Deck 11: Health and Well-Being

Question 1

An important change in the health of people over the last 100 years involves:

A) an increasing number of mortalities associated with lifestyle choices.
B) a decreased number of mortalities associated with lifestyle choices.
C) obesity becoming less prevalent.
D) more people dying of infectious diseases.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Your roommate,who is very overweight,has an identical twin whom you have never met and who lived with an adoptive family while growing up.Given what you know about genetic and environmental factors in weight status,you would:

A) be unclear about the weight status of the twin.
B) guess that the twin had a similar weight status to his adoptive family members.
C) ask for more information on the attitudes of the adoptive parents toward being overweight.
D) guess that the twin is likely to be overweight.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Dr.Haverford suggests to her patient that the patient's mood problems stem from serotonin dysregulation,but she mentions nothing about social or behavioral factors related to mood.Dr.Haverford is using which approach to understanding the patient's problems?

A) the intradisciplinary model
B) the behaviorist model
C) the single stratum model
D) the medical model

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to the traditional medical model,individuals are ________ recipients in their health and well-being,whereas in the biopsychosocial model individuals take a(n)________ role in their health and well-being.

A) passive; active
B) active; passive
C) active; neutral
D) neutral; passive

Question 5

Health psychologists focus on:

A) the absence of disease.
B) subjective reports of health.
C) theories rather than research.
D) promoting health and well-being.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a reason for racial disparities in life expectancy?

A) genetic variation in susceptibility to disease
B) dietary and exercise habits
C) access to affordable health care
D) sleep cycle variations

Question 7

The average life expectancy for black males in the United States has ________ in the past forty years.

A) increased by 5 percent
B) decreased by 5 percent
C) increased by 10 percent
D) decreased by 10 percent

Question 8

In contrast to the ________ model,the biopsychosocial model focuses on multiple aspects of health and well-being.

A) single stratum
B) medical
C) componential
D) interactive

Question 9

Health psychology is considered a(n)________ field.

A) medical
B) interactive
C) isolated
D) interdisciplinary

Question 10

The approximate life expectancy for a white female born in the United States in 2007 is:

A) 65 years old.
B) 70 years old.
C) 75 years old.
D) 80 years old.

Question 11

Which of the following would a health psychologist study?

A) how to get people to take the stairs instead of the elevator
B) how to get people to work more cooperatively in groups
C) how to get people to give more to charity
D) how to understand people's experience of sensation and perception

Question 12

Henry is an American citizen.Given what you know about infectious diseases and health psychology,which of the following is he LEAST likely to die from?

A) heart disease
B) cancer
C) accident
D) malaria

Question 13

Deaths that result from infectious diseases have ________ over the past century.

A) increased slightly
B) decreased
C) stayed the same
D) increased greatly

Question 14

Individuals from which country are LEAST likely to die as the result of lifestyle choices?

A) Kosovo
B) United States
C) Japan
D) Australia

Question 15

Health psychology would examine all of the following EXCEPT:

A) why people either do or do not wear their seat belt.
B) why people either do or do not wear sunscreen.
C) when people either do or do not practice safe sex.
D) whether people either do or do not find overweight individuals attractive.

Question 16

The biopsychosocial model of health psychology examines biological characteristics,like ________ ,as well as social conditions,like ________.

A) lifestyle; genetic predispositions
B) stress; social support
C) social support; cultural influences
D) genetic predisposition; social support

Question 17

Thoughts and behaviors affect the environment.The environment affects human biology.In turn,biology affects behavior.This description fits the:

A) medical model.
B) multistratum model.
C) circularity model.
D) biopsychosocial model.

Question 18

Imagine that you work for a life insurance company.You are setting premiums for insurance based on life expectancy.Assuming you charge a higher premium for those with shorter lives,you know that ________ would generally pay more for life insurance than ________.

