Deck 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations

Question 1

A neuron is _____.

A)the part of a nerve cell that receives information.
B)the part of a nerve cell that sends information.
C)the part of a nerve cell that creates energy.
D)a cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information.

Answer 1

a cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information.

Question 2

As an impulse travels through the structures of the neuron in a specific order.Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that would comprise that process?

A)cell body, terminal buttons, axon, dendrites
B)terminal buttons, axon, dendrites, cell body
C)dendrites, cell body, axon terminal buttons,
D)axon, cell body, terminal buttons, dendrites

Answer 2

dendrites, cell body, axon terminal buttons,

Question 3

Rosa has multiple sclerosis, a degenerative disorder that causes myelin sheathe around some of her neurons to disintegrate.What effect will this have on Rosa's nerve impulses?

A)They will slow down.
B)They will be stopped in the soma.
C)They will speed up.
D)They will reverse polarity.

Answer 3

They will slow down.

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE of the cell body?

A)It cannot accept incoming information from dendrites.
B)It determines whether the neuron should fire and pass on information to the axon.
C)It is housed inside of the cellular nucleus.
D)It is located outside of the cellular membrane.

Question 5

Which name for a school of thought in psychology does not belong with the others?

A)biopsychology
B)psychobiology
C)behavioral neuroscience
D)evolutionary psychology

Question 6

The cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for neurons are called _____ cells.

A)nervous
B)axon
C)glial
D)dendritic

Question 7

One important difference between a myelinated and unmyelinated axon is _____.

A)the neural impulse is faster in the myelinated axon
B)the neural impulse is faster in the unmyelinated axon
C)only the myelinated axons have nodes
D)the unmyelinated axons are heavier

Question 8

The _____ is another name for the cell body.

A)ganglia
B)soma
C)myelin
D)cell

Question 9

Neurotransmitters are __________.

A)released from the terminal button of a cell
B)responsible for electrical communication within a cell
C)part of the "powerhouse" of a cell
D)released into the bloodstream within the endocrine system.

Question 10

Certain forms of depression are related to lowered levels of _____.

A)acetylcholine
B)dopamine
C)GABA
D)serotonin

Question 11

Among other behaviors, this neurotransmitter also affects sleep, appetite, and emotional states.

A)acetylcholine
B)dopamine
C)norepinephrine
D)serotonin

Question 12

The branches of the neuron that receive neural impulses from other neurons are called _____, and the tube-like structure that conveys impulses toward other neurons is called the _____.

A)somas; axon
B)dendrites; axon
C)axons; dendrite
D)dendrites; soma

Question 13

The ends of axons, from which neurotransmitters are eventually released, are called _____.

A)dendrites
B)terminal buttons
C)soma
D)mitochondria

Question 14

The long tube-like structure that conveys impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons, muscles, or glands is called a(n)_____.

A)dendrite
B)soma
C)myelin sheath
D)axon

Question 15

Lynn has a disease called multiple sclerosis.This disease makes her muscle coordination difficult.Multiple sclerosis results from _____.

A)a lack of electrolytes in the brain
B)fatty mitochondria
C)two nuclei in some neurons
D)progressive deterioration of the myelin sheath

Question 16

The branching fibers that receive neural impulses from other neurons and convey them toward the cell body are called _____.

A)myelin sheaths
B)axon buttons
C)dendrites
D)nerves

Question 17

Which of the following would be considered the foundation of the human nervous system?

A)the glial cell
B)the neuron
C)the brain
D)the spinal cord

Question 18

The basic units of the brain and spinal cord that receive, process, and transmit electrochemical information are the _____.

A)neurons
B)neurotransmitters
C)synapses
D)myelin sheaths

Question 19

The BEST definition of the myelin sheath is a _____.

A)protein membrane that increases the electrical receptivity of axons
B)fatty substance that collects inside axons, slowing the rate of an action potential
C)fatty insulation wrapped around some axons that increases the rate at which impulse travel along the axon
D)protein that converts food into energy within the nucleus of a neuron

Question 20

What part of the cell receives incoming messages?

