Lange theory.

A) different primary emotions correspond to different patterns of brain activation; inconsistent
B) different primary emotions correspond to different patterns of brain activation; consistent
C) adopting a happy facial expression leads to positive emotions; inconsistent
D) adopting a happy facial expression leads to positive emotions; consistent

Question 17

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster,which is producing high levels of arousal.They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love.The effect of the roller coaster causes ________ associated with emotion; thinking that the arousal is usually due to romantic feelings is part of the ________ associated with emotion; feeling they are falling in love reflects the ________ associated with emotion.

A) physical changes; cognitive appraisals; subjective experiences
B) physical changes; subjective experiences; cognitive appraisals
C) subjective experiences; cognitive appraisals; physical changes
D) subjective experiences; physical changes; cognitive appraisals

Question 18

A convincing piece of evidence for the idea that positive emotions and negative emotions are independent is that positive emotions involve ________ and negative emotions involve ________.

A) increases in norepinephrine; increases in dopamine
B) increases in dopamine; increases in norepinephrine
C) increases in dopamine; decreases in norepinephrine
D) decreases in norepinephrine; decreases in dopamine

Question 19

Contemporary thinking about the role of the amygdala in emotion is that the path from the thalamus to the amygdala ________,and the path from the thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala ________.

A) evaluates whether a threat exists; prepares someone to respond
B) prepares someone to respond; confirms whether a threat exists
C) selects a response; determines if that is the appropriate response
D) determines what is the appropriate response; selects a response

Question 20

Danny,who has a damaged amygdala,accidentally spilled kerosene on a campfire and got badly burned.Later,Danny's reaction to fire is that he:

A) knows it is dangerous and has a strong conditioned fear response to it.
B) does not think it is dangerous and has no conditioned fear of it.
C) does not think it is dangerous but becomes terrified around it.
D) knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it.

Question 21

Delroy was on a plane that flew through a hurricane.There was tremendous turbulence,and he was absolutely terrified.Even though he tries not to think about it,Delroy cannot forget that plane trip.Delroy's persistent memory results from the effect of the ________ on how the ________ consolidates memory.

A) thalamus; prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala; prefrontal cortex
C) amygdala; hippocampus
D) thalamus; hippocampus

Question 22

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)is characterized by attempts to avoid thinking about a seriously traumatic event,accompanied by flashbacks to and nightmares about that event.PTSD would seem to involve the emotional coping strategy of:

A) thought suppression.
B) cognitive avoidance.
C) rumination.
D) distraction.

Question 23

Winona has a great deal of trouble determining the amount of fear that someone is experiencing based on his or her facial expressions.It is quite likely that Winona has damage to her:

A) hippocampus.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) thalamus.
D) amygdala.

Question 24

Bethany's boyfriend has just broken up with her.At first,she is heartbroken,thinking she has lost the perfect man.As the weeks go by,she realizes that she had never acknowledged the negative aspects of the relationship.Eventually,she comes to see the breakup as an opportunity rather than a disaster.Bethany is engaging in ________,which research suggests will ________.

A) rumination; change neural processing of emotion
B) rumination; change patterns of physiological arousal
C) reappraisal; change patterns of physiological arousal
D) reappraisal; change neural processing of emotion

Question 25

A major aspect of depression is persistently negative cognitive attributions about the self,life,and the future.Depression would seem to involve the emotional coping strategy of:

A) thought suppression.
B) cognitive avoidance.
C) rumination.
D) distraction.

Question 26

Xandra,a 3-year-old,has a damaged amygdala.Her parents should be concerned that she may:

A) not bond well to them.
B) not experience a full range of normal emotions.
C) not be able to remember experiencing emotions.
D) be too friendly to strangers.

Question 27

Blake is waiting to hear whether he has been accepted to medical school.He is so anxious that he is having trouble working.To cope with the situation,he tries to keep himself from thinking about medical school or the admissions process.By engaging in this ________ ,Blake is likely to ________.

A) rumination; rebound and improve his mood
B) rumination; delay his medical school admissions
C) thought suppression; think about medical school even more
D) thought suppression; reduce his anxiety

Question 28

Luiz is walking home late at night when he hears footsteps behind him.He is instantly frightened and gets ready to run.He glances over his shoulder and sees that it is the neighborhood police officer on patrol.Realizing there is nothing to fear,he calms down.Luiz's first response,fear,was processed by the path from the ________.His second response,calming,was processed by the path from the ________.