A) males; females
B) females; males
C) children; adults
D) white individuals; black individuals

Question 19

Sarah is trying to function at her best and be the healthiest person she can possibly be.Sarah is concerned with her own:

A) positive emotionalism.
B) well-being.
C) health empowerment.
D) self-control.

Question 20

Based on current CDC estimates,who is likely to have the longest life expectancy?

A) Mary,a white female
B) Tucker,a white male
C) Sierra,a black female
D) Jake,a black male

Question 21

Based on what you know about the prevalence rates of smoking,where would you expect to find the most lung cancer deaths in the next 20 years?

A) urban cities in the United States
B) rural communities in the United States
C) China
D) France

Question 22

In distinguishing between the body-mass-index and the body-shape-index,you know that the BMI is a calculation of ________,whereas the BSI is a measure that mainly takes into consideration ________.

A) body weight relative to height; the amount of one's abdominal fat
B) body weight relative to height; one's height
C) abdominal fat relative to height; one's age
D) abdominal fat relative to height; one's hip measurement

Question 23

Research suggests that the average adult smoker,compared to the nonsmoker,:

A) can plan to live about a decade less.
B) underestimates the number of people who smoke.
C) did not try cigarettes until college.
D) overestimates the number of health problems he has.

Question 24

All of the following groups of people may have to be at least somewhat skeptical of the accuracy of their BMI measurements in predicting health outcomes EXCEPT:

A) the elderly.
B) professional athletes.
C) individuals with bone density abnormalities.
D) college students.

Question 25

Jeffrey has an eating disorder.Given what you know about the gender differences in eating disorders,it is likely that he has:

A) anorexia.
B) bulimia.
C) binge-eating disorder.
D) nervosa.

Question 26

Given the prevalence rates,you know that adolescent girls are ________ likely to suffer from bulimia nervosa as compared to anorexia nervosa.

A) just as
B) more
C) a little less
D) a lot less

Question 27

LaShawna has no siblings,and her parents do not smoke.Jayda has an older brother and mother who smoke.Who would be more likely to start smoking,and why?

A) LaShawna,because her dopamine neurons are more sensitive to nicotine
B) LaShawna,because smoking would be a novel and exciting experience
C) Jayda,because her family members act as role models for smoking
D) Both girls are equally likely to start smoking.

Question 28

Researchers from the 2013 meta-analysis found that individuals with a BMI between ________ had the lowest probably of dying from any cause during the study periods,which may suggest that there is some merit in being ________.

A) 18.5-25; underweight
B) 25-30; overweight
C) 30-35; slightly obese
D) 35-40; obese

Question 29

Which country has the highest proportion of smokers worldwide?

A) United States
B) India
C) China
D) Japan

Question 30

John comes from a family in which everyone is overweight,even though people in the family appear to eat only moderate amounts of food.These circumstances are consistent with research showing that:

A) food habits are primarily influenced by family attitudes.
B) the environment is more important than our genes in determining eating behavior.
C) genes play an important role in who becomes overweight.
D) food habits are determined by what foods are presented to us.

Question 31

Dora is a moderately obese woman with a full figure.However,Dora is NOT confronted with social stigma about being overweight.On the contrary,she is often complemented on how attractive she is.Dora:

A) is probably a hardy person.
B) probably lives in a developing country.
C) will nevertheless experience some negative psychological symptoms that are caused by her weight.
D) will experience a lack of congruent self-concept.

Question 32

Evidence that humans have a set-point for weight is reflected in the fact that:

A) when prisoners were fed large amounts of food they gained less weight than they should have and returned to their normal weight when they resumed a regular diet.
B) when people diet frequently,they wind up gaining more weight than those who do not.
C) studies of semi-starvation have shown that long-term reduction in food intake causes people to lose interest in food and eating.
D) as less food is consumed,the body's ability to use the energy contained in the food is reduced.

Question 33

One difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa involves:

A) the degree of psychological disturbance present.
B) whether periods of dieting occur.
C) the amount of food that is typically consumed.
D) the race and class of the people who engage in each.