A)Axons
B)glia
C)dendrites
D)terminal buttons

Question 21

Which of the following neurotransmitters is not known for playing a role in the functioning of memory?

A)Acetylcholine
B)Dopamine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 22

Communication within neurons is best described as _____, whereas communication between neurons is most correctly described as _____.

A)electrical; chemical
B)unmyelinated; myelinated
C)chemical; electrical
D)very slow; very fast

Question 23

__________ help explain why soldiers and athletes continue to fight, sometimes without feeling any pain, despite horrific injuries.

A)GABA
B)Acetylcholine
C)Endorphins
D)Glutamate

Question 24

Chemical messengers that are released by axons and are received by dendrites on another neuron are called _____.

A)synaptic messengers
B)neurotransmitters
C)synaptic transmitters
D)neuromessengers

Question 25

Neurotransmitters are _____.

A)chemicals that cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on another neuron
B)endocrine cells that are released into the bloodstream
C)found only in the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord)
D)found only in the peripheral nervous system (outside of the brain and spinal cord)

Question 26

An action potential is most accurately defined as _____.

A)the likelihood that a neuron will take action when stimulated
B)the tendency for a neuron to be potentiated by neurotransmitters
C)a neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron
D)the firing of a nerve, either toward or away from the brain

Question 27

When an axon is not stimulated, it is in a polarized state called _____.

A)steady state
B)homeostasis
C)the resting potential
D)super-polarized

Question 28

Too much of this neurotransmitter may be related to schizophrenia, whereas too little may be related to Parkinson's disease.

A)Acetylcholine
B)Dopamine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Serotonin

Question 29

A chemical substance in the nervous system that is involved in pain control, sexual activity, and memory is _____.

A)morphine
B)epinephrine
C)endorphins
D)acetylcholine

Question 30

When the neuron is at its resting potential, the fluid inside the axon:

A)has more negatively charged ions than the fluid outside
B)has more positively charged ions than the fluid outside
C)has an equal number of negatively and positively charged ions outside
D)does not have any negative or positive ions

Question 31

Your textbook likens the depolarization and repolarization of a neuron that fires to ________.

A)the wave done by the crowds at a sports event
B)a door opening and closing
C)a tree bending in the wind
D)a car speeding up and slowing down

Question 32

Communication within a neuron is best described as _________.

A)electrical
B)antagonistic
C)agonistic
D)chemical

Question 33

Most poisons and drugs act at the _________ by replacing, decreasing, or enhancing the amount of neurotransmitters that are released or available between neurons.

A)soma
B)cell
C)synapse
D)dendrites

Question 34

Your body has designed a traffic signal for action potentials traveling from one neuron to another.In this system, the red light represents _____.

A)an excitatory neurotransmitter
B)an inhibitory neurotransmitter
C)a combination of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
D)as an action potential can never stop, a "red light" could not occur

Question 35

Actor Michael J.Fox has become an advocate for research helping to identify causes and treatments for Parkinson's disease.Parkinson's disease results from:

A)too little serotonin
B)too much dopamine
C)too little dopamine
D)too much serotonin

Question 36

This neurotransmitter's major role is to inhibit neural transmissions in the central nervous system.

A)Acetylcholine
B)Dopamine
C)GABA
D)Norepinephrine

Question 37

What type(s)of messages can one neuron deliver to another?

A)Excitatory
B)Inhibitory
C)Excitatory or inhibitory
D)Compound

Question 38

A synapse is _____.

A)the gap between the brain and the skull that contains cerebrospinal fluid
B)the gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released
C)the vestibule that contains neurotransmitters
D)the place where neurotransmitters exchange ionic molecules

Question 39

Lowered levels of this neurotransmitter are suspected of playing a role in Alzheimer's disease.

A)Acetylcholine
B)Dopamine
C)GABA
D)Norepinephrine

Question 40

Excess neurotransmitters left in the synapse after an action potential _______.

