Deck 13: Personality

Question 1

According to Freud, the thoughts and motives of which you are currently aware are stored in your ________.

A)psyche
B)id
C)ego
D)conscious

Answer 1

conscious

Question 2

In the iceberg analogy of Freud's levels of consciousness, the "tip" is the ________.

A)unconscious
B)preconscious
C)conscious
D)psyche

Answer 2

conscious

Question 3

According to Freud, the thoughts, motives or memories that you can easily bring to awareness is stored in your ________.

A)unconscious
B)subconscious
C)conscious
D)preconscious

Answer 3

preconscious

Question 4

The thoughts and motives that lie beyond a person's normal awareness are found in what Freud called the ________.

A)conscious
B)preconscious
C)unconscious
D)conscience

Question 5

Compared to ________ theories that only describe personality, ________ theories attempt to explain personality.

A)behavior; trait
B)psychoanalytic; humanistic
C)humanistic; behavior
D)trait; psychoanalytic

Question 6

The rational part of the psyche that deals with reality and tries to meet the needs of the other two mental structures is called the ________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)unconscious

Question 7

Samsara is aloof and self-contained.She prefers to read and work on her computer rather than engage in camping or other outdoor activities.She feels emotions deeply, but rarely displays them.Her thoughts are complex and focused on philosophical questions rather than everyday practicalities.This is a description of Samsara's ________.

A)basic temperament
B)psychopathology
C)personality disorder
D)personality

Question 8

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the ego?

A)It channels and releases the energy of the id in appropriate ways.
B)It resides entirely within the conscious realm.
C)It attempts to satisfy the superego's need for social approval and self-esteem.
D)It operates on the reality principle.

Question 9

According to Freud, the three mental structures that form personality are the ________.

A)unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
B)oral, anal, and phallic
C)Oedipus, Electra, and sexual/aggressive
D)id, ego, and superego

Question 10

When a child learns the rules and values of parents and society and incorporates them into his own psyche, that child has developed his ________.

A)subconscious
B)spiritual consciousness
C)ethical ego
D)superego

Question 11

The ________ principle asserts that the only motivation for behavior is the immediate gratification of needs.

A)sensation-seeking
B)pleasure
C)reality
D)unconscious

Question 12

"I'm going to take this candy because I want it NOW!" said the ________."But, stealing is wrong," said the ________."Let's ask mom if she'll advance our allowance so we can buy it today," said the ________.

A)superego; id; ego
B)ego; id; superego
C)id; ego; superego
D)id; superego; ego

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a "Freudian slip"?

A)Mrs.Freud's pink negligee.
B)A husband says, "This is my mother...I mean my wife, Sylvia."
C)When a person forget to show up for their psychotherapy appointment.
D)Someone comments that it is raining outside when there are no clouds.

Question 14

An individual's unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as his or her ________.

A)character
B)trait
C)temperament
D)personality

Question 15

The id constant need to seek out pleasure and engaging in gratifying behaviors is kept in check by the conscious "executive" functions of the ________.

A)ego
B)superego
C)conscience
D)Oedipus complex

Question 16

According to Freud, the ________ is concerned with immediate gratification and the avoidance of discomfort.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)preconscious

Question 17

According to your text, one of the BEST definitions of personality is your ________.

A)unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions
B)relatively stable characteristics that describe you
C)innate tendencies to think, act, and feel a certain way in all situations
D)innate disposition toward the world and environment

Question 18

Harmony just learned that her brother cross dresses, and wants him to know that she cares about him.She compliments him before he leaves for school by saying, "I really like your skirt...I mean shirt." This could be an example of ________.

A)an ego-defense mechanism
B)reaction formation
C)a Freudian slip
D)conditional positive regard

Question 19

A major premise underlying psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality is that ________.

A)conscious thoughts and feelings overcome unconscious motives
B)unconscious forces have an enormous impact on our behavior, such as feelings, thoughts and actions
C)unconscious forces are responsible for negative behaviors, whereas conscious forces are responsible for positive ones
D)unconscious motives direct all behavior, positive or negative

Question 20

The ________ operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.The ________ operates on the reality principle, and the ________ contains the conscience, which provide moral guidance for the ego.

A)psyche; ego; id
B)id; ego; superego
C)conscious; preconscious; unconscious
D)oral stage; anal stage; phallic stage

Question 21

The result of the ego's failure to satisfy both id and superego is ________ slipping into our conscious awareness.