Question 34

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia differ in that:

A) anorexia is associated with a higher mortality rate than bulimia.
B) anorexia is more common among men than bulimia.
C) persons suffering from anorexia tend to recover more quickly than those with bulimia.
D) those with bulimia are very underweight and practice restrained eating.

Question 35

Attempting to restrain the amount you eat in order to control your weight:

A) is still the best long-term weight-loss strategy yet discovered.
B) works for only about 60 percent of people over time.
C) can result in overeating when one perceives the diet has been "broken" by eating a forbidden food.
D) works best for those who are very overweight rather than moderately overweight.

Question 36

Your sister has been quite thin ever since the eighth grade,but expresses a great fear of becoming fat and is always looking for ways to lose more weight.Of the following,she is likely suffering from:

A) hypothyroidism.
B) the absence of a set-point for weight control.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) bulimia nervosa.

Question 37

Dieting as a method of controlling weight has proved ineffective in part because:

A) the diet causes metabolism to increase such that the body becomes highly efficient in using the calories that are available.
B) weight gain occurs more rapidly after each episode of dieting is terminated.
C) the body lacks a set-point for regulating weight.
D) most people have a set-point that is set too high.

Question 38

Of those who develop anorexia nervosa,what percentage eventually dies from the disorder?

A) 1-2 percent
B) 10 -15 percent
C) 15-20 percent
D) 25-35 percent

Question 39

The Body Mass Index (BMI)of an adopted child will be ________ to the BMI of the adoptive parents and ________ to the BMI of the biological parents.

A) similar; similar
B) unrelatied; dissimilar
C) unrelated; similar
D) dissimilar; dissimilar

Question 40

Research in different cultural contexts reveals that obesity is:

A) stigmatized in some of them and respected in others.
B) universally rejected and devalued.
C) associated with lower economic status,particularly in developing countries.
D) positively associated with social status in most cultures.

Question 41

Recently,Arianna and Raymond had their first child.They are experiencing difficulty dealing with the lack of sleep and demands of the new baby.The kind of stress Arianna and Raymond are experiencing is called:

A) eustress.
B) a daily hassle.
C) chronic stress.
D) major life stressor.

Question 42

In the 1950s,doctors appeared in advertisements for cigarettes claiming the health benefits of smoking.The doctors appeared in these advertisements because:

A) in the 1950s,cigarettes were not addictive.
B) before 1979,cigarettes did not contain nicotine.
C) before repeated exposure,people were not as susceptible to the negative consequences of smoking.
D) doctors were hired by the tobacco companies as role models to encourage smoking even though medical doctors knew smoking was dangerous.

Question 43

The brain region that experiences the most growth in response to aerobic exercise is the:

A) hypothalamus.
B) pituitary gland.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.

Question 44

An individual who exercises regularly is likely to be the best at:

A) cross-word puzzles.
B) word searches.
C) puzzles.
D) tic-tac-toe.

Question 45

People who do not regularly engage in physical activity report ________,whereas those who do exercise regularly report having ________.

A) more sleep disturbances; a better mood
B) a greater sex life; less energy
C) less energy; more sleep disturbances
D) a better mood; a greater sex life

Question 46

Exercise could be described as "Miracle Gro for our brains." This is because the fertilizer Miracle Gro is for grass what exercise is for:

A) reproductive hormones.
B) the glands.
C) the bloodstream.
D) neurons.

Question 47

Exercise may be a superior form of treatment for mild forms of depression,because in addition to enhance mood,it can also help to:

A) build self-confidence.
B) decrease immunity.
C) increase BMI.
D) lessen activity in dopamine centers.

Question 48

Psychologists use the term stress primarily to refer to our responses when:

A) the demands placed on us exceed our abilities to respond to them.
B) we are emotionally aroused but do not know why.
C) the demands of a physical task require more effort than expected.
D) we experience high levels of physiological arousal.

