Deck 12: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

In recent times, the case for instincts in humans has been supported by ________, who argue that states like competitiveness and aggression may also be instinctual.

A)incentive theorists
B)behaviorists
C)sociobiologists
D)psychoanalysts

Answer 1

sociobiologists

Question 2

According to Zuckerman, which of the following people will have the MOST difficulty in their career or home relationships?

A)Yachi is a low sensation seeker working as an air traffic controller.
B)Jacob is a high sensation seeker working as a test pilot for the Air Force.
C)Both Mr.and Mrs.have a low to moderate need for arousal.
D)Peony has a moderate need for arousal, and works as a mail carrier.

Answer 2

Yachi is a low sensation seeker working as an air traffic controller.

Question 3

A behavior pattern that is fixed, unlearned, and found in almost all members of a species is called ________.

A)impossible
B)a reflex
C)an instinct
D)routine

Answer 3

an instinct

Question 4

You bring a package home from the department store and your dog immediately jumps on you to investigate it; your 3-year-old niece comes to visit and opens all your kitchen cupboards to see what is inside; on a television documentary program, you see a monkey trying to open a box left in its cage.All of these are examples of ________.

A)a lack of discipline
B)sensation-seeking behavior
C)the achievement motive
D)the arousal motive

Question 5

Gaston and Page got married on a high bridge and started their honeymoon with a bungee-jump from the bridge.Which type of motive BEST explains their behavior?

A)the achievement motive
B)the drive-reduction motive
C)the arousal motive
D)the need for self-actualization

Question 6

Sensation seeking is related to ________.

A)the arousal motive
B)the achievement motive
C)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D)Zuckerman's dangerousness model

Question 7

In the ________ theory of motivation, a lack or a deficiency of something creates a state of tension that motivates us to reduce the deficiency.

A)incentive
B)drive-reduction theory
C)state-dependent
D)attribution

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the arousal motive?

A)It is the desire for an optimum level of arousal.
B)It is rarely observed in non-human species.
C)Performance is best when an organism is in a high state of arousal.
D)Performance is best when an organism is in a low state of arousal.

Question 9

Which of the following are INCORRECTLY matched?

A)Drive-reduction theory: external stimuli
B)Incentive theory: external stimuli
C)Cognitive theory: attributions
D)Maslow: hierarchy of needs

Question 10

Sociobiologists emphasized that ________ are genetically transmitted from one generation to the next.

A)aggression
B)competition
C)instincts
D)cooperation

Question 11

In the drive-reduction theory, motivation decreases once ________ is established (or re-established).

A)exhaustion
B)reward
C)homeostasis
D)punishment

Question 12

For most people, low levels of arousal lead to ________ behavior efficiency and high levels of arousal lead to ________ behavior efficiency.

A)reduced; reduced
B)increased; reduced
C)increased; increased
D)reduced increased

Question 13

Performance is BEST for most tasks when you are experiencing ________ levels of arousal, although this can vary from person to person.

A)high
B)low
C)moderate
D)low or high

Question 14

Zuckerman's test for sensation seeking measures which of the following characteristics?

A)dangerousness, antisocial traits, "letting loose,' and intolerance for boredom
B)thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and susceptibility to boredom
C)adventurousness, physical prowess, creative morality, and charisma
D)dangerousness, adventurousness, creativity, and thrill and adventure seeking

Question 15

The body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state of internal balance, or equilibrium, is called ________.

A)homeostasis
B)heterogeneity
C)drive-induction
D)biostability

Question 16

Assume that you want to perform well on this test, but you feel anxious about your ability to do so.In this case, your desire to perform well is related to your ________ state, while your anxiety is related to your ________ state.

A)conscious; unconscious
B)unconscious; conscious
C)motivational; emotional
D)emotional; motivational

Question 17

Motivation is BEST defined as ________.

A)the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
B)the physiological and psychological arousal that occurs when a person really wants to achieve a goal
C)what makes you do what you do
D)the conscious and unconscious thoughts that focus a person's behaviors and emotions in the same direction toward a goal

Question 18

According to your textbook, motivation ________ behavior and emotion ________.

A)directs; energizes it
B)energizes; is the feeling response
C)follows; precedes it
D)precedes; directs it

Question 19

Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal or optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance according to ________ theory.

A)drive reduction
B)incentive
C)optimal arousal
D)instinct

Question 20

Sociobiologist Edward O.Wilson believes that humans also have instincts like ________, genetically transmitted from one generation to the next.

A)aggression and competition
B)competition and cooperation
C)aggression and cooperation
D)empathy and cooperation

Question 21

Eric's pancreas is currently secreting more insulin and releasing it into Eric's blood stream.What will be the likely effect of this process?

