Deck 10: Life Span Development II

Question 1

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched?

A)Preconventional level: fear of punishment
B)Conventional level: personal standards for right and wrong
C)Postconventional: other-centered
D)Periconventional: What is "right" is up to each individual in society

Answer 1

Preconventional level: fear of punishment

Question 2

Which of the following is TRUE of the postconventional level of moral development?

A)Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values.
B)Moral reasoning is based on compliance with the rules and values of society.
C)Empathy for others is important, but social approval is still a primary concern.
D)Adherence to one's individual values and beliefs is more important than the consequences of one's choices for others.

Answer 2

Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values.

Question 3

Someone who burns his country's flag just because the law says he can is reasoning at the ________ stage of moral development; whereas someone who burns his country's flag because he believes that his country has lost its legitimacy is reasoning at the ________ stage.

A)punishment and obedience; law and order
B)universal ethics; universal ethics
C)law and order; social contract
D)law and order; instrumental-exchange

Answer 3

law and order; social contract

Question 4

Adults who take "petty" office supplies from the workplace, and believe that this is not "as bad" as stealing office furniture, are demonstrating the ________ stage of moral development because they might feel that they're using those supplies to do some work at home.

A)punishment and obedience
B)instrumental-exchange
C)social-contract
D)law and order

Question 5

Kohlberg believed his stages of moral development to be ________.

A)determined by the logic behind a given answer rather than the answer itself
B)quite different between men and women.
C)specifically attached to brain development
D)quite variant from person to person

Question 6

You follow the traffic laws and rules because you believe they are legitimate and good for public welfare.At the same time, you recognize that sometimes there can be a legitimate reason for driving through a red light.You are demonstrating the ________ orientation stage of moral development.

A)punishment and obedience
B)law and order
C)social contract
D)instrumental-exchange

Question 7

The ability to take the perspective of, or empathize with, others and to distinguish between right and wrong is called ________.

A)ethics
B)morality
C)prosocial behavior
D)sympathy

Question 8

An infant's inborn disposition and response tendency is known as ________.

A)personality
B)reflexes
C)temperament
D)traits

Question 9

The police department announces the location where they will be enforcing the speed limit.This announcement is MOST likely to affect the behavior of people at the ________ level of moral development.

A)preconventional
B)postconventional
C)conventional
D)social contract

Question 10

This is a person's innate disposition or behavioral style and characteristic emotional response.

A)character
B)personality
C)behavioral style
D)temperament

Question 11

Five-year-old Tyler believes that a decision is moral if "you don't get punished for it." Tyler is at Kohlberg's ________ level of morality.

A)concrete
B)preconventional
C)postconventional
D)punishment oriented

Question 12

According to Kohlberg, an officer in the military is LEAST likely to obey orders to rape and pillage in a vanquished town if he has achieved the ________ orientation stage of moral reasoning.

A)good person
B)law and order
C)justice and caring
D)universal ethics

Question 13

Kohlberg's second level of moral development, in which moral judgments are based on compliance with the rules and values of society, is called the:

A)postconventional
B)conventional
C)preconventional
D)universal ethics orientation

Question 14

Which is NOT a major criticism of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)Some studies have found situational factors to be more important than the moral stages.
B)Cultural differences in morality have been noted.
C)There is a possible gender bias favoring men.
D)There is a possible age bias favoring the young.

Question 15

Gilligan's major criticism of Kohlberg's stages of moral development is that they ________.

A)did not include the morality of the preverbal child, nor the very old
B)emphasized male values over female values
C)are too difficult for the average person to understand
D)predict behavior for women, but not for men

Question 16

Calvin would like to wear baggy, torn jeans and a nose ring, but he is concerned that others will disapprove.Calvin is at Kohlberg's ________ level of morality.

A)postconventional
B)concrete operational
C)conventional
D)preconventional

Question 17

During the preconventional level of moral development, ________.