Question 49

If people did not possess dopamine neurons,addiction to nicotine would be:

A) less likely.
B) more likely.
C) unaffected.
D) strong at first and weak later.

Question 50

Evidence suggests that some individuals are more prone to become regular smokers than are others.One factor involves:

A) a greater tendency to have acetylcholine pathways in the brain.
B) a cascade of HPA activation.
C) parents and peers who smoke.
D) the absence of antidrug programs in school.

Question 51

The threat of military combat,adjustment to a new marriage,and thinking about an upcoming exam are all examples of:

A) eustress.
B) chronic stress.
C) daily hassles.
D) stress.

Question 52

Jamie has an older brother who smokes.Jamie is:

A) less likely to start smoking than other kids.
B) more likely to start smoking than other kids.
C) no more and no less likely to start smoking than other kids.
D) more likely to be a problem drinker,whether or not he smokes.

Question 53

Exercise is ________ associated with well-being,because it leads to benefits like ________.

A) positively; decreased immune response
B) positively; decreased risk of diabetes and heart disease
C) negatively; production of synaptic connections
D) negatively; decreased risk of diabetes and heart disease

Question 54

If cigarettes contained no nicotine,the brain's dopamine neurons would be:

A) overstimulated by smoking.
B) less affected by smoking.
C) inhibited by smoking.
D) easily activated at first but inactive after the first cigarette.

Question 55

Kristine's frequent drug use has resulted in some short- and long-term memory impairment.Now that Kristine has quit using drugs,which of the following should her doctor recommend to help Kristine enhance her memory functioning?

A) prayer
B) exercise
C) social support
D) increasing her self-esteem

Question 56

People become addicted to smoking cigarettes because:

A) they enjoy the social acceptance associated with the smoking stigma.
B) they come to develop a preference for the smell of smoke.
C) nicotine leads to increased activation of dopamine neurons.
D) they incorporate the idea of being a smoker into their self-concept.

Question 57

Health psychologists would likely encourage people under high stress loads to avoid overeating,as:

A) food cannot provide emotional comfort.
B) overeating contributes to a cycle of unhealthy behaviors including reduced exercise.
C) overeating has been shown to be positively correlated with alcohol consumption.
D) smoking is higher in those who overeat.

Question 58

The difference between eustress and distress involves whether the event is perceived as:

A) acute or chronic.
B) positive or negative.
C) occurring now or in the future.
D) involving the self or others.

Question 59

Milo is training for an international chess competition and thinks that if he "increases his brain volume" he will do better in the competition.Which of the following actions should be most helpful to Milo to increase his brain volume?

A) reduce the number of hours he watches television
B) go on a vegetarian diet
C) pray
D) exercise

Question 60

Events that are particularly stressful for humans are those that are:

A) boring and predictable.
B) catastrophic and uncontrollable.
C) repetitive.
D) a result of our own actions.

Question 61

A positive event,like a wedding,would cause an individual to experience ________,whereas a negative event would cause an individual to experience ________.

A) eustress; distress
B) distress; eustress
C) distress; coping
D) coping; eustress

Question 62

Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish whether an event will cause an individual to experience stress,because:

A) only negative events cause stress and people may not agree on what is negative.
B) only positive events cause stress and people may not agree on what is positive.
C) both negative and positive events cause stress,but people differ in what they feel is demanding or threatening.
D) both negative and positive events cause stress,but people differ in what they feel is negative versus positive.

Question 63

Your parents are under a great deal of job stress.Which of the following responses might you expect from them in terms of their parenting behavior?

A) Both will devote less attention to your needs.
B) Your mother will be more responsive to your needs than usual,whereas your father will be less responsive to them.
C) Both will devote more attention to your needs as a way of coping with the job stress.
D) Research has shown that stress is unrelated to gender.

Question 64

Maya's HPA axis has been activated over many weeks.After chronic HPA activation over this long period,Maya is most likely to have problems in:

A) smooth muscle movement.
B) remembering information.
C) understanding spoken language.
D) expressing positive and negative emotions.