A)are absorbed back into the sending neuron
B)stay in the synapse waiting for the next action potential
C)remain and are used the next time a neuron fires
D)can become dangerous if they build up too much over time

Question 41

Growth, reproduction, moods, and our responses to stress are all controlled by our _____.

A)peripheral nervous systems
B)endorphins
C)hormones
D)parasympathetic nervous system

Question 42

The peripheral nervous system _____.

A)is composed of the spinal cord and somatic nerves
B)is less important than the central nervous system
C)is contained within the skull and spinal column
D)includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 43

The central nervous system _____.

A)consists of the brain and spinal cord
B)is the most important and best nervous system
C)includes the automatic and other nervous systems
D)is mediated by the endocrine system

Question 44

The brain and the spinal cord together comprise the ________ system.

A)peripheral nervous
B)central nervous
C)endocrine
D)sympathetic nervous

Question 45

Drugs act at the synapse by _____.

A)causing the action potential to fire
B)replacing, decreasing, or enhancing the amount of neurotransmitter
C)initiating the graded potential
D)acting to enhance the amount of neurotransmitters

Question 46

In your text, the analogy was presented that neurotransmission at the synapse is like _____, whereas hormonal communication is like _____.

A)a drug; a vitamin
B)an individual message; a global email
C)a global email; an individual message
D)a classroom; television

Question 47

Endogenous opioid peptides are called ______.

A)neurotransmitters
B)endorphins
C)morphine
D)curare

Question 48

The central nervous system (CNS)has two main components.What are they?

A)Local and non-local
B)The endocrine and nervous systems
C)The head and body
D)The brain and spinal cord

Question 49

What is the main function of our nervous system?

A)To send and receive information
B)To keep us safe
C)To regulate our heartbeat and respiration
D)To help us communicate with others

Question 50

A collection of glands found throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily functions is called the _____ system.

A)nervous
B)alimentary
C)endocrine
D)electrochemical

Question 51

The class of neurotransmitters known as endorphins function to ______.

A)stimulate hunger
B)inhibit motor functions
C)affect memory and learning
D)reduce the effects of alcohol in the bloodstream

Question 52

Sal had a severe stroke that left him unable to talk for a year.However, during the second year, he gradually regained his ability to speak.What is the most probable explanation for what happened?

A)The neurons regenerated
B)Neurons split to form new neurons
C)Stem cells initiated the formation of new cells
D)The brain rerouted the neurons around the damaged area

Question 53

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _____ nervous systems.

A)anterior and posterior
B)central and peripheral
C)chemical and mechanical
D)autonomic and anomic

Question 54

Replacing lost cells in the brain with new cells is called ________.

A)neuroplasticity
B)neuroformulation
C)neurokinesis
D)neurogenesis

Question 55

Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change its _____ in response to environmental conditions.

A)shape, weight, and size
B)structure and function
C)basic organization
D)electrical conductivity

Question 56

If you run a marathon, your body will release _____ to elevate your mood and reduce your pain.

A)lactic acid
B)epinephrine
C)norepinephrine
D)endorphins

Question 57

The ________ gland is generally thought of as the "master" gland of the endocrine system.

A)pituitary
B)thyroid
C)thymus
D)pineal

Question 58

The link between the brain and the spinal cord and the rest of the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands is the _____ nervous system.

A)peripheral
B)autonomic
C)somatic
D)sympathetic

Question 59

Chemicals that are manufactured by endocrine glands and circulated in the bloodstream to change or maintain bodily functions are called _____.

A)vasopressors
B)gonadotropins
C)hormones
D)steroids

Question 60

The finding that some functions are recovered more easily after brain injury than others suggests that the brain regions to which these functions are localized

A)are more plastic than other regions.
B)have an excessive amount of dopamine.
C)have larger synapses between neurons.
D)originate from more stem cells than other parts of the brain.

Question 61

The creation of new neurons is called _____.