A)He will need to urinate.
B)He will suddenly feel hungry.
C)He will decide that he is not hungry and will refuse to eat.
D)He will rapidly experience dehydration if he does not drink water.

Question 22

What role does the stomach play in feelings of hunger?

A)Pressure receptors in the stomach walls signal fullness or emptiness.
B)Stomach contractions signal the brain that it is time to eat again.
C)Fullness receptors and stomach contractions both play a role.
D)While there is no physiological relationship, stomach "growls" are often interpreted that we need to eat (even if we don't).

Question 23

The ________ motive causes us to look for a certain amount of novelty and complexity from our environment for no apparent reason.

A)sensory
B)social
C)drive
D)arousal

Question 24

According to ________ theory, basic survival and security needs must be satisfied before one can move on to such higher needs as belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization.

A)evolutionary
B)instinct
C)Maslow's
D)Wiener's

Question 25

According to the cognitive theory of motivation, which of the following students is MOST likely to study hard for the next psychology exam?

A)Sasha believes she earned an "A" on this exam because the questions were easy.
B)Endora believes she is a witch and can get whatever she wants by waving her arms and casting a spell.
C)Martino believes that he got a "C" on his exam because he did not study hard enough.
D)Clemy believes he studied as hard as he could for this exam and is very discouraged that he only got a "D."

Question 26

According to the cognitive theory of motivation, ________ influence our goal-directed behavior.

A)attributions
B)internal needs
C)external incentives
D)evolutionary instincts

Question 27

You just stuffed yourself with a hot dog, a large tub of popcorn, and a box of Milk Duds while watching a movie.When you come out of the theater, you smell the cinnamon buns across the mall and decide to get one even though you are full.This can BEST be explained by the ________ theory.

A)drive-reduction
B)incentive
C)push-pull
D)instinct

Question 28

A hormone that is produced by fat cells and gives information to the hypothalamus about the body's fat stores is ________.

A)leptin
B)ghrelin
C)insulin
D)polypeptide Y

Question 29

The ________ theory says people are "pulled" by external stimuli to act in a certain way.

A)cognitive
B)drive-reduction
C)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D)incentive

Question 30

________ is a feeling of fullness that has an effect on the perception of hunger.

A)Insatiety
B)Protrudation
C)Satiety
D)Grandiosity

Question 31

According to Maslow, belonging and self-actualization are ________ needs, and will be satisfied after physiological and safety needs.

A)essential
B)primary
C)higher-level
D)tertiary

Question 32

In Somalia, refugees often sacrificed their own safety in efforts to help others.This behavior refutes a basic premise of ________ theory of motivation.

A)the incentive
B)drive-reduction
C)Maslow's
D)cognitive

Question 33

According to Maslow's view of motivation, if you haven't eaten all day, your thoughts will be MOST focused on your ________.

A)self-esteem
B)physical safety
C)physiological needs
D)sense of belonging

Question 34

The heat generated in response to food ingestion is called ________.

A)satiation
B)dehydration
C)thermogenesis
D)thermolosis

Question 35

The theory that some motives have to be satisfied before a person can advance to fulfilling higher motives is based on ________.

A)Freud's psychosexual stages of development
B)Kohlberg's moral stages of development
C)Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
D)Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 36

The ________ hypothalamus signals an animal to start eating, whereas the ________ hypothalamus signals the animal to stop eating.

A)lateral; ventromedial
B)tegmental; medial
C)ventromedial; lateral
D)medial; tegmental

Question 37

The physical feeling of fullness you get once you have had enough to eat is called ________.

A)bloating
B)gastrointestinal fullness
C)satisfaction
D)satiety

Question 38

When the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, animals will ________.

A)stop eating, and must be force-fed
B)overeat to obesity
C)become picky eaters
D)any of these options

Question 39

According to your textbook, a very important component for overcoming test anxiety is ________.

A)overlearning
B)deep breathing
C)meditation
D)an aerobic workout

Question 40

________ theories emphasize the importance of attributions, or the way we interpret or think about our own or others' behaviors.

A)Attribution
B)Affective
C)Achievement
D)Cognitive

Question 41

Intrinsic motivation comes from ________.

A)personal enjoyment
B)a desire for rewards
C)a fear of punishment
D)the need for admiration from others

Question 42

Consuming large quantities of food followed by self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives, or extreme exercise is typical of ________.

A)anorexia nervosa
B)binge-eating disorder
C)bulimia nervosa
D)Pritikin dieting

Question 43

The brain's "eating center" is found ________.

A)in the hypothalamus
B)throughout the brain
C)in the lateral thalamus
D)in the ventromedial thalamus

Question 44

Which of the following is characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

A)bone fractures, osteoporosis, interruption of menstruation, and loss of brain tissue
B)very few of its victims will die
C)loss of teeth, severe throat and stomach damage
D)Nearly 90% of its victims will die.