A)moral judgment is self-centered
B)what is "right" is what feels rewarding and doesn't get punished
C)rewards and punishment help dictate behavior
D)all of these options

Question 18

To study moral development, Kohlberg ________.

A)observed moral behavior in natural settings
B)collected longitudinal data by observing changes in moral reasoning of subjects as they aged
C)used archival data from newspapers regarding moral behavior
D)asked people of various ages to respond to stories that depicted moral dilemmas

Question 19

Officers in World War II, the Vietnam War, and the war in Bosnia have explained some of their behavior with the reasoning: "I was just following orders." This is an example of which stage of moral development?

A)punishment-obedience
B)social-contract
C)military-contract
D)law and order

Question 20

Once an individual determines "right and wrong" based on compliance with the rules and values of their society, that person has advanced to the ________ level of moral development.

A)instrumental-exchange
B)social-contract
C)conventional
D)postconventional

Question 21

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development has been criticized in three important ways.Which of these options is NOT one of them?

A)They are not equally valid for both women and men.
B)The stages are difficult to test scientifically.
C)The labels are not necessarily appropriate cross-culturally.
D)It focuses too narrowly on one challenge within any age period.

Question 22

Rebecca finds it difficult to establish close bonds with others.As a result, she avoids anything other than superficial relationships.According to Erikson, it is likely that Rebecca had difficulty with the developmental challenge of ________.

A)intimacy vs.isolation
B)ego integrity vs.despair
C)trust vs.autonomy
D)initiative vs.industry

Question 23

Resolution of the critical conflict of young adulthood will, according to Erikson, leads to a sense of ________.

A)wholeness
B)direction
C)maturity
D)intimacy

Question 24

The belief that adult personality reflects how an individual has met or resolved the challenges and crises that occur in eight stages of development is the definition of ________.

A)Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
B)Freud's psychosexual stages of development
C)Thomas and Chess's theory of temperament development
D)Kohlberg's model of moral development

Question 25

Chelsea is a toddler who has authoritarian parents.Her parents do not allow her to make any decisions on her own, and strongly discourage her from demonstrating any independent thinking or behaviors.As a result, Chelsea may have difficulty resolving the ________ developmental stage.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)trust versus mistrust
C)initiative versus guilt
D)industry versus inferiority

Question 26

Robert is an adolescent who is sullen and withdrawn.He doesn't seem to know where he fits in society.As a result, Robert may have difficulty resolving the ________ developmental stage.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)identity versus role confusion
C)initiative versus guilt
D)industry versus inferiority

Question 27

According to Erikson's psychosocial stage theory, what is the crisis of early adulthood?

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)intimacy versus isolation
C)industry versus inferiority
D)ego integrity versus despair

Question 28

According to Erikson's theory, the dominant crisis of adolescence concerns ________.

A)resolving sexual conflicts
B)establishing an identity
C)deciding on life goals
D)making a place for oneself in adult society

Question 29

Serene is 1-month-old and is not living up to her name.She is easily frustrated, tense, and reacts more than most infants when her schedule is upset.Thomas and Chess would categorize her temperament as ________.

A)easy
B)difficult
C)irritable
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 30

According to Erikson, humans progress through eight stages of psychosocial development.Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of the "successful" completion of the first four stages?

A)trust $\rightarrow$ autonomy $\rightarrow$ industry $\rightarrow$ identity
B)autonomy $\rightarrow$ initiative $\rightarrow$ industry $\rightarrow$ identity
C)trust $\rightarrow$ autonomy $\rightarrow$ initiative $\rightarrow$ industry
D)identity $\rightarrow$ autonomy $\rightarrow$ industry $\rightarrow$ initiative

Question 31

Which of the following children is working on the challenge of initiative vs.guilt in Erikson's psychosocial model of development?

A)2-year-old Hun just used the potty-chair properly for the first time.
B)Ali, at age 10, worked hard and is very proud of her first "B" in math.
C)5-year-old Brian fell down trying to climb the tree in his backyard, but he kept trying until he succeeded.
D)16-year-old Sushma got up the nerve to ask a boy in her class to the Sadie Hawkins dance.