A) thalamus à amygdala; thalamus à sensory cortex à amygdala
B) thalamus à sensory cortex à amygdala; thalamus à amygdala
C) amygdala à thalamus; amygdala à sensory cortex à thalamus
D) amygdala à sensory cortex à thalamus; amygdala à thalamus

Question 29

Jason is fascinated by his physics course; he gets excited every time he walks into class.However,Jason has always considered himself someone who does not like science,so he does not recognize that his excitement is due to the class.Instead,he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner.Jason's misattribution of his arousal is compatible with which theory of emotion?

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) two-factor
D) facial-feedback hypothesis

Question 30

Dagmar and Bjorg have gone down the most demanding ski trail at the resort.Back at the lodge,they suddenly find that their attraction for each other has increased greatly.This effect is most likely due to:

A) display rules.
B) excitation transfer.
C) subjective emotional appraisal.
D) cognitive analysis.

Question 31

Participants in a psychology experiment are shown photographs that elicit three kinds of emotional reactions: happiness,fear,or sadness.A week later,they are shown a series of photographs and asked to identify which ones they had seen before.You could predict that the best memory would be for the:

A) sad pictures.
B) happy pictures.
C) frightening pictures.
D) happy and frightening pictures.

Question 32

Extinction of a classically conditioned response involves suppression of that response by higher brain centers; the conditioned response can be established again very quickly.The probable mechanism for extinction lies in the path from the ________; the probable mechanism for reconditioning lies in the path from the ________.

A) thalamus to the amygdala; thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala
B) thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala; thalamus to the amygdala
C) hippocampus to the amygdala; thalamus to the frontal lobes to the amygdala
D) thalamus to the frontal lobes to the amygdala; hippocampus to the amygdala

Question 33

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion states that:

A) a situation can evoke a physiological response that is followed by an emotion label.
B) a situation can evoke an emotion label and the physiological response will follow.
C) a situation can evoke a physiological label that is followed by a physiological response.
D) a situation can evoke an emotional response that is followed by a physiological label.

Question 34

According to the two-factor theory of emotion,we experience emotion through:

A) simultaneous physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.
B) the subjective emotion followed by the physiological response.
C) physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation.
D) the emotion correlated with the physiological response pattern.

Question 35

In recent years,people all across the country have formed laughter groups,in which a small number of people get together on a regular basis to laugh.They do not generate their laughter by watching funny movies or telling jokes.Instead,they simply laugh deliberately for some period of time.Even though the laughter is occurring without humor,people in these groups enjoy improved mental and physical health.The primary reason these groups lead to health improvements even though they do not change one's emotions is that:

A) the act of laughing is a cue to positive affect.
B) laughter has physiological effects that are similar to exercise.
C) we base our moods on our actions.
D) laughter makes us remember other happy times.

Question 36

Researchers conduct an experiment in which male participants are given a drug that makes them feel extremely happy.Participants in Group A are told that they will feel this way from the drug.Participants in Group B are not told about the effects of the drug.After the drug has taken effect,an attractive woman enters the room.According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory,which group of participants is less likely to feel attracted to the woman,and why?

A) Group A,because they were already happy when they came to the experiment
B) Group A,because they expected positive feelings from the drug
C) Group B,because they identified the positive feelings later
D) Group B,because they were not told about the effects of the drug

Question 37

Research on thought suppression has shown that trying to suppress negative thoughts can lead to:

A) misattribution.
B) humor.
C) distraction.
D) a rebound effect.

Question 38

Gavriel has a tremendous crush on Angelique,who seems to see him only as a friend.One way that Gavriel might be able to change Angelique's feelings would be to:

A) take her to a scary movie.
B) write her a love poem.
C) make her a touching mixed tape.
D) take her for a romantic dinner.

Question 39

Aurore has been in a skiing accident.She remembers everything about her life,but does not seem to experience any emotions about her memories or about new things that happen.Aurore most likely has experienced damage to her ________,making her ________.