Question 45

Sonja has a high need for achievement.This means that she has ________.

A)a dislike of feedback on her efforts toward goals
B)an aversion to competitive careers and tasks
C)the desire to assume responsibility for projects
D)a need to be in relationships with others and to avoid isolation.

Question 46

Victor regularly engages in periods where he will eat thousands of calories at one sitting.After such eating, he feels bloated, guilty, and ashamed, but he does not engage in any attempts to rid himself of the food (vomiting, using laxatives, exercising).If Victor's behavior becomes continuous, he may be diagnosed with ________.

A)anorexia nervosa
B)bulimia nervosa
C)obsessive-compulsive consumption disorder.
D)binge-eating disorder

Question 47

________ is/are one of the most significant external factors related to when, what, where, and why we eat.

A)Advertising
B)Sound
C)Cultural conditioning
D)Hormonal changes

Question 48

________ involves extreme weight loss due to an obsessive fear of obesity and self-imposed starvation.

A)Agoraphobia
B)Binge-eating disorder
C)Anorexia nervosa
D)Bulimia nervosa

Question 49

A person who consumes a large quantity of food in a very short time period without subsequent attempts to compensate for this ingestion may be diagnosed with ________.

A)rumination disorder
B)anorexia nervosa
C)binge-eating disorder
D)bulimia nervosa

Question 50

________ refers to the desire to perform an act for its own sake, whereas ________ refers to the desire to perform an act because of external factors, such as rewards and punishments.

A)Personal motivation; external motivation
B)Internal drive; external drive
C)Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
D)Individual drive; social drive

Question 51

Kathleen has recently been diagnosed with obesity by her physician, and was given suggestions on how to embrace a healthier lifestyle."If you can lose some weight," the doctor said, "you will reduce your risk of developing several diseases." Which of the following is NOT one of those conditions that is related to obesity?

A)lupus
B)ischemic stroke
C)diabetes
D)certain cancers

Question 52

A person whose body mass index is higher than ________ would be described as suffering from obesity.

A)20
B)25
C)30
D)35

Question 53

When the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed or lesioned, animals will ________.

A)overeat to the point of extreme obesity
B)become picky about what they eat
C)experience an increase in insulin
D)refuse to eat until they die of starvation

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

A)People with bulimia nervosa are underweight.
B)People with bulimia nervosa are often impulsive in other areas of their lives.
C)Bulimia nervosa can cause tooth erosion, tooth loss, damage to the throat and stomach, serious digestive disorders, and even death.
D)Bulimia nervosa can involve self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives.

Question 55

The numerical ratio of a person's height in relation to their weight that is the commonly used determinant of obesity is ________.

A)adjusted weight estimate
B)vertical/horizontal correlation
C)basal metabolic rate
D)body mass index

Question 56

According to your text, the critical factor in our future enjoyment of a task is ________.

A)our prior interest in that task
B)how we interpret our motivation for engaging in that task
C)whether or not we receive external rewards (e.g., praise, money, etc.)for that task
D)whether or not the task matches our personality

Question 57

Extrinsic motivation is based on ________.

A)the desire for rewards or threats of punishment
B)the arousal motive
C)the achievement motive
D)internally oriented interest or desire

Question 58

Kevin was not enrolled in school, nor did he have a job that required mathematical skills or reasoning.Despite these facts, he spent several nights a week reading and solving problems in an old calculus textbook.How would you BEST explain this behavior? Kevin is ________.

A)mentally ill
B)externally motivated
C)intrinsically motivated
D)driven by the incentive motive

Question 59

Despite the common belief that they are better for you, low-calorie sweeteners such as saccharin and sucralose may be associated with weight gain and increased obesity due to ________.

A)the way in which they activate the "fat genes"
B)their inhibition of thermogenesis
C)the fact that people consume larger portions of food with these ingredients as compared to regular sugar
D)the paradoxical effect on a person's homeostasis

Question 60

Harold has a high need for achievement.Knowing this, you can most accurately predict that, given an opportunity to throw ten free shots from anywhere on a basketball court, Harold will stand ________.

A)as close to the basket as possible
B)just far enough from the basket to assure that he will never miss
C)far enough away from the basket for it to be challenging, but close enough to allow some successes
D)amazingly far away so that if he makes at least one basket, observers will be very impressed

Question 61

The makers of a health-food cereal increased sales by offering a $2 rebate to purchasers.Sales rose during the rebate period, then fell below pre-rebate sales numbers when the rebate ended.The author of your textbook would explain this by suggesting that ________.

