Deck 5: States of Consciousness

Question 1

You are generally less productive and more accident-prone than other workers.It is MOST likely that you _____.

A)are working without supervision
B)have a Type-B personality
C)are a workaholic
D)are a rotating shift worker

Answer 1

are a rotating shift worker

Question 2

A famous video from the internet recounts a study where students are tossing a basketball around while a man dressed in a gorilla costume walks through their game.Amazingly, many people watching the video are completely unaware of the ape-like figure.This demonstrates a curious psychological phenomenon called ________.

A)dissociative identity disorder
B)deep-brain hypnosis
C)stream of consciousness
D)inattentional blindness

Answer 2

inattentional blindness

Question 3

A temporary mental state, other than ordinary waking consciousness, that occurs during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, or hypnosis, is called

A)a state of mental awareness.
B)alertness.
C)an altered state of consciousness.
D)sentience.

Answer 3

an altered state of consciousness.

Question 4

Biological rhythms that cycle on a daily basis are called _____ rhythms.

A)circuitous
B)chronobiological
C)calendrical
D)circadian

Question 5

Consciousness _____.

A)is a relatively simple phenomenon
B)exists on a continuum ranging from high awareness to a coma
C)is an all-or-nothing phenomenon
D)includes only those states in which someone is fully alert

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a biological process that operates on a circadian rhythm?

A)the sleep-wake cycle
B)the menstrual cycle
C)puberty
D)menopause

Question 7

The best example of the lowest level of awareness that is biologically based is _____.

A)daydreaming
B)the unconscious
C)the subconscious
D)brain death

Question 8

Your BEST strategy for passing this exam is to _____.

A)let your unconscious be your guide
B)use controlled processing
C)engage in a stream of consciousness
D)engage in automatic processes

Question 9

Automatic processes require _____ attention.

A)internal
B)unconscious
C)minimal
D)delta wave

Question 10

Which of the following is not involved in the way the body operates on a circadian rhythm?

A)the hypothalamus
B)the pineal gland
C)the suprachiasmic nucleus
D)the hippocampus

Question 11

Armand is daydreaming, Adele is dreaming while asleep.Which statement is TRUE?

A)Armand is semiconscious, Adele is unconscious.
B)Armand is semiconscious; Adele is in an alternate state of consciousness.
C)Both Armand and Adele are in alternate states of consciousness.
D)Armand is in an alternate state of consciousness, Adele is unconscious.

Question 12

Which of the following persons is engaged in controlled mental processing?

A)Adrienne is listening to the radio while driving her car in light traffic.
B)Bertha is rubbing her belly and patting her head at the same time.
C)Alonzo is daydreaming about becoming a world-famous neurosurgeon.
D)Colin is meditating.

Question 13

Mental activities that require focused attention are called _____.

A)thinking processes
B)controlled processes
C)alert states of consciousness
D)conscious awareness

Question 14

_____ is/are BEST defined as our awareness of our environments and ourselves.

A)Alternate states of consciousness (ASCs)
B)Consciousness
C)States of consciousness
D)Selective attention

Question 15

Consciousness is defined in your text as _____.

A)ordinary and extraordinary wakefulness
B)an awareness of oneself and one's environment
C)mental representations of the world in the here and now
D)any mental state that requires thinking and processing of sensory stimuli

Question 16

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

A)Everyone needs eight hours of sleep each night.
B)Some people never dream.
C)Sexual arousal during sleep can occur without having a sexual dream.
D)Dying in your dream can be fatal.

Question 17

While driving to a party, you find your mind wandering to the conversation you had with your best friend earlier today.This wandering stream of consciousness is sometimes referred to as ________ attention, as we choose where to focus our awareness.

A)controlled
B)white
C)selective
D)automatic

Question 18

Mental activities that require minimal attention are called _____ processes.

A)controlled
B)automatic
C)REM
D)unconscious

Question 19

_____________, such as walking, talking on a cell phone, require(s)minimal attention.

A)Automatic processes
B)Subconsciousness
C)Vegetative states
D)Controlled processes

Question 20

Circadian rhythms are _____.

A)patterns that repeat themselves on a twice-daily schedule
B)physical and mental changes associated with the cycle of the moon
C)rhythmical processes in your brain
D)biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Question 21

Which of the following is a characteristic of Stage 2 sleep?

A)sleep spindles
B)a sudden decrease in brain wave frequency
C)increase in delta wave activity
D)hypnogogic hallucinations

Question 22

Darius is sleeping right through the sounds of fire engine and police car sirens right outside his window.It is MOST likely that Darius is _____.