A) prefrontal cortex; insensitive to somatic markers
B) prefrontal cortex; unable to interpret emotional cues
C) amygdala; insensitive to somatic markers
D) amygdala; unable to interpret emotional cues

Question 40

Ever since his girlfriend broke up with him,Marcus has been going over the breakup in his mind."Why did she leave? How could I have stopped her? We had such wonderful times.I miss her so much." Marcus is coping with his feelings through:

A) thought suppression.
B) misattribution.
C) rebound.
D) rumination.

Question 41

The strongest cross-cultural congruence in the identification of emotions seems to involve ________ ,and the weakest seems to involve ________.

A) fear and disgust; happiness
B) happiness; fear and disgust
C) happiness and joy; fear and pain
D) fear and pain; happiness and joy

Question 42

Margarita is a brilliant student.The men she has dated in the past have had trouble dealing with her academic success.Margarita just won a full scholarship for her last two years of college.She is going to tell her current boyfriend at dinner,and she feels nauseated every time she thinks about it.Margarita's reaction can easily be explained by:

A) somatic marker theory.
B) affect-as-information theory.
C) the dominance of emotions over cognition.
D) conflict between her desire to take the scholarship and to please her boyfriend.

Question 43

When people view a face that is displaying an emotion,which part is most important in determining how the viewers perceive the emotion?

A) forehead
B) eyes
C) nose
D) mouth

Question 44

Paul is getting married on Sunday.On Saturday,he is riding in a very exciting and somewhat dangerous bicycle race.He knows that it is not sensible to risk an injury the day before his wedding.But he really wants to race,and he feels sure that he can do so safely.Paul's decision to ride in the race demonstrates that:

A) potential rewards influence decisions more than potential punishments.
B) emotions influence decisions more than cognitions.
C) positive emotions influence decisions more than negative emotions.
D) certain rewards influence decisions more than possible punishments.

Question 45

Tameri and Khai have found a house to buy that they really like.The day they found it,they had been having a wonderful time house hunting and planning their life together.A few days later,after having had a miserable day at work,Khai goes back to look at the house again.You could predict that Khai will like the house:

A) more because it will remind him of Tameri.
B) more because of belief persistence.
C) less because of his bad day at work.
D) less because his second look will be more objective.

Question 46

Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions.When a student watched the clip with other people,she showed little outward emotion.When the student watched the clips alone,she showed the same emotions as are seen in American college students.The difference in emotional expression in the two situations shows the influence of:

A) cultural display rules.
B) cues from experimenter expectancies.
C) responding to interpersonal rather than intrapersonal factors.
D) mere-exposure effect.

Question 47

According to Baumeister,which of the following is NOT a way in which guilt can protect and strengthen interpersonal relationships?

A) Guilt discourages people from doing things that harm their relationships.
B) Guilt can be used to manipulate others.
C) Guilt demonstrates that people care about their partners.
D) Guilt encourages people to be honest in their relationships.

Question 48

Cross-cultural research on emotions conveyed by facial expressions shows that:

A) some facial expressions are universal,suggesting a biological basis.
B) some facial expressions are universal,suggesting a cultural basis.
C) all facial expressions are universal,suggesting a cultural basis.
D) all facial expressions are not universal,suggesting a biological basis.

Question 49

LaVonne is majoring in engineering,but she dislikes all of her engineering classes and loves all of her government classes.One day,when LaVonne is reading political science to avoid reading engineering,she decides to change her major and become a lawyer.LaVonne's decision reflects which quality of emotions?

A) They increase the probability of survival and reproduction.
B) They provide cues to facilitate interpersonal dynamics.
C) They provide information about significant personal goals.
D) They increase the probability of avoiding immediate danger.

Question 50

According to the affect-as-information theory,we use:

A) current moods to make judgments,even if we do not know the sources of our moods.
B) prior moods to make judgments,even if we do not know the sources of our moods.
C) current moods to make judgments,but only if we know the sources of our moods.
D) prior moods to make judgments,but only if we know the sources of our moods.

Question 51

The Gianellis adopted Abigail and two years later adopted Cassandra,each from a different set of biological parents.As the girls get older,you would expect that the evidence for genetic influences on their levels of guilt would get ________ and the evidence for the influence of a shared environment on guilt would get ________.

A) stronger; stronger
B) weaker; weaker
C) weaker; stronger
D) stronger; weaker

Question 52

How many English words refer to emotions?

