Deck 1: Introduction and Research Methods

Question 1

If you were assigned a term paper examining the life of the "father of psychology," which name should you begin researching?

A)Wilhelm Wundt
B)Charles Darwin
C)Edward Titchener
D)Sigmund Freud

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

A "Freudian slip" is said to reveal:

A)a person's true, unconscious desires and conflicts
B)too much of a woman's leg under her dress
C)a person who isn't very aware of his or her physical presence in the world
D)a person who needs to change his or her personality

Answer 2

a person's true, unconscious desires and conflicts

Question 3

Modern-day psychology emphasizes ________, which involves objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information.

A)common sense
B)pseudoscience
C)controlling behavior
D)critical thinking

Answer 3

critical thinking

Question 4

In your text, psychology is defined as the _____.

A)science of conscious and unconscious forces on behavior
B)scientific study of behavior
C)scientific study of the mind
D)scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 5

Diane is keeping an in-depth record of her conscious awareness, including the basic sensations, images, feelings, and thoughts that she is aware of experiencing.Diane is practicing what Wundt would call _________.

A)psychoanalysis
B)empiricism
C)functionalism
D)introspection

Question 6

The science of psychology began in 1879 in Germany with ___________.

A)B)F.Skinner
B)Wilhelm Wundt
C)William James
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 7

John B.Watson, a leading figure in the _____ school of psychology, focused on objective, observable behavior rather than on the unconscious.

A)behavioral
B)cognitive
C)developmental
D)conditional

Question 8

Functionalism made an important contribution to the science of psychology because it:

A)explained why different individuals experience stimuli differently.
B)drew the line between branches of psychology so each had its own function.
C)expanded the scope of psychology to consider such topics as emotion and observable behavior.
D)specified precisely the scope of psychology as dealing with mental processes.

Question 9

Structuralism, although short-lived, made an important contribution to the science of psychology because it ________________.

A)established a model for the scientific study of mental processes
B)showed how separate thoughts combined to form an idea
C)explained why individuals experience stimuli differently
D)highlighted why different scientific methods are needed to study children and animals versus studying adult humans

Question 10

The psychological school of thought called _____ emphasized how mental processes help people adapt to their environment.

A)structuralism
B)gestalt psychology
C)cognitivism
D)functionalism

Question 11

A system of psychotherapy called psychoanalysis was developed as a way to deal with unconscious conflicts by ________.

A)B)F.Skinner
B)Carl Rogers
C)William James
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 12

The psychological school of thought called structuralism is associated with _____ and engages in the method of studying experience called _____.

A)Wundt and James; introspection
B)Titchener and James; Gestalting
C)Freud and Jung; introspection
D)Wundt and Titchener; Gestalting

Question 13

In your textbook, the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information is called _____.

A)empiricism
B)science
C)critical thinking
D)mental processing

Question 14

Dr.Kaplan makes up her responses to radio listeners, using mostly her own 'common sense', personal beliefs, and values instead of information based on scientific research.This practice is more like _____ than _____.

A)psychology; pseudopsychology
B)pseudopsychology; psychology
C)philosophy, parapsychology
D)parapsychology; psychology

Question 15

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what theory of personality?

A)Psychobiological
B)Psychosocial
C)Psychoanalytic
D)Psychobehavioral

Question 16

The clinician believed that many of our unconscious motives are driven by aggressive or sexual impulses was ________________.

A)Edward Titchener
B)Sigmund Freud
C)William James
D)B)F.Skinner

Question 17

The psychoanalytic perspective was originally developed by _____.

A)Freud
B)Skinner
C)Watson
D)Williams

Question 18

The psychological perspective that emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences of overt actions is called the ________ perspective.

A)psychodynamic
B)functionalist
C)overt
D)behavioral

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a mental process?

A)Remembering
B)Speaking
C)Reading
D)Crying

Question 20

A newspaper website recently posted an article analyzing the handwriting of the President of the United States."Experts" were cited who discussed conclusions about the President's personality based on the way he signs his name.This area of study, called graphology, is an example of ________, because it is based more on unfounded beliefs than genuine, research-supported data.

A)parapsychology
B)psychology
C)philosophy
D)pseudopsychology

Question 21

Natural selection, adaptation, and the ongoing development of behavior patterns are major emphases in the _____ perspective of psychology.

A)psychobiological
B)psychosocial
C)ecological
D)evolutionary

Question 22

Sociocultural psychology is the study of the _____.