Question 32

Thomas and Chess's concept of ________ says that parents should work with, not try to change, their child's temperament.

A)trial and error
B)permissive parenting
C)justice and caring
D)goodness of fit

Question 33

Jules spent his adolescence just trying to avoid the abuse at home.As a result, he never had the inclination to identify his basic beliefs.He finds himself adrift in the adult world, still engaging in delinquent behavior and making only superficial contact with others.It appears that the outcome of Jules's adolescent crisis was ________.

A)role confusion
B)despair
C)stagnation
D)ego collapse

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT one of Thomas and Chess's temperament styles?

A)an easy child who is happy, relaxed, agreeable, adjusts readily to new situations
B)a difficult child who is moody, easily frustrated, tense, over-reactive to most situations
C)a child who shows mild responses, is shy and withdrawn, and needs time to adjust to changes
D)a child who is unwilling or unable to develop an attachment to his or her caregivers

Question 35

In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the establishment of a sense of self-definition that is accomplished by exploring different careers, attitudes, and beliefs describes which of the following challenges?

A)generativity vs.stagnation
B)ego integrity vs.despair
C)identity vs.role confusion
D)intimacy vs.isolation

Question 36

Every time her mother tells her to do something, Sue-Lee says, "No!" even if she really wants to do it.It is MOST likely that Sue-Lee's assertion of independence is characteristic of the ________ stage of development.

A)identity
B)autonomy
C)initiative
D)industry

Question 37

According to Erickson, generativity in middle adulthood involves ________.

A)creativity in one's work and leisure activities
B)taking time out to appreciate the beauties of nature
C)concern with one's own well-being and the well-being of family members
D)making a meaningful contribution to society

Question 38

Forty-year-old Carl is very proud that he has the fastest car on the road and the finest house on the block, but feels unproductive and generally without value when he goes home alone every night.Carl is likely to be in Erikson's ________ stage of development.

A)ego integrity vs.despair
B)generativity vs.stagnation
C)intimacy vs.desolation
D)identity vs.role confusion

Question 39

Which of the following is TRUE regarding basic temperament?

A)It tends to be consistent and enduring throughout childhood and into adulthood.
B)It tends to change as children approach adolescence.
C)It tends to change as adolescents approach adulthood.
D)Changes are the result of maturation, rather than environment.

Question 40

During the ________ stage of psychosocial development, individuals decide whether the world will or will not meet their basic needs.During the ________ stage, individuals develop a sense of feeling either competent or inadequate.

A)initiative vs.guilt; autonomy vs.doubt and shame
B)industry vs.inferiority; ego integrity vs.despair
C)ego integrity vs.despair; intimacy vs.isolation
D)trust vs.mistrust; industry vs.inferiority

Question 41

From which disorders are children diagnosed with ADHD more likely to suffer?

A)Anxiety, depression, and substance use problems
B)Sexual dysfunctions, rumination disorder, and anorexia nervosa
C)Schizophrenia, conduct disorder, and dissociative fugue
D)Alzheimer's disease and delirium

Question 42

According to Erikson, humans progress through eight stages of psychosocial development.Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of the "successful" completion of the second four stages?

A)identity $\rightarrow$ intimacy $\rightarrow$ generativity $\rightarrow$ ego integrity
B)ego integrity $\rightarrow$ trust $\rightarrow$ intimacy $\rightarrow$ generativity
C)initiative $\rightarrow$ intimacy $\rightarrow$ generativity $\rightarrow$ ego integrity
D)identity $\rightarrow$ autonomy $\rightarrow$ intimacy $\rightarrow$ generativity

Question 43

One of the clearest identifiers of abuse potential is ________.

