Deck 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

Because it is based on a system of logical rules or definitions, language would serve as a(n)________ concept when used correctly.

A)natural
B)artificial
C)prototypical
D)hierarchical

Answer 1

artificial

Question 2

A representation of the "best" or most typical example of a category is called a(n)_________.

A)natural concept
B)artificial concept
C)prototype
D)exemplar

Answer 2

prototype

Question 3

Based on most people's prototype for fruit, which of the following would take longer to classify?

A)An orange
B)An apple
C)Grapes
D)An avocado

Answer 3

An avocado

Question 4

If you were to start smiling when you are in a bad mood, eventually you might start to feel better and think "happy thoughts." This would demonstrate the concept of _________.

A)embodied cognition
B)cognitive hierarchies
C)the mental set
D)functional fixedness

Question 5

A motor vehicle is called an automobile.Automobiles can include trucks, cars, and motorcycles.Cars might include sedans or coupes.In this hierarchy, a sedan is an example of a(n)________ concept.

A)basic
B)higher-order
C)lower-order
D)fuzzy

Question 6

The mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge are collectively known as _________.

A)perception
B)cognition
C)consciousness
D)awareness

Question 7

All of the following are examples of concepts EXCEPT _________.

A)trees
B)tools
C)blue
D)umbrellas

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT part of the general process of cognition?

A)sensation and perception
B)learning and memory
C)thinking and problem solving
D)reflexive motor responses

Question 9

When learning a new concept, children are most likely to learn the ________ level first.

A)basic
B)higher-order
C)lower-order
D)fuzzy

Question 10

The part of the brain that plays a major role in associating complex ideas, making plans, and allocating attention is the _________.

A)limbic system
B)prefrontal cortex
C)cerebellum
D)somatosensory cortex

Question 11

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn the finding that people are faster to verify that a cocker spaniel is a dog compared to the time it takes to verify that a cocker spaniel is an animal?

A)People store conceptual information in the form of hierarchies.
B)People always use algorithms to verify relationships.
C)People always form artificial concepts to verify relationships.
D)Concepts are stored in no meaningful way, but rather as based on individual experiences.

Question 12

An artificial or formal concept arises from _________.

A)the natural world or environment
B)hypothesis testing and prototypes
C)mental images or prototypes
D)logical rules or definitions

Question 13

A mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics is called _________.

A)a map
B)an image
C)a concept
D)an idea

Question 14

When you group subcategories within broader concepts or categories, you are creating _________.

A)artificial concepts
B)superordinate categories
C)hierarchies
D)natural concepts

Question 15

Using information and acting on that information is evidence of _________.

A)thinking
B)cognition
C)judging
D)problem-solving

Question 16

Which are examples of abstract concepts?

A)honesty, intelligence, love
B)cars, trucks, motorcycles
C)blue, green, red
D)people, places, things

Question 17

Which of the following persons is NOT using a mental image?

A)Karen is savoring her memory of the chocolate truffle she ate last night.
B)Rasheed is reading material in the textbook for the first time as he studies for his class.
C)Jamila is mentally reviewing the pitch and timbre of the notes in the new song she rehearsed last night.
D)Farique is smugly picturing his new Ferrari.

Question 18

Which of the following would support the idea that people store concepts in terms of prototypes?

A)People are faster to verify that a robin is a bird.
B)People are faster to verify that ostrich is a bird.
C)People are equally fast to verify that robins and ostriches are birds.
D)People generally cannot tell the difference between a robin and an ostrich.

Question 19

The ________ example of an item that fits in a particular category is called a prototype.

A)approximate
B)best
C)worst
D)least common

Question 20

Mental representations of previously stored sensory experiences are called mental _________.

A)illusions
B)schemes
C)images
D)propositions

Question 21

A logical, step-by-step procedure that, if followed, will eventually solve a problem is called a(n)_________.

A)algorithm
B)heuristic
C)prototype
D)brainstorming

Question 22

Althea was working on her car and found a piece left over when she put her carburetor back together.Her neighbor's car was the same make and model, so she knocked on his door to ask if she could take his carburetor apart one piece at a time to determine where she went wrong.This is an example of the ________ heuristic.