A)unconscious guilt
B)anxiety
C)fixation
D)regression

Question 22

Zhu would much rather spend all day hanging with the guys than spend five minutes talking to a girl.In fact, he has very little interest in sexual matters.Freud would MOST likely suggest that Zhu is ________.

A)in the latency stage of development
B)stalled in the genital stage of psychosexual development
C)likely to develop a neurotic outlook on women
D)demonstrating a poorly developed id

Question 23

Fixation at this psychosexual stage of development would, according to Freud, lead to either a very neat person or one who is messy and disorderly.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 24

According to Freud, most girls ________.

A)fail to develop an adequate superego
B)feel a special attachment for their mothers
C)have a higher level of moral development, rapidly overcome penis envy, and give up their rivalry with their fathers
D)never experience a conflict during the phallic stage of development

Question 25

Defense mechanisms are strategies employed by the ________ to reduce anxiety and avoid conflict.

A)superego
B)id
C)ego
D)preconscious

Question 26

Conan constantly wants to be near his mother, receiving her affectionate touching and kissing.He wants nothing to do with his father, and actively stands between his parents to keep them from hugging each other.According to Freudian theory, it is likely that Conan is ________.

A)developing a neurosis
B)fixated at the anal stage of development
C)in the middle of the Oedipus complex
D)being overindulged by his mother and underindulged by his father

Question 27

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A)oral ---> anal ---> phallic ---> latency ---> genital
B)oral ---> phallic ---> anal ---> latency ---> genital
C)oral ---> latency ---> anal ---> genital ---> phallic
D)oral ---> anal ---> genital ---> latency ---> phallic

Question 28

Gisele is in the process of developing successful relationships with her same-sex peers and refining her female gender role.She is also working on her intellectual skills.According to Freud, Gisele is in the ________ stage of development.

A)oral
B)phallic
C)latency
D)genital

Question 29

According to Freud, sexual relationships based on lust rather than emotional attachment and a desire for commitment are indicators that an individual ________.

A)is in the phallic stage of development
B)has failed to master the genital stage of development
C)is fixated at the oral stage of development
D)has a poorly developed set of ego defense mechanisms

Question 30

According to Freud, during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, children develop _____, which is a desire for the opposite-sex parent along with hostility toward the same-sex parent.

A)homosexual tendencies
B)an Oedipus or Electra complex
C)retentive-expulsive fantasies
D)womb or penis envy

Question 31

Three of the most influential neo-Freudians were ________.

A)Erikson, Cattell, and Eysenck
B)Bandura, Rotter, and Watson
C)Rogers, Maslow, and Koffka
D)Adler, Jung, and Horney

Question 32

The five developmental periods during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified for personality development to proceed normally are known as ________ stages of development.

A)Erikson's psychosocial
B)Piaget's cognitive
C)Kohlberg's moral
D)Freud's psychosexual

Question 33

According to Freud, regression to a prior stage of development may be related to ________.

A)stress
B)the executive functions of the ego
C)preconscious awareness
D)fixation in the latency period

Question 34

To prevent the ________ associated with the ego's failure to satisfy both the id and superego, people develop and use ________.

A)unconscious guilt; archetypes
B)fixation; an ego-ideal
C)regression; preconscious cognitions
D)anxiety; defense mechanisms

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT one of the erogenous zones in Freud's psychosexual stages?

A)mouth
B)anus
C)genitals
D)breasts

Question 36

Used excessively, defense mechanisms can be dangerous because they ________.

A)hide true feelings
B)become ineffective
C)increase self-deception
D)lead to fixation

Question 37

According to Freud, each stage of development is characterized by a conflict between the id and the ________.If these conflicts are unresolved, Freud believed a person would become ________.

A)ego; psychotic
B)superego; immoral
C)social demands; fixated
D)ego and superego; regressed

Question 38

An unsuccessful resolution of the toilet training conflict may result in an adult who is ________.

A)highly controlled, but messy and disorderly
B)compulsively neat, but rebellious and destructive
C)unable to control his bowels or bladder
D)anal-retentive or anal-expulsive

Question 39

Clement is a gullible, dependent, and passive adult.Freud might say Clement was ________ during ________ stage of development.

A)frustrated; the anal
B)overindulged; the phallic
C)overindulged; the oral
D)frustrated; every

Question 40

Psychologists believe that defense mechanisms ________.