A)impulsivity
B)lack of ego integrity
C)the frustration-aggression factor
D)ego diffusion

Question 44

Emily is looking back at the last few decades of her life.She feels deep regret at the opportunities she passed up, knowing she does not have enough time left to start over.Emily is likely to be in Erikson's ________ stage of development.

A)ego integrity vs.despair
B)intimacy vs.isolation
C)industry vs.remorse
D)generativity vs.stagnation

Question 45

After retirement, Effie continued her gardening, volunteered for an agency that mentors young businesswomen, and traveled to new locations every summer.Effie exemplifies the ________ theory of aging.

A)extrovert
B)engagement
C)activity
D)healthy

Question 46

Which of the following is true of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

A)About 15% of children have it.
B)It is twice as prevalent in girls than in boys.
C)The age of onset is usually before 12 years.
D)In almost all cases, it resolves on its own by adulthood.

Question 47

This was NOT among the list of traits and factors in long-term happy marriages described in your textbook:

A)establishing a "love map"
B)sharing power and a respect for opposing points of view
C)opposite interests to decrease boredom
D)create shared meaning

Question 48

OF the following choices, what is the most common medication that is prescribed for those who suffer from ADHD?

A)Valium
B)Risperdal
C)Lithium
D)Ritalin

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a task of a healthy divorce?

A)develop new social ties
B)reestablish self-esteem
C)let go
D)redefine parental roles

Question 50

Which of the following families is at risk for family violence?

A)The Smiths, who live in an upscale neighborhood
B)The Jones, who live in lower-income housing
C)The Johnsons, who attend church and pray together
D)There is no one "type" of family that is necessarily at higher risk for domestic violence than all others.

Question 51

The ________ theory of aging suggests that adjustment to retirement is fostered by mutual withdrawal between the elderly and society.

A)disengagement
B)withdrawal
C)activity
D)terminal drop

Question 52

After retirement, Helga took up residence in her rocking chair, knitting and watching television.She did this while screening calls from busybody neighbors and family who wanted to distract her from enjoying her well-earned leisure pursuits.Helga exemplifies the ________ theory of aging.

A)activity
B)meditative
C)disengagement
D)unhealthy

Question 53

According to all available scientific studies, it is simply a myth that Autism Spectrum Disorder is caused by the ___________.

A)amount of sugar intake
B)chemicals in floor cleaners
C)preservatives in vaccines
D)preservatives in milk

Question 54

According to research, after a divorce, children may ________.

A)do better without tension and fighting in the home
B)have a stronger self-concept
C)experience fewer social, psychological, and academic difficulties
D)not want to live with either parent

Question 55

Which of the following developmental disorders involves problems with social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities?

A)ADHD
B)Conduct disorder
C)Autism Spectrum Disorder
D)Tourette's Syndrome

Question 56

The major detrimental difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures is ________.

A)the order of stages of moral development
B)the order of stages of psychosocial development
C)the resolution of the initiative vs.guilt stage of psychosocial development
D)whose needs and goals are emphasized

Question 57

A 30-year-old mother of three is engaged in deep soul-searching regarding who she is and what she wants to do with the rest of her life.A 12-year-old boy is absolutely certain that he was born to be a plumber.Both of these individuals exemplify the ________.

A)specificity of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
B)limitations of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
C)advantages of Freud's psychosexual stages of development over Erikson's psychosocial stages
D)comparability between Freud's and Erikson's stages of development

Question 58

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, what is the developmental disorder characterized behavioral or cognitive issues with inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity?

A)Autism Spectrum Disorder
B)Conduct Disorder
C)Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
D)Poverty

Question 59

The ________ theory of aging suggests that successful adjustment is fostered by a full and active commitment to life.

A)activity
B)commitment
C)engagement
D)life-affirming

Question 60

According to the DSM-5, what is the name of the category that previously included autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders?

A)Oppositional Defiance Disorder
B)ADHD
C)Autism Spectrum Disorder
D)Disorders of the Psychotic Spectrum

Question 61

Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying?