A)working backward
B)working from a model
C)means-end analysis
D)in-your-dreams analysis

Question 23

Your "problem" is that you want a new car.Which of the following BEST demonstrates what you should do in the preparation stage for this problem?

A)Ask friends where they got their cars, make a list of dealers to visit.
B)Choose a color, make, and model, then log onto the Internet to locate a dealer who has one like this.
C)Determine how much money you can spend, and whether your goal is to have reliable transportation or to make an impression on others.
D)Ask your parents to buy you a car for your birthday.

Question 24

Before a new product arrives in the store, a manufacturer goes through several stages including designing, building, testing a prototype, setting up a production line, and so on.This approach is called _________.

A)working backward
B)means-end analysis
C)divergent thinking
D)creating subgoals

Question 25

Rosa is shopping in a new supermarket and wants to find a specific type of mustard.Which problem-solving strategy that is sometimes a barrier to achieving solutions would be most efficient?

A)algorithm
B)heuristic
C)instinct
D)mental set

Question 26

Murdock wants to get to his sister's new house, which he knows is north of where he is right now.Stranded without a map or a telephone, he decides to keep driving north in the hopes of finding the house.This is an example of the ________ heuristic.

A)algorithm
B)working backward
C)creating subgoals
D)means-end analysis

Question 27

The text illustrates how using a(n)________ can help us choose a career.

A)algorithm
B)heuristic
C)artificial concept
D)hierarchy

Question 28

Simple rules used in problem-solving that do not guarantee a solution but offer a likely shortcut to it, are called _________.

A)algorithms
B)inductions
C)heuristics
D)perceptual sets

Question 29

The word "animal" represents a(n)________ concept.

A)subordinate
B)higher-order
C)lower-order
D)basic

Question 30

When you are identifying facts, distinguishing relevant from irrelevant facts, and defining a goal, you are in the ________ stage of problem-solving

A)initial
B)preparation
C)production
D)attribution

Question 31

Problem-solving is the act of moving _________.

A)from a given state to a goal state
B)from emotion to motivation
C)from sensation to perception
D)from here to there

Question 32

During the production stage of problem-solving, you should generate _________.

A)possible solutions
B)relevant facts
C)irrelevant facts
D)your ultimate goal(s)

Question 33

Lamar is thinking about all the ways he can come up with the money he needs to buy the used Yugo he saw advertised in the "Car Trader" yesterday.Lamar is _________.

A)engaged in wishful thinking
B)engaged in stupid thinking
C)working in the evaluation stage of problem-solving
D)working in the production stage of problem-solving

Question 34

Frederica has been hit with a difficult problem at work, and she has no immediate idea how she will solve it.Since it is the end of the work day, she decides to go home and have a good dinner with her partner and sleep on the issue.She hopes that a good night of sleep will help her see a solution more clearly.Frederica is hoping that a(n)________ period will help her solve the work issue.

A)hibernation
B)formalized
C)precontemplation
D)incubation

Question 35

You develop ________ that are interrelated in order to better learn the material in this course.

A)hierarchies
B)artificial concepts
C)natural concepts
D)prototypes

Question 36

Professor Wahl's counseling class is engaged in small-group generation of possible solutions for helping low-income families get the counseling they need.This class is in the ________ stage of problem-solving.

A)brainstorming
B)preparation
C)production
D)evaluation

Question 37

The use of an algorithm might be most useful for which of the following tasks?

A)deciding which attraction you want to visit at an amusement park
B)deciding on a partner
C)computing your grade point average
D)learning to paint an abstract picture

Question 38

The final stage in problem-solving is called the ________ stage.

A)recompense
B)reflection
C)evaluation
D)revision

Question 39

A means-end analysis, working backward, and creating subgoals are all examples of _________.

A)mnemonic devices
B)algorithmic solutions
C)heuristics
D)problem-solving sets

Question 40

When shown a picture of a poodle, most adults will first classify it as _____, which would be an example of a basic-level concept.