A)can be healthy when not used excessively
B)are unhealthy and should be eliminated through therapy
C)are a sign of emotional damage that cannot be corrected in therapy
D)are used excessively by most people in modern society

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT associated with Adler's individual psychology?

A)will to power
B)inferiority complex
C)string for superiority
D)self-efficacy

Question 42

Zahari seeks affection and acceptance from others.Horney might say that she is ________.

A)experiencing basic anxiety
B)moving toward people
C)highly dependent and neurotic
D)repressing her power envy

Question 43

A positive outcome of a child's "will-to-power" is manifested by _____, whereas a negative outcome is characterized by ________.

A)mastery and control; striving for superiority
B)striving for perfection; an inferiority complex
C)striving for superiority; learned helplessness
D)an internal locus of control; an external locus of control

Question 44

Adler believed the primary motivation in life is to overcome ________.

A)feelings of inadequacy
B)feelings of superiority
C)basic anxiety
D)collective unconscious fears of the anima and animus

Question 45

Besides sexual and aggressive forces, Jung believed the unconscious contained ________.

A)basic anxiety
B)a will-to-power
C)a striving for superiority
D)positive and spiritual motives

Question 46

In Jungian psychology, the archetypes for gender role are the ________.

A)mandala and mandalus
B)anima and animus
C)mother and father
D)phallus and flower

Question 47

According to Horney, adults who were neglected or isolated in a hostile environment as children experience helplessness and insecurity as adults, which she called ________.

A)learned helplessness
B)an inferiority complex
C)a neurosis
D)basic anxiety

Question 48

According to Horney, an emotionally healthy person will ________.

A)move toward or away from people
B)move toward people only
C)move against and away from people
D)balance moving toward, away, and against people

Question 49

According to your text, the BEST definition of factor analysis is ________.

A)an objective measure of personality traits or factors
B)a statistical procedure used to determine the most basic units contained in a large array of data
C)the theory of personality that uses a variety of factors in analyzing character traits
D)a projective measure of personality traits or factors

Question 50

Which of the following personality theorists contributed the concept of power envy?

A)Freud
B)Jung
C)Adler
D)Horney

Question 51

Horney believed that Freud's concept of penis envy ________.

A)was based on solid empirical data
B)reflected women's feelings of cultural inferiority rather than biological inferiority
C)should be replaced by the term "womb greed"
D)would only apply to lesbians

Question 52

Which of the following is a list of personality traits?

A)hunger, arousal, sensation-seeking, achievement
B)cheerful, honest, friendly, optimistic
C)tall, thin, dark-skinned
D)easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

A)Most of his concepts have inadequate empirical support.
B)His theories placed too much emphasis on sexuality and unconscious forces.
C)He under-emphasized the role of biological determinants.
D)Some of his views were unacceptably sexist.

Question 54

According to Jung, the primitive images and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that reside in the collective unconscious are called ________.

A)animal instincts
B)archetypes
C)the latent unconscious
D)the Oedipus complex

Question 55

Horney believed that the strongest influence on an individual's personality was that person's ________.

A)relationship with his or her parents
B)birth order
C)biological imperative
D)power envy

Question 56

A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe the way a person thinks, feels, and acts is known as a(n)________.

A)character
B)trait
C)temperament
D)personality

Question 57

According to Adler, feelings of helplessness and incompetence during childhood result in ________.

A)mistrust
B)basic anxiety
C)an inferiority complex
D)learned helplessness

Question 58

According to Jung, our collective unconscious consists of ________.

A)inherited archetypes
B)one's cultural architecture
C)the "archaeology of the soul"
D)the morality of society

Question 59

Jung believed that the anima and animus represent ________.

A)opposing forces in the superego
B)the life and death instincts
C)feminine and masculine components of personality
D)good and evil aspects of the id

Question 60

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A)Adler: individual psychology
B)Jung: conscious psychology
C)Horney: basic anxiety
D)Freud: psychoanalytic psychology

Question 61

________ is the inborn drive to realize one's potential and develop one's talents.

A)Self-concept
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-actualization
D)Locus of control

Question 62

________ emphasized the importance of self-concept.He believed our personality and individual self-esteem are heavily influenced by early childhood experiences.

A)Carl Rogers
B)Abraham Maslow
C)Karen Horney
D)Carl Jung

Question 63

The trait theory that explains personality in terms of openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism is called the ________.