A)"Oh God, not me!"
B)"Dammit, why me?"
C)"This is just how it has to be."
D)"Please, God, I'll never swear again if you'll spare my life now."

Question 62

Some critics of Kubler-Ross's theory of dying claim that ________.

A)she failed to talk to real patients
B)she ignored the role of emotions in the dying process
C)that completion of all five stages takes longer than many people have left to live
D)her theory might lead to a stereotype of those who are grieving or dying

Question 63

Which of the following is the correct sequence for Kubler-Ross's stage theory of dying?

A)denial $\rightarrow$ anger $\rightarrow$ bargaining $\rightarrow$ depression $\rightarrow$ acceptance
B)anger $\rightarrow$ denial $\rightarrow$ depression $\rightarrow$ bargaining $\rightarrow$ acceptance
C)denial $\rightarrow$ bargaining $\rightarrow$ anger $\rightarrow$ depression $\rightarrow$ acceptance
D)bargaining $\rightarrow$ denial $\rightarrow$ depression $\rightarrow$ anger $\rightarrow$ acceptance

Question 64

Which of the following is TRUE about a child's understanding of death?

A)Preschoolers understand that death is permanent.
B)It is best to shield children from death so that they don't have to deal with the feelings associated with loss.
C)Children understand that death is nonfunctional by the age of 7.
D)Preschoolers understand that death is universal.

Question 65

Which of the following concepts is considered inevitable, permanent, universal, and nonfunctional?

A)marriage
B)taxes
C)your grade on this test
D)death

Question 66

Frederico's doctor has recently told him that he has a terminal illness.Frederico is now very terse with and critical of the doctor.He frequently remarks that life is unfair.According to Kubler-Ross, Frederico is MOST likely to be in the ________ stage of coping with his impending death.

A)denial
B)anger
C)bargaining
D)depression

Question 67

Deliberately choosing to reduce the number of social contacts in favor of familiar people who provide meaningful interactions is an example of ________ theory of aging.

A)socioemotional selectivity
B)disengagement
C)activity adjustment
D)age-related divestiture

Question 68

Which of the following suggestions is NOT recommended by psychologists when dealing with grief?

A)expect the unexpected
B)set up a daily activity schedule
C)take care of yourself
D)seek out a therapist immediately even if you aren't struggling

Question 69

Which of the following statements about grief is inaccurate?

A)Grief is characterized by feelings of desolation and loneliness, as well as painful memories.
B)Grief is associated with loss, disaster, or misfortune.
C)People who display no emotion will take longer to recover than people who exhibit intense initial grief.
D)The pain associated with grief may motivate a search for a missing loved one.

Question 70

Ms.Giovanni's test results suggest that she is dying of ovarian cancer.She tells her family that the lab must have mixed up her results with someone else's.According to Kubler-Ross, Ms.Giovanni is MOST likely to be in the ________ stage of coping with the suggestion that she is dying.

A)denial
B)anger
C)bargaining
D)depression

Question 71

Grieving people generally begin with the ________ stage and end with the ________ stage.

A)numbness; bargaining
B)grief; anger
C)yearning; acceptance
D)numbness; recovery

Question 72

The study of death and dying is known as ________.

A)gerontology
B)ageism
C)mortality
D)thanatology

Question 73

The second level of morality in Kohlberg's theory, in which moral judgments are based on compliance with the rules and values of society, is called ___ morality.

Question 74

Morrell recently lost his father and is listless, apathetic, and submissive.Life has no meaning any more.It is MOST likely that Morrell is in the ________ stage of grieving.

A)numbness
B)yearning
C)disorganization and despair
D)reorganization and recovery

Question 75

Lionel recently lost his wife and is experiencing guilt, anger, and resentment.Occasionally, he has vivid dreams that she is still alive, and sometimes even sees her waiting for him on the front porch swing when he comes home from work.It is MOST likely that Lionel is in the ________ stage of grieving.

A)numbness
B)disorganization and despair
C)yearning
D)bargaining