A)the rebate convinced shoppers that the cereal was overpriced
B)extrinsic rewards decreased the intrinsic value purchasers placed on the cereal
C)the rebate decreased the status value of health food cereal
D)there was no longer any incentive for shoppers to purchase this cereal

Question 62

Research has shown that people whom are experimentally induced to smile by producing vowels that cause the inner cheek muscles to rise are more likely to report themselves in a better mood.This supports the ________ theory of emotion.

A)Wundt-Titchener
B)Cannon-Bard
C)two-factor
D)facial feedback

Question 63

In the classic motivation study by Lepper and others (1973), children who were ________ continued to show more of an interest in drawing than children in the other groups.

A)promised a reward
B)scolded for drawing "outside of the lines"
C)not given any reward for drawing
D)orally encouraged to draw

Question 64

The cerebral cortex plays a major role in our emotions because it ________.

A)plays a role in the ability to recognize and regulate emotions
B)visualizes dangers and possible responses to them
C)stimulates the autonomic nervous system
D)relays information from all the senses to assist in processing what is important

Question 65

To study the cognitive component of emotions, psychologists are MOST likely to use ________ techniques.

A)cross-cultural observation
B)naturalistic observation
C)self-reporting
D)experimental designs

Question 66

You feel anxious because you are sweating and your heart is beating rapidly.This statement illustrates the ________ theory of emotion.

A)James-Lange
B)two-factor
C)Cannon-Bard
D)physiological feedback

Question 67

If we are walking in the woods and jump because we think we see a snake (it ends up being a stick), that fear reaction without conscious fear originates in the ________.

A)corpus callosum
B)hypothalamus
C)cerebral cortex
D)limbic system

Question 68

We see a bear in the woods, our hearts race as we begin to run, and then we experience fear.This is BEST explained by the ________.

A)James-Lange theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)facial feedback hypothesis
D)Schachter Two-Factor theory

Question 69

This theory says that emotions are physiologically similar and are due to simultaneous arousal, cognitive, and behavioral expressions.

A)Schachter's Two Factor
B)Cannon-Bard
C)James-Lange
D)Facial feedback

Question 70

The three components of emotion are ________.

A)cognitive, biological, and behavioral
B)perceiving, thinking, and acting
C)positive, negative, and neutral
D)active/passive, positive/negative, direct/indirect

Question 71

Jay, a single male, just saw a very attractive woman in the student lounge.According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, what would be MOST likely to happen next?

A)Jay might fall in love.
B)Jay might experience lust.
C)Jay might notice an increase in his heart rate and breathing.
D)Jay would rather focus on studying for his psychology exam

Question 72

Which of the following is the CORRECT order of events in the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)perception of event $\rightarrow$ emotion $\rightarrow$ body response
B)perception of event and emotion simultaneously $\rightarrow$ body response
C)perception of event and body response simultaneously $\rightarrow$ emotion
D)perception of event $\rightarrow$ perception of body response $\rightarrow$ emotion

Question 73

Two parts of the brain that play an important role in emotion are the ________.

A)hypothalamus and cerebellum
B)limbic system and cerebral cortex
C)pituitary gland and brain stem
D)CNS and PNS

Question 74

This theory that you perceive an event, your body reacts, and then you interpret the bodily changes as a specific emotion.

A)Cannon-Bard
B)James-Lange
C)Facial feedback
D)Schachter's two-factor

Question 75

In a ________ smile, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the eyes also contract.

A)Duchenne
B)Flynn
C)Freud
D)Watson

Question 76

Which of the following strategies is LEAST beneficial for Schuyler's parents to use to get Schuyler to play the violin?

A)Provide small extrinsic rewards when he first begins his violin lessons.
B)Praise him often for making the effort to practice.
C)Reward his practice efforts even when done poorly or without enthusiasm.
D)Encourage Schuyler to focus on how playing the violin is personally rewarding.

Question 77

Extrinsic rewards tend to decrease enjoyment of an activity because they ________.

A)are secondary rather than primary reinforcers
B)are negative rather than positive reinforcers
C)change our explanation for engaging in an activity
D)provide inadequate justification for most activities

Question 78

Emotion is BEST defined as ________.

A)affective feelings
B)a complex pattern of feelings that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions
C)affective responses that are the result of external or internal stimuli
D)physical or psychological responses to the fulfillment or frustration of our goals

Question 79

Which of the following extrinsic rewards is most likely to promote enjoyment or productivity related to the stated task?

A)Georgina's parents pay her money to get good grades.
B)Mikala's figure-skating coach keeps telling her, "Skate better or you'll never win the gold."
C)Edwina obtained the highest output during the present fiscal year and was given a surprise bonus to acknowledge her accomplishment.
D)Marcella cheated on her history exam and passed with a "C."

Question 80

In a Duchenne smile, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the ________ also contract.

A)nose
B)mouth
C)eyes
D)ears