A) 35
B) 150
C) 550
D) 5,000

Question 53

When Suellen learns that her roommate will be an international student from Britain,she is worried that her roommate will be stiff and reserved.She is very surprised,but pleased,when Diana turns out to be bouncy and emotional.Suellen is surprised because Diana's behavior violates:

A) cross-cultural congruence.
B) gender norms for emotionality.
C) cultural display rules.
D) conformity.

Question 54

Imagine you will be going to Zambia on a field trip.The research on facial expressions and emotion would suggest you should:

A) take care because the Zambians will not be able to read your expressions.
B) not assume that you are reading Zambian expressions accurately.
C) not worry much about misinterpretation of universal facial expressions.
D) assume that the Zambians will not be able to read your expressions and you will not be able to read the Zambians' expressions.

Question 55

Sadao seems to make the same mistakes over and over again.His friends are constantly telling him,"Don't do that.Remember how badly it turned out the last time!" But Sadao never listens.He insists,every time,that this is a new situation.According to somatic marker theory,Sadao most likely has damage to his:

A) amygdala.
B) hippocampus.
C) frontal lobes.
D) prefrontal cortex.

Question 56

The ________ is (are)the facial feature(s)that best express(es)emotion on its own; the ________ is (are)the facial feature(s)that best express(es)emotion as part of the whole face.

A) mouth; eyes
B) eyes; eyes
C) eyes; mouth
D) mouth; mouth

Question 57

Studies have shown that guilt is primarily influenced by ________,whereas other negative emotions are primarily influenced by ________.

A) genetics; the social environment
B) the social environment; genetics
C) genetics; genetics
D) the social environment; the social environment

Question 58

Sydney has been asked about her life satisfaction.To answer the question,she reflects on how she feels right now,and right now she is in a positive mood.According to the affect-as-information theory,Sydney will most likely respond that:

A) she cannot answer without thinking for a while about all aspects of her life.
B) she is generally unhappy with her life.
C) she is generally happy with her life.
D) it is not possible to know how she will respond.

Question 59

Donato and Quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth.Donato tends to be fearful of many things and can easily be made to feel guilty.If these same qualities were evaluated in Quincy,you would expect that he would have ________ of fear and ________ of guilt.

A) high levels; unpredictable levels
B) unpredictable levels; high levels
C) high levels; high levels
D) unpredictable levels; unpredictable levels

Question 60

Which of the following emotions is an infant capable of expressing at birth?

A) joy
B) disgust
C) pain
D) all of the above

Question 61

Huram is very sad because his girlfriend has gone to study abroad for a year.His friends try to get him to go out with them,but he just does not want to go.Even going to work is becoming difficult; he does not seem to want to do anything.Huram is lacking:

A) emotion.
B) motivation.
C) discipline.
D) judgment.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT one of the four essential qualities of motivational states emphasized in most general theories of motivation?

A) They are energizing.
B) They are directive.
C) They enable persistence.
D) They differ in their valence.

Question 63

Bingwen does not like formal clothes,but he must buy a suit for his sister's wedding.He goes to seven stores before he finds a suit that he likes.Bingwen's going to buy a suit shows the ________ quality of motivation.His search through seven stores shows the ________ quality of motivation.

A) energizing; directive
B) energizing; persistent
C) directive; energizing
D) directive; persistent

Question 64

Vincent is a brilliant but impoverished artist.He spends all day pushing the boundaries of his art and finds complete satisfaction in his achievements,but he has little to eat and lives in squalor.His wife has left him,and most of his friends keep their distance because they do not understand his art.Why would Vincent's life be problematic in terms of Maslow's need hierarchy?

A) Satisfaction is an emotion,not a need.
B) Lower needs must be met before higher needs.
C) Satisfying the need for achievement requires success.
D) Lower and higher needs cannot be organized in a single system.

Question 65

Maslow's need hierarchy has been criticized for:

A) lacking empirical support.
B) being limited to Western cultures.
C) defining the nature of a need too broadly.
D) underestimating the role of physiological factors.

Question 66

Bronwen is a first-year student and wants to meet more people.She attends a meeting of a campus organization,and then goes to a party in her dorm.She does not meet anyone she likes at either event and stops searching for new friends.Bronwen has the ________ quality of motivation,but not the ________ quality of motivation.