A)split-brain genesis
B)stem cell production
C)neuroplasticity
D)neurogenesis

Question 62

Which neuroimaging technique involves placing electrodes on the scalp in order to assess the electrical activity in the brain?

A)computed tomography (CT)
B)positron emission tomography (PET)
C)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
D)electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 63

_____ are the immature precursors that give birth to new, specialized cells.

A)Stem cells
B)Dendrites
C)Axons
D)Neurogenic cells

Question 64

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into two branches called the _____ and _____ systems.

A)automatic; semi-automatic
B)somatic; peripheral
C)afferent; efferent
D)sympathetic; parasympathetic

Question 65

The _____ nervous system is responsible for involuntary tasks, whereas the _____ nervous system is responsible for voluntary tasks.

A)autonomic; somatic
B)somatic; autonomic
C)central; peripheral
D)peripheral; central

Question 66

An impulse that travels inward from a sensory fiber to the spinal cord then outward to a muscle fiber without involving the brain is called a(n)_____.

A)inhibitory potential
B)sensory-motor arc
C)excitatory potential
D)reflex arc

Question 67

A possible future treatment to help those paralyzed from spinal cord injuries to walk again is ______.

A)neural transmission
B)stem cell transplants
C)split cell production
D)neuroplastic implants

Question 68

Lightly stroking the sole of an infant's feet and seeing the toes fan out and the foot turn in is initiating the _____ reflex.

A)eagle
B)Babinski
C)rooting
D)stepping

Question 69

Diane got very angry at Chris, and they argued over dinner.Afterward, Diane had a stomach ache.This was probably because:

A)her sympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument
B)her parasympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument
C)her endocrine system sent out too many hormones to her stomach
D)her central nervous system signaled for too much acid to be produced in her stomach

Question 70

In the future, _____ may be used to treat injury, eye disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, stress, and strokes.

A)dopamine
B)neuroplasticity
C)stem cells
D)serotonin

Question 71

Anna hears her teacher ask a question she knows the answer to, so she raises her hand so she can speak.In order for her to voluntarily raise her hand, the ________ nervous system would have to be employed.

A)sympathetic
B)autonomic
C)somatic
D)parasympathetic

Question 72

The somatic nervous system is made up of _____.

A)nerves that connect to sensory receptors and control skeletal muscles
B)the spinal cord and interneurons in the spine
C)the nerves that maintain the functioning of the glands, heart muscles, and other smooth muscles
D)the four cerebral cortices of the forebrain

Question 73

Sensory neurons carry messages _____ the central nervous system; motor neurons carry messages _____ the central nervous system.

A)to; to
B)away from; to
C)away from; away from
D)to; away from

Question 74

The spinal cord is found inside the spinal column, and is involved in all but which of the following?

A)creativity and intelligence
B)relaying neural information from the brain to the body
C)reflexes
D)relaying neural information from the body to the brain

Question 75

The _____ nervous system is responsible for fight or flight, whereas the _____ nervous system is responsible for calming us and conserving energy.

A)central; peripheral
B)parasympathetic; sympathetic
C)sympathetic; parasympathetic
D)autonomic; somatic

Question 76

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are branches of the _____ nervous system.

A)somatic
B)central
C)cardinal
D)autonomic

Question 77

You have just touched a hot mug of coffee.Your hand immediately and reflexively pulls away.This action was controlled by your _____.

A)peripheral nervous system
B)spinal cord
C)brain
D)parasympathetic nervous system

Question 78

Movements that are initiated by an external stimulus and bypass input from your brain are called _____.

A)neurogenesis
B)neuroplasticity
C)reuptake
D)reflexes

Question 79

The peripheral nervous system is made up of the______ nervous systems.

A)sympathetic and autonomic
B)central and somatic
C)somatic and autonomic
D)autonomic and parasympathetic

Question 80

Dr.Prathma is working with rats to identify the function of a specific area of the brain.He systematically destroys this brain part to see which functions become deficient in his laboratory rats.What is the name of this type of procedure?

A)neuromortality
B)lesioning
C)localizing
D)lateralization