A)BEACH theory
B)Five-Factor model
C)factor analysis theory
D)Cattell and Eysenck model

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT among Eysenck's basic types of traits?

A)optimism
B)extraversion-introversion
C)neuroticism
D)psychoticism

Question 65

Unconditional positive regard is Carl Rogers's term for ________.

A)accepting any and all behavior as a positive manifestation of self-actualization
B)positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies
C)nonjudgmental listening
D)phenomenological congruence

Question 66

According to Rogerians, if your self-concept is congruent with your life experiences, you are likely to ________.

A)strive for superiority
B)be self-actualized
C)feel inferior to others
D)be mentally healthy

Question 67

Bessie is gentle, cooperative, trusting, and helpful; Obadiah is outgoing, talkative, fun-loving, and affectionate.According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Bessie scores high on ________ and Obadiah scores high on ________.

A)openness; agreeableness
B)agreeableness; extroversion
C)extroversion; openness
D)eagerness; cheerfulness

Question 68

Garner is imaginative, curious, and interested in new ideas; Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests.It is likely that Garner scores high and Brandy scores low on the personality dimension of ________ in the Five-Factor model.

A)openness
B)adaptability
C)neuroticism
D)agreeableness

Question 69

How would you compare what women want in a mate versus what men want in a mate?

A)Only half of the list for women was also on the list for men.
B)The first four characteristics on the lists are identical.
C)Despite popular misconception, neither men nor women valued "good looks" in their top ten criteria for a desirable mate.
D)Both sexes rated "emotional stability and maturity" as the most important criterion.

Question 70

In Rogers' theory of personality, maladjustment is the result of ________.

A)incongruence between our ideal and real selves
B)an incompatibility between self-concept and self-esteem
C)conditioned emotional responses
D)phenomenology

Question 71

Cattell and Eysenck both used the statistical technique called ________ to determine a cluster of personality traits they believe are universally shared.

A)source analysis
B)trait reduction
C)statistics
D)factor analysis

Question 72

According to Rogerian theorists, the image that you have of yourself that is based on interactions with significant others and life experiences is called your ________.

A)self-esteem
B)self-concept
C)self-potential
D)actualizing self

Question 73

Two theorists associated with the humanistic perspective of personality development are ________.

A)John Watson and B.F.Skinner
B)Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
C)Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
D)Karen Horney and Alfred Adler

Question 74

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A)Allport: personality consists of a limited number of traits, arranged in a hierarchy
B)Cattell: proposed a list of 16 source traits
C)Eysenck: personality consists of a relationship among three basic types of trait dimensions
D)Big Five: Bravery, Eagerness, Adaptability, Cheerfulness, Honesty

Question 75

Research shows that the "Big 5" (five-factor model)may be a biological universal for all but which of the following reasons?

A)There may be an evolutionary advantage to people who are more open, conscientiousness, extraverted, agreeable, and less neurotic.
B)Chimpanzee personalities closely resemble the traits of the five-factor model.
C)Cross-cultural studies support the five-factor model.
D)Psychotherapists find that certain traits are more predictive of improvement in counseling across clients of different cultural backgrounds.

Question 76

Rogers thought that ________ is necessary for a child's uniqueness and positive self-concept to unfold naturally.

A)permissive parenting
B)a challenging environment
C)unconditional positive regard
D)a friendly neighborhood

Question 77

Which of the following is the CORRECT list of traits in the Five-Factor model?

A)Bravery, eagerness, adaptability, cheerfulness, honesty (BEACH)
B)Strength, honesty, openness, respect, expectations (SHORE)
C)Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)
D)Worrisome, adaptable, venerable, extroverted, stable (WAVES)

Question 78

Radford is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody; Quinn is calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed.According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Radford scores _____; and Quinn scores ________.

A)low on agreeableness; low on conscientiousness
B)low on adaptability; high on adaptability
C)high on neuroticism; low on neuroticism
D)high on introversion; low on eagerness

Question 79

If you took the ________ approach to personality, you would emphasize internal experiences, like feelings and thoughts, and the basic worth of the individual.

A)humanistic
B)psychodynamic
C)personalistic
D)motivational

Question 80

According to Buss, the Five-Factor model of personality traits reflects a(n)________ advantage to people who are high on extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness.

A)interpersonal
B)intrapersonal
C)evolutionary
D)socioeconomic