A)experiencing an episode of sleep apnea
B)in Stage 3 sleep
C)in REM sleep
D)in a drug-induced hypnogogic state

Question 23

Which hormone associated with sleep is released by the pineal gland in response to dark surroundings?

A)melatonin
B)St.John's Wort
C)echinacea
D)saw palmetto

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

A)genital arousal may occur
B)muscles are deeply relaxed
C)most dreams occur here
D)a mixture of theta and delta waves occur in the brain

Question 25

Which of the following biological processes is most influenced by a hormone called melatonin?

A)sleep
B)sexual arousal
C)aging
D)menstruation

Question 26

You are in a sleep lab and have just been hooked up to several machines.Researchers are interested in measuring all but which of the following?

A)eye movements
B)brain waves
C)bladder activity
D)muscle activity

Question 27

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the ________ is responsible for regulating your circadian rhythms.In this way it plays a very important role in your sleep-wake cycle.

A)amygdala
B)medulla
C)reticular activating system
D)hypothalamus

Question 28

Which of the following is TRUE regarding a typical night's sleep cycles?

A)There are 7-8 cycles per night, each lasting about an hour.
B)REM sleep increases during the night.
C)Brain waves decrease in both frequency and amplitude as the night progresses.
D)Everyone always progresses from Stage 1 to 3, and back.

Question 29

Of the following, which is not a type of brain wave activity that occurs during a regular night of sleep?

A)gamma waves
B)sleep spindles
C)beta waves
D)theta waves

Question 30

How many stages of distinct sleep stages do we typically experience during a normal night's sleep?

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 31

REM sleep is also called _____ sleep because the brain is aroused and active while the person remains nonresponsive and asleep.

A)pseudo-sleep
B)paradoxical
C)hypnagogic
D)transitional

Question 32

Which of the following is characteristic of Stage 3 sleep?

A)fast, active brain waves
B)confusion and disorientation when awakened.
C)The brain is most receptive to foreign language or other learning tapes
D)sleep spindles

Question 33

Scientists study sleep in sleep labs using an _____.

A)electrocardiogram
B)electrooculogram
C)electromyogram
D)electroencephalogram

Question 34

Jet lag results from _____.

A)sleep deprivation
B)disruption of circadian rhythms
C)the effect of light on the pineal gland
D)disruption of brain-wave patterns

Question 35

Just before sleep, brain waves move from _____ waves, indicating normal wakefulness, to _____ waves associated with drowsy relaxation.

A)beta; alpha
B)theta; delta
C)alpha; beta
D)sigma; chi

Question 36

Galen's new baby is scrunching up her face, breathing irregularly, making little sounds, and moving her eyes rapidly back and forth under closed lids.Galen asks you if this means the baby is waking up.From what you know about sleep cycles, your BEST answer would be _____.

A)Yes, the baby appears to be coming out of Stage 1 sleep.
B)No, the baby is showing signs of a transition between sleep stages.
C)Yes, the baby has obviously been awake for several minutes.
D)No, the baby is most likely in the REM sleep stage

Question 37

The sleep stage marked by irregular breathing, eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming is called _____ sleep.

A)beta
B)hypnagogic
C)REM
D)transitional

Question 38

Researchers have documented all EXCEPT which of the following hazards of sleep deprivation?

A)Reduced cortisol levels
B)Reduced cognitive functioning
C)Increased irritability
D)Reduced motor skills

Question 39

On average, an infant sleeps ________hours and spends ___________ percent in REM sleep.

A)7)5, 10
B)14, 40
C)6, 14
D)10, 50

Question 40

Jordan is in the first stage of sleep.Which of the following is NOT characteristic of her consciousness at this time?

A)sudden muscle activity called myoclonic jerks
B)She is experiencing alpha brain waves
C)theta waves and drowsy sleep
D)hypnogogic hallucinations

Question 41

Freud believed that dreams allowed our unacceptable desires to come to the surface, giving us a momentary glimpse at the ____________.

A)superego
B)working self-concept
C)REM content
D)unconscious

Question 42

Which of the following is TRUE about prescription drugs for insomnia?

A)They are usually benzodiazepines.
B)They increase REM and Stage 3 sleep.
C)There is a danger of developing psychological or physical dependency on them.
D)They are more effective and safer than taking supplements of the hormone melatonin.

Question 43

The theory of sleep that BEST explains why bears hibernate all winter is the _____ theory.

A)adaptation/protection
B)learning/memory
C)growth/development
D)repair/restoration

Question 44

Which of the following persons is clearly experiencing insomnia?