A) energizing; directive
B) energizing; persistent
C) directive; energizing
D) persistent; energizing

Question 67

A computer program is developed that searches for the most items that are related to the search term or for items that are the most relevant to the search term.In terms of human behavior,a program that searches for the most items is showing the ________ quality of motivation,whereas a program that searches for the most relevant items is showing the ________ quality of motivation.

A) energizing; directive
B) energizing; persistent
C) persistent; directive
D) directive; energizing

Question 68

Magdala blushes very easily; any time she makes even a slight social error,she turns bright red.Magdala regards this tendency as a real social failing and would give a great deal to stop blushing.You might make Magdala reconsider the value of her blushing by telling her that people who blush:

A) actually have better social skills.
B) do so because they are more empathetic.
C) look more attractive to the people around them.
D) are more readily forgiven their mistakes.

Question 69

Gerde is very close to finishing her Ph.D.in biology.She has been offered several good jobs,and everyone assumes she is off to a brilliant career.However,Gerde decides that although she is a very talented biologist,what she really wants to become is a carpenter.She quits graduate school and goes on to become a very happy and successful carpenter.According to Maslow,Gerde is:

A) an underachiever.
B) high in self-esteem.
C) self-actualized.
D) unmotivated.

Question 70

Paloma's parents spent a great deal of time with her when she was growing up; they always made her feel loved and valued.Erhard's parents loved him,but they were always busy and distant.As an adult,who is likely to experience more guilt,and why?

A) Erhard,because he never feels sufficiently secure
B) Paloma,because she has developed the ability to empathize
C) Erhard,because he never feels valued or important
D) Paloma,because she feels obligated to repay her parents

Question 71

Because Maslow's "need theory" of motivation places a strong emphasis on personal growth,it can be considered an example of:

A) psychoanalysis.
B) behaviorism.
C) humanistic psychology.
D) cognitive psychology.

Question 72

Dashawna has decided that she wants a new image.She goes to a new store and shops for the perfect outfit.Dashawna's decision to get a new image shows the ________ quality of motivation.Her trip to the store shows the ________ quality of motivation.

A) energizing; directive
B) energizing; persistent
C) directive; energizing
D) persistent; directive

Question 73

Jermaine told his girlfriend that he was going to the library when he was actually staying home to watch the game.She begins to get angry when she stops by his room and finds him watching TV.However,when he starts to blush and look embarrassed,she readily forgives him.Her attitude changes because his embarrassment and blushing indicate that Jermaine:

A) recognizes his error.
B) lied to her on purpose.
C) really cares about her.
D) can empathize with her feelings.

Question 74

Motivational states are directive,which means they:

A) call attention to important goals.
B) activate us to do something.
C) help initiate behaviors that satisfy our needs.
D) determine a pattern of physiological activation.

Question 75

A(n)________ is a physiological state that encourages behaviors that correct a deficiency state,which is called a(n)________.

A) goal; incentive
B) incentive; goal
C) need; drive
D) drive; need

Question 76

Kitchi and Cosette are studying in the library on a Sunday afternoon.When they take a break for lunch,they discover that the university café,the campus convenience store,and their dorm cafeteria are closed.Kitchi decides that he is hungry enough to walk half a mile to eat off campus.Cosette decides that she is not that hungry.Kitchi and Cosette differ in the ________ of their motivation to have lunch.

A) energy
B) goal-directedness
C) strength
D) sincerity

Question 77

Yeast causes bread to rise,and sugar activates the yeast.In terms of human behavior,yeast is like ________ and sugar is like ________.

A) motivation; motivation
B) emotion; emotion
C) motivation; emotion
D) emotion; motivation

Question 78

John has a great capacity to empathize with others.He calls his parents three times a week.John's regular phone calls demonstrate that guilt:

A) encourages behaviors that strengthen relationships.
B) can be used to manipulate others.
C) demonstrates caring.
D) makes people faithful to their life partners.

Question 79

Motivation ________,whereas emotion ________.

A) produces behavior; influences motivation
B) influences emotion; produces behavior
C) is caused by cognition; influences cognition
D) influences cognition; is caused by cognition

Question 80

Which of the following items is NOT a need?

A) water
B) achievement
C) sleep
D) money