A)influence of culture and social interactions on people's behavior
B)superiority of some cultures over others
C)thinking of people as individuals
D)biological influence of experience on the mind

Question 23

Behaviorists were different conceptually from earlier psychologists for which reason?

A)They emphasized the study of only observable stimuli and responses.
B)They thought the influences of the unconscious mind could be studied scientifically.
C)They believed classical conditioning only applied to animals such as Pavlov's dogs.
D)They accepted the practice of introspection.

Question 24

The psychological perspective that studies how we think, know, remember, and communicate is the ________ perspective.

A)cognitive
B)gestalt
C)concept formation
D)psychodynamic

Question 25

An emphasis on independence, with particular attention paid to the needs of one person over the needs of a larger group, are aspects of a(n)________ culture.

A)individualistic
B)psychodynamic
C)behavioristic
D)collectivistic

Question 26

Behaviorists are MOST successful in treating _______.

A)neuroses of the mind
B)observable behavior problems
C)low self-esteem
D)psychotic disorders

Question 27

Which of the following pairs of terms belong together?

A)Structuralism: Observable behavior
B)Behaviorism: Stimulus-response
C)Psychoanalytic: Conscious conflict
D)Cognitive: Unconscious thought

Question 28

According to Abraham Maslow, the goal toward which human beings all strive to develop is called ________.

A)self-satisfaction
B)joy
C)self-actualization
D)accomplishment

Question 29

The scientific study of optimal human functioning is known as .

A)behaviorism
B)Gestalt psychology
C)positive psychology
D)optimistic psychology

Question 30

A group of children gather around an elder to hear stories in one part of the world, whereas elsewhere children file into a classroom to learn about history from a teacher.Which psychological perspective would MOST emphasize these environmental factors as important in shaping behavior?

A)behavioral
B)sociocultural
C)educational
D)evolutionary

Question 31

Those who adhere to the biological perspective in psychology emphasize _____.

A)that behavior is the result of genetics and physiological processes.
B)the belief that biology is destiny
C)the evolution of mental processes
D)that the way to understand human behavior is to first understand animal behavior

Question 32

The idea that depression is influenced by genetics and neurotransmitters rather than events in a person's life represents the _____ model of psychology.

A)psychiatric
B)evolutionary
C)biological
D)psychodynamic

Question 33

Tybresha tends to think about others before herself.When she works as part of a team, she wants the others with whom she has collaborated to be recognized for their accomplishments.She is relatively uncomfortable when people try to honor her for her work.Tybresha was probably raised in a(n)________ culture.

A)individualistic
B)psychodynamic
C)behavioristic
D)collectivistic

Question 34

The psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and stressed free will, self-actualization, and human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking was the __________ perspective.

A)behavioral
B)cognitive
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 35

Cognitive psychology focuses on ____.

A)conflict within the unconscious mind.
B)the positive, creative, growth-seeking potential of human nature.
C)mental processes, language, and perception.
D)complex biochemical events involved in physical activities.

Question 36

Structuralists and modern-day cognitive psychologists share interest in

A)affect, moods and feelings
B)sensation
C)overt behavior
D)the elements of thought

Question 37

According to your text, behaviorists have been most successful in treating people with observable problems, such as _____________.

A)depression
B)dissociation
C)phobias
D)schizophrenia

Question 38

Malcolm hits Jason because Jason took his toy.A psychologist from which psychological perspective would explain this behavior by pointing out that humans learned to behave aggressively because aggression conveys a survival or reproductive advantage?

A)A behavioral psychologist
B)A cognitive psychologist
C)A biopsychologist
D)An evolutionary psychologist

Question 39

The sound of music makes your feet start tapping.A behaviorist would say that the music is a _____, because it results in the response of your tapping foot.

A)stimulus
B)activating event
C)sound
D)organismic event

Question 40

The model that likens the mind to a computer that sequentially takes in information, processes it, and then produces a response is called the .

A)stepwise model
B)information-processing model
C)cognitive-processing model
D)reasoning approach

Question 41

Shirley examines learning, conditioning, motivation, emotion, sensation, and perception in humans and other animals.It is likely that Shirley is a(n) psychologist.

A)experimental
B)cultural
C)clinical
D)cognitive

Question 42

One of the first woman to be recognized in psychology was _____, who was the first woman elected as the president of the American Psychological Association.

A)Laura Schlesinger
B)Ruth Westheimer
C)Karen Horney
D)Mary Calkins

Question 43

A new, integrative model that proposes that physiological and genetic, cognitive and emotional, and environmental factors all affect and are affected by one another is called the _______ model.