A)Kipp frequently cannot fall asleep the night before a final exam.
B)Kaula regularly sleeps less than eight hours per night.
C)Consuela persistently has difficulty falling or staying asleep.
D)Markita regularly has sleep terrors in the early morning hours while she is still asleep.

Question 45

The _____ content of a dream is the true, unconscious meaning of the dream.

A)expressed
B)countertransference
C)latent
D)repressed

Question 46

The _____ theory states that dreams are byproducts of random stimulation of brain cells, whereas the _____ view suggests dreams serve an information processing function and help us sift through our everyday experiences and thoughts.

A)biological; learning
B)cognitive; wish-fulfillment
C)activation-synthesis; cognitive
D)psychodynamic; infodynamic

Question 47

Durango was very angry with his stepmother, and wished she were dead.That night Durango dreamed that he pushed her off a cliff.According to Freud, the latent content of Durango's dream would be _____, while the manifest content would be _____.

A)pushing her off the cliff; wishing she were dead
B)wishing she were dead; pushing her off the cliff
C)pushing her off the cliff; angry feelings
D)angry feelings; wishing she were dead

Question 48

Which of the following is true about sleep apnea?

A)It is characterized by periods of a minute or more without breathing.
B)It is accompanied by repeated episodes of sleepwalking.
C)It is believed to be caused by brain abnormalities in the amygdala, substantia nigra, and tegmentum.
D)It is only diagnosed in people who are severely obese.

Question 49

The persistent inability to fall or stay asleep, or awakening too early, is a symptom of _____.

A)narcolepsy
B)insomnia
C)sleep apnea
D)somnambulism

Question 50

The cognitive view of dreaming suggests that dreams

A)have no meaning and are activated by neural firing during sleep.
B)help us sift through and sort out our everyday experiences.
C)help us determine what our unconscious desires are.
D)can occur during any of the 4 different sleep stages.

Question 51

Which of the following is true?

A)There are no common themes in men and women's dreams.
B)Women are more likely than men to dream about strangers or achievement.
C)There are some cultural commonalities in dream themes.
D)Men are more likely than women to dream about children or family members.

Question 52

Pat is dreaming about a stranger who is carrying a weapon.According to research on gender and dream content, it is MOST likely that Pat is _____.

A)female
B)male
C)androgynous
D)transgender

Question 53

You just awoke from a startling dream in which you were very frightened, but could not move.How would the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming explain your dream?

A)Your amygdala was randomly stimulated, but REM-stage paralysis kept you from moving.
B)You were frightened by something during the day but didn't pay attention to it at the time, which caused you to feel helpless in your dream.
C)You are frightened of your occasional urges to harm others, and your unconscious mind prevented you from following through on these urges.
D)You experienced random stimulation of the amygdala and other brain areas, but your cerebellum was not stimulated at all.

Question 54

The idea that dreams are the byproduct of random stimulation of brain cells, and that the brain attempts to combine this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, is known as the _____ hypothesis of dreaming.

A)wish fulfillment
B)activation-synthesis
C)random-convergent
D)brain stimulation

Question 55

This is a theory/hypothesis of dream interpretation that emphasizes the roles of manifest and latent dream content.

A)Hobson's activation hypothesis
B)McCarley's synthesis hypothesis
C)Freud's wish-fulfillment theory
D)Mayan Indian communal theory

Question 56

The repair/restoration theory of sleep says that sleep serves _____.

A)a recuperative function following depletion of key brain and body resources
B)to protect animals from predators and restore the balance of nature
C)to conserve energy for use the following day
D)cognitive functions like memory consolidation

Question 57

The adaptation/protection theory of sleep says that sleep _____.

A)evolved to decrease the number of hours of daydreaming
B)conserves energy and protects us from predators
C)restores the biological rhythms that would otherwise be disrupted by round-the-clock wakefulness
D)is necessary for the evolution of our species into spiritual beings

Question 58

The ______ content of a dream contains the surface symbols that disguise or mask the underlying meaning of the dream.

A)repressed
B)transference
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 59

Which of the following most supports the growth/restoration theory of sleep?

A)the taller we get, the more sleep we need
B)dreams occur more in our older years than in our younger years
C)we sleep less as we age
D)children spend less time in REM during school months when compared to non-school months

Question 60

If you foolishly cram before final exams, missing several nights' sleep, what is MOST likely to happen to your sleep cycles the first time you get uninterrupted sleep? You will _____.

A)have more than the usual amount of REM sleep.
B)have more than the usual amount of non-REM sleep.
C)sleep more hours than usual, and get an equal amount of REM and non-REM sleep.
D)have nightmares about being kicked out of college.