A)an animal
B)a dog
C)a mammal
D)a highbred

Question 41

Estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match your existing prototype for that event or object is called _________.

A)functional fixedness
B)the availability heuristic
C)the representative heuristic
D)a mental set

Question 42

When you use a knife as a screwdriver, you have _________.

A)overcome functional fixedness
B)used a prototype of the screwdriver
C)used a subcategory of a screwdriver
D)created a new concept of screwdriver

Question 43

Regarding creativity, the word "flexibility" means being able to ________.

A)discuss your ideas openly and easily
B)shifting with ease between problem solving strategies
C)successfully avoid functional fixedness
D)generate a large number of solutions

Question 44

Of the following choices, which is NOT one of the barriers to problem solving discussed in your text?

A)a means-end analysis
B)the mental set
C)cognitive offloading
D)the availability heuristic

Question 45

Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on how easily other such events can be recalled is known as the ________ heuristic.

A)representative
B)availability
C)prototype
D)functional

Question 46

A cognitive process that produces many alternative solutions to the same problem is called ________ thinking.

A)flexible
B)divergent
C)convergent
D)individual

Question 47

Misjudging your risk of dying in an airplane crash because you just watched 24-hour coverage of one is MOST related to the ________ heuristic.

A)availability
B)representative
C)confirmation
D)convergence

Question 48

Which of the following items would MOST likely appear on a test measuring creativity?

A)How long is the Ohio River?
B)What are the primary colors?
C)List all the uses for a pot.
D)Who was the first governor of New York?

Question 49

Which saying best summarizes the concept of belief perseverance?

A)I'm going to solve this problem the way I solved it last time.
B)I can't think outside of the box.
C)I know I'm wrong, but I still think I'm right.
D)I only care about issues that directly affect my own life.

Question 50

When confronted with a problem, persistence in using strategies that have worked in the past rather than new ones is called _________.

A)mental rigidity
B)a mental set
C)functional rigidity
D)a functional set

Question 51

The tendency to seek out and pay attention only to information that supports preexisting beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence is called _________.

A)the confirmation bias
B)fundamental fixation
C)a mental set
D)a conceptual bias

Question 52

Regarding creativity, the word "fluency" means being able to ________.

A)discuss your ideas openly and easily
B)avoid a mental set
C)successfully avoid functional fixedness
D)generate a large number of solutions

Question 53

The ability to produce original, appropriate, and valued outcomes in a novel way is called _________.

A)problem-solving
B)incubation
C)functional flexibility
D)creativity

Question 54

An interior designer on the TV show "Trading Spaces" used the frame of a car to create a child's bed.This is an example of _________.

A)the problem with reality TV shows
B)a mental set
C)overcoming functional fixedness
D)the successful use of an algorithm

Question 55

Narrowing a list of alternatives down to a single correct answer is called ________ thinking.

A)original
B)convergent
C)divergent
D)group

Question 56

Creative thinking is related to _________.

A)fluency, flexibility, and originality
B)genetics, environmental reinforcement, and lack of punishment
C)convergent, divergent, and nonfunctional thinking
D)personality, motivation, and intellectual ability

Question 57

Regarding creativity, the word "originality" means being able to ________.

A)coming up with unique or different solutions to a problem
B)shifting with ease between problem solving strategies
C)successfully avoid functional fixedness
D)generate a large number of solutions

Question 58

Mrs.Jones tells her calculus students that each problem has "one and only one" answer, and that the point of the exam is to solve for that one answer.She is promoting the use of ________ thinking in her classroom.

A)convergent
B)individual
C)divergent
D)numerical

Question 59

To develop an idea for a research paper in his English class, Shaleke is told to brainstorm and write down several different topics that would interest him.He should probably use ________ thinking.

A)convergent
B)semantic
C)divergent
D)group

Question 60

The tendency to think of an object operating only in its usual or customary way is called _________.