A)biobehavioral environmental
B)eclectic
C)biopsychosocial
D)consolidation

Question 44

The term applied research is BEST defined as research that _____.

A)is designed to solve practical problems
B)is in the laboratory
C)studies psychological principles
D)is conducted to advance knowledge in a specific area

Question 45

Shauna specializes in applying the principles of psychology to the legal system.Shauna is a _____________ psychologist.

A)health
B)forensic
C)clinical
D)developmental

Question 46

If you prepared a study to determine specific ways to enhance athletic performance among university baseball players, you would be conducting _____ research.

A)independent
B)basic
C)dependent
D)applied

Question 47

Tara is in the 11th grade and is interested in studying the effects of text-messaging (rather than talking on the phone)on the quality of friendships.The FIRST step Tara would perform after coming up with a question in order to follow the scientific method is ______.

A)forming a testable hypothesis
B)developing a theory
C)reviewing the literature of existing theories
D)designing a study

Question 48

If you prepared a study to determine which areas of the brain are used for working memory but are drawing specific conclusions to help people improve their memory skills, you would be conducting _____ research.

A)dependent
B)independent
C)application
D)basic

Question 49

Eric conducts research that explores the effects of stress on individuals' psychological and physical functioning.His goal is to design stress-reduction methods that do not require the use of medication.Eric is probably a(n)________ psychologist.

A)health
B)forensic
C)social
D)educational

Question 50

Lloyd is fascinated by interpersonal behavior, especially prejudice and other attitudes.It is likely that Lloyd is a(n) psychologist.

A)cultural
B)forensic
C)experimental
D)social

Question 51

Replication increases scientific confidence in a theory if the _____.

A)citations are accurate
B)results are similar
C)statistics are accurate
D)statistics are significant

Question 52

The first Black person to earn a Ph.D.in psychology in the United States was _____.

A)Francis Cecil Sumner
B)Edward Titchener
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Robert Marley

Question 53

Which of the following is not one of the major contemporary perspectives in psychology?

A)behavioral
B)evolutionary
C)biological
D)gestalt

Question 54

The term basic research is BEST defined as research that _____.

A)is basic to one field only
B)advances general scientific understanding
C)is done to get a grade or a tenured teaching position
D)solves basic problems encountered by humans and animals in a complex world

Question 55

This is a statistical procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies with the goal of identifying overall trends.

A)operational research
B)recombinant analysis
C)meta-analysis
D)data synthesis

Question 56

A scientist who seeks knowledge for its own sake is conducting ________ research.

A)basic
B)applied
C)elemental
D)fundamental

Question 57

The biopsychosocial model would best be described as a(n)_______.

A)integrative model
B)outdated school of psychological thought
C)consolidation model
D)historical perspective

Question 58

Samantha specializes in evaluating, diagnosing, and treating mental and behavioral disorders.Samantha is a(n) psychologist.

A)experimental
B)biopsychologist
C)clinical
D)developmental

Question 59

Carlos and Bonita were intrigued by the results of a study about the biases people display toward work done by males compared to work done by females.They decided to perform the same study, following the same procedures, to see if they would get the same results.This is an example of _____.

A)an invalid research method
B)an attempt to replicate a study
C)pseudopsychology
D)case study research

Question 60

Dr.DiMassio is studying PET (brain)scans in patients with schizophrenia and comparing them to PET scans in people who have no psychological disorders.It is likely that Dr.DiMassio is a _____.

A)health psychologist
B)developmental psychologist
C)neuroscientist
D)comparative psychologist

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the guidelines covered by the APA in its Ethical Principles?

A)Informed consent
B)Restricted use of deception
C)Confidentiality
D)Compelled involuntary participation

Question 62

Deception is sometimes used in psychological research in order to _____.

A)create a realistic situation with genuine reactions
B)protect the public from unpleasant research realities
C)protect participants from being harmed
D)prevent sample bias, ethnocentric bias, and experimenter bias

Question 63

Which of the following is the BEST example of psychology's goal of describing behavior?

A)Giving an interest-inventory (test)at a college counseling center to determine what career or college choices would best suit a student
B)Conducting an experiment to determine if watching violent cartoons increases aggressive behavior in preschoolers
C)Videotaping an intersection with four-way stop signs and measuring the ratio of complete to incomplete stops made by drivers
D)Sending first-time drug offenders to an inpatient treatment program rather than to jail

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT true about animal research?