Question 61

A nightmare occurs during _____.

A)non-REM sleep
B)REM sleep
C)episodes of sleep apnea
D)sleep terrors

Question 62

Your text reports that the suspected cause of sleep apnea is _____.

A)a malfunction in the reticular activating system or the brain stem
B)malnutrition, alcoholism, or obesity
C)an airway blockage or the brain's failure to signal the diaphragm
D)a mystery to sleep researchers at this time

Question 63

Drug abuse requires that the drug user _____.

A)use a substance that causes emotional or physical harm to self or to others
B)develop a tolerance to the substance being abused
C)develop an addiction to the substance being abused
D)suffer from delirium tremens at least twice a week for 3 months

Question 64

_____ occur during stage three of non-REM sleep and are characterized by intense physiological arousal and a state of panic.

A)Narcoleptic fits
B)Nightmares
C)Apnea episodes
D)Night terrors

Question 65

Psychoactive drugs _____.

A)change mental processes, such as awareness, mood, and perception.
B)are all addictive, mind-altering, and dangerous to your health
C)all cause tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
D)can only be prescribed by a licensed psychiatrist

Question 66

Leilani finds that she perspires, breathes rapidly, and has muscle twitches and tremors when she tries to quit using illegal opiates.This suggests that she has developed _____.

A)a psychoactive addiction
B)an intolerance to opiates
C)a physical tolerance
D)withdrawal symptoms

Question 67

When repeated drug use causes changes in the body that require continued drug use to prevent withdrawal symptoms, a state of _____ is occurring.

A)drug-induced brain damage
B)psychoactive addiction
C)physical dependence
D)drug abuse

Question 68

Irving's doctor prescribed Valium to help him cope with job-related anxiety.He found a less stressful job, and is anxiety-free.However, Irving keeps taking Valium because he likes its effects.He hasn't had to increase the dosage, and he did not have withdrawal symptoms when he forgot to take his pills.It is MOST likely that Irving is _____.

A)suffering from a synergistic effect of Valium and another drug.
B)psychologically dependent on Valium
C)developing a cross-tolerance for other drugs
D)physically dependent on Valium

Question 69

In mid-sentence, your friend suddenly slumps over on the couch and appears to have entered the REM stage of sleep.Which of the following is the BEST explanation for your friend's behavior?

A)Your friend suffers from epilepsy and just had a seizure.
B)Your friend suffers from narcolepsy and should seek medical attention.
C)You are boring, and should take a class in social speaking skills.
D)Your friend did not get enough sleep last night and should go to bed.

Question 70

Which of the following lists contain ONLY psychoactive drugs?

A)Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol
B)Antacids, antidepressants, and antipsychotics
C)Insulin, narcotics, and hallucinogens
D)Aspirin, L-Dopa, and Prozac

Question 71

Dieting, surgery, dental appliances, and sewing tennis balls to one's pajama top are all recommended treatments for _____.

A)insomnia
B)parasomnia
C)nightmares
D)sleep apnea

Question 72

The condition that compels someone to use a specific drug or engage in a certain kind of compulsive activity is called ______.

A)drug abuse
B)addiction
C)cross-tolerance
D)drug tolerance

Question 73

Physical dependence occurs when a person needs to use a drug to prevent _____.

A)psychological dependence
B)withdrawal symptoms
C)addiction
D)tolerance and withdrawal

Question 74

_______________ drugs are substances that can change conscious, awareness, mood, and/or perception.

A)Addictive
B)Hallucinogenic
C)Psychoactive
D)Mind Altering

Question 75

Discomfort and distress, including physical pain and intense cravings after stopping the use of an addictive drug, are called _____.

A)psychological addiction
B)physical addiction
C)withdrawal
D)tolerance

Question 76

Degenerated neurons in certain parts of the brain have been observed in dogs with _____.

A)narcolepsy
B)REM behavior disorder
C)cataplexy
D)parasomnia

Question 77

Sleepwalking is MOST likely to occur in _____.

A)adults
B)hypnagogic sleep
C)the deepest stage of NREM sleep
D)REM sleep

Question 78

A mental desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by a drug is called _____.

A)physiological dependence
B)psychological dependence
C)cross-tolerance
D)withdrawal

Question 79

Drugs that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception are called _____.

A)addictive
B)hallucinogenic
C)psychoactive
D)mind altering

Question 80

Drug-taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user or others is known as _____.

A)addiction
B)physical dependence
C)psychological dependence
D)drug abuse