Question 65

Research indicates that exposure to a stressor serves to activate:

A) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system.
B) the norepinephrine system but not the epinephrine system.
C) primarily the right brain hemisphere.
D) primarily the left brain hemisphere.

Question 66

Who coined the phrase fight-or-flight response?

A) Charles Sherrington
B) Walter Cannon
C) Hans Selye
D) David Premack

Question 67

If no damage to the hippocampus occurred due to prolonged HPA activation,people would likely experience no or few stress-related impairments in:

A) muscle movement.
B) memory.
C) social interaction.
D) emotion regulation.

Question 68

Assume that a negative event has occurred in your life.Under which of the following conditions is it likely to be most stressful?

A) It occurred just after a positive event.
B) It was just like an event you had experienced a year earlier.
C) It was unexpected.
D) You are female,not male.

Question 69

For someone who is in a relationship,which of the following holidays do you anticipate will cause the greatest amount of stress?

A) New Year's Eve
B) Veterans' Day
C) Fourth of July
D) Valentine's Day

Question 70

Why have psychologists emphasized fight-or-flight responses over tend-and-befriend responses?

A) The former have greater adaptive value.
B) The research has largely been done with males.
C) Research supports the former but not the latter.
D) Avoidance responses are more important to survival than approach responses.

Question 71

Each of the following is the result of activation of the sympathetic nervous system in response to a stressor EXCEPT:

A) heart rate increases.
B) decreased muscle tension.
C) breathing becomes more rapid.
D) pupils dilate.

Question 72

In examining the human stress response,you can conclude:

A) the fight-or-flight response is generally adaptive for modern-day stressors.
B) the fight-or-flight response is generally not adaptive for modern-day stressors.
C) the tend-and-befriend response is generally not adaptive for modern-day stressors.
D) neither the fight-or-flight nor tend-and-befriend response are adaptive for modern-day stressors.

Question 73

Research on the fight-or-flight response has been criticized by Taylor and others for:

A) focusing too exclusively on the responses of males.
B) neglecting the possibility that stress can also inhibit or prevent behavioral responding.
C) focusing on humans and neglecting other animal species.
D) placing too much emphasis on the role of hormones in mediating these responses.

Question 74

Which of the following is considered a major life stressor rather than a daily hassle stressor?

A) living in poverty
B) having a child
C) noisy environment
D) being overcrowded

Question 75

Which of the following is the correct order of operations in the chain of events from start to finish?

A) stressful event; hypothalamus activation; cortisol production
B) cortisol production; stressful event; hypothalamus activation
C) stressful event; cortisol production; hypothalamus activation
D) hypothalamus activation; stressful event; cortisol production

Question 76

The HPA axis involves initial activation of the:

A) hypothalamus.
B) hippocampus.
C) hindbrain.
D) heart.

Question 77

Research has shown that stress experienced by a woman during pregnancy has:

A) no effect on a developing child.
B) an effect of the physical development of a child.
C) an effect on the physiological responsiveness of a child.
D) an effect on the development of male children but not female children.

Question 78

One of the problems with the prolonged activation of the HPA axis due to chronic stress is that it:

A) remains inactive even during extreme stress.
B) destroys neurons in the spinal cord.
C) damages neurons in the hippocampus.
D) facilitates long-term potentiation.

Question 79

When men and women are placed under equivalent levels of stress:

A) both appear equally motivated to seek social support.
B) women are more likely than men to seek social support.
C) men are more prone to seek social support than women are.
D) both men and women are equally motivated to seek social support,but women prefer support from men,whereas men seek support from both sexes.

Question 80

Miryam and her boyfriend were together for 10 years,and then he broke up with her.The breakup was extremely distressing to her.Which of the following responses will Miryam almost certainly experience?

A) anticipatory coping
B) the eustress response
C) the allostatic release response
D) HPA activation