A)functional rigidity
B)problem-solving fixedness
C)functional fixedness
D)a mental set

Question 61

The set of rules that specify how phonemes, morphemes, words, and phrases should be combined to express meaningful thoughts is called _________.

A)overgeneralization
B)pragmatics
C)semantics
D)grammar

Question 62

CURRENT thinking regarding Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that _________.

A)language determines thought
B)thought determines language
C)language influences thought
D)thought influences language

Question 63

Chomsky believes we possess an inborn brain capacity to analyze language known as the _________.

A)telegraphic understanding device (TUD)
B)language acquisition device (LAD)
C)language and grammar translator (LGT)
D)overgeneralized neural net (ONN)

Question 64

Gina works for a boss who is very insecure and critical.Because Gina believes she would be punished for creative ideas, she is unlikely to attempt to be creative.Gina lacks the resources of _________.

A)knowledge and personality
B)motivation and environment
C)knowledge and environment
D)intellectual ability and personality

Question 65

A system of rules for using words to create meaning is called _________.

A)grammar
B)syntax
C)semantics
D)pragmatics

Question 66

The prelinguistic stage of verbal communication in the newborn (birth to four weeks)is characterized by _________.

A)a reflexive crying response to any cause of tension
B)separate cries for hunger and pain, and cooing for pleasure
C)separate cries for hunger, anger, and wet diapers
D)a reflexive cry followed by distinguishable cries for hunger, anger, and pain

Question 67

The part of the brain that controls speech generation is called ________ area.

A)Broca's
B)Wernicke's
C)Broadmann's
D)Gardner's

Question 68

According to the language theory of Noam Chomsky, _________.

A)children are born "prewired" to learn language
B)language development is primarily a result of rewards and modeling of adult speech
C)overgeneralizations result from faulty development of the LAD
D)language development is primarily cultural and not biological

Question 69

According to Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, _________.

A)the way we think determines the nature of the words that we use
B)our vocabulary determines how we perceive and categorize the world
C)our perceptions determine our words
D)meaning is relative

Question 70

The linguistic relativity hypothesis of the relationship between language and thought was first proposed by _________.

A)Chomsky
B)Skinner
C)Sternberg
D)Whorf

Question 71

Prelinguistic cooing refers to the production of _________.

A)three distinguishable cries for hunger, anger, and pain
B)vowel sounds
C)consonant and vowel sounds
D)sounds used only in the child's native language

Question 72

The word "blanket" has ________ phoneme(s)and ________ morpheme(s).

A)one; two
B)seven; two
C)seven; one
D)two; one

Question 73

Which of the following is the smallest, most distinctive unit of sound in a language?

A)morphemes
B)morphine
C)phonemes
D)pragmatics

Question 74

Which of the following sentences breaks the rules for English syntax?

A)The limb crawled out on the lamb of the tree.
B)Streets fatal accidents rainy causes.
C)'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves/Did gyre and gimble in the wabe.
D)Be true to yourself and bear no false witness.

Question 75

Which of the following supports Whorf's Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis?

A)Japanese speakers cannot discriminate between the /r/ and /l/ distinction, but English speakers can.
B)Marcus can think about concepts even though he doesn't have words to describe them.
C)Providing more masculine attributes to a child when referred to as HE/SHE compared to HE
D)Children are able to advance in their thinking faster when they are left to learn language on their own versus when they are actively taught language from an early age.

Question 76

The sound for /ng/ is called _____; whereas the suffix /ing/ is called _________.

A)syntax; grammar
B)grammar; syntax
C)a phoneme; a morpheme
D)a morpheme; a phoneme

Question 77

The production of vowel/consonant combinations at 4 to 6 months is called _________.

A)babbling
B)cooing
C)vocalization
D)a reflexive cry

Question 78

The part of the brain that controls language comprehension is called ________ area.

A)Broca's
B)Wernicke's
C)Broadmann's
D)Gardner's

Question 79

The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a _________.

A)morpheme
B)phoneme
C)syllable
D)letter

Question 80

The set of grammatical rules that specify put words in the correct order is called _________.

A)grammar
B)syntax
C)semantics
D)pragmatics