A)It accounts for only 7-8% of psychological research.
B)Most animal research uses rats or mice.
C)Animal researchers use punishments as often as they use rewards.
D)Research benefits both human and nonhuman animals.

Question 65

Which of the following is not a common ethical concern of psychologists?

A)The safety and health of research animals
B)Protecting client confidentiality
C)Deception in research
D)Whether their findings will be published

Question 66

You are unsure whether you want to complete an experiment you began an hour ago.According to the Ethical Principles of Psychologists, when you ask the researcher if you have to continue, the researcher should respond with _____.

A)"You have the right to drop out of the study at any time."
B)"I'm sorry, the experiment must continue."
C)"Please continue.I will debrief you afterwards."
D)"You may drop the study now, but you will forfeit credit."

Question 67

A participant's agreement to take part in a study after being told what to expect is known as _____.

A)participant observer
B)placebo effect
C)informed consent
D)debriefing

Question 68

According to your textbook, the goals of psychology are to _____.

A)explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind
B)understand, compare, control, and analyze human behavior
C)improve psychological well-being in all individuals from conception to death
D)describe, explain, predict, and change behavior

Question 69

Your text defines a hypothesis as a _____.

A)specific prediction about how one variable is related to another
B)precise definition of how variables will be observed and measured in a study
C)concept that explains previously gathered data
D)method by which a research question will be examined

Question 70

Molly is a clinical psychologist doing therapy with a man who has reported his wife has been unfaithful.He tells Molly he is going to go home and kill his wife.What does Molly do in this case?

A)She can try to talk him out of it, but cannot call the police -no matter what the outcome -due to confidentiality concerns
B)Have him committed to a mental institution
C)Call the police and inform his wife.
D)Nothing; due to confidentiality concerns she is powerless.

Question 71

Numerous studies have been conducted on student test-taking behavior.The data from these studies have been compiled, and researchers have developed a set of concepts to explain this interrelated data and generate testable questions to verify these concepts.This set of concepts is called a(n)_____.

A)hypothesis
B)experimental study
C)abstract
D)theory

Question 72

The first step in the scientific method is ________.

A)developing a theory
B)forming a testable hypothesis
C)designing a study
D)identifying a question of interest and conducting a literature review

Question 73

A well-substantiated explanation for a phenomenon or a group of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed by previous research is called a(n) .

A)algorithm
B)operational definition
C)hypothesis
D)theory

Question 74

According to the rules of informed consent, a researcher must disclose all EXCEPT which of the following before the study begins?

A)Potential physical risks and discomforts
B)Potential unpleasant emotional experiences
C)The reasons for involuntary participation and deception
D)The nature of the study

Question 75

Which of the following therapists is NOT violating psychology's ethical standard of confidentiality?

A)Dr.Novak called the Department of Social Services to report her client, who admitted during their session together that she was abusing her nine-year-old daughter.
B)Dr.Jones describes detailed case histories of former clients to his psychology class without disguising their characteristics.
C)Dr.Smith-Nguyen discusses a client with his wife to get her advice.
D)Dr.Polanski told two of his colleagues that he was treating a local television news anchor for major depression, but didn't name her.

Question 76

The two largest professional organizations of psychologists are:

A)The American Psychologist Group (APG)and The American Psychological Association (APA)
B)The Association for Psychological Science (APS)and The American Psychiatric and Psychological Association (APPA)
C)The Association for Psychological Science (APS)and The American Psychological Association (APA)
D)The American Psychiatric Association (APSA)and the American Psychological Association (APA)

Question 77

A therapist may be required to break client confidentiality if the client _____.

A)threatens to hurt himself or others
B)reveals that she has broken the law
C)is not improving in treatment
D)is being unfaithful to a spouse

Question 78

According to your text, when a scientist submits a study for publication to a journal where other scientists will read it and decide whether or not it will be published, the article is undergoing _______.

A)external observation
B)peer review
C)statistical analysis
D)critical examination

Question 79

According to your text, debriefing is _____.

A)interviewing subjects after a study to find out what they were thinking during their participation
B)explaining the purpose of the study, anticipated results, and deceptions used when the study is over
C)disclosing potential physical and emotional risks, and the nature of the study prior to its beginning
D)interviewing subjects after a study to determine whether any deceptions were effective in preventing them from learning the true purpose of the study

Question 80

Timothy has been reluctant to ask or answer questions in the classroom because when he spoke in his second-grade class, his peers laughed at him.This example demonstrates psychology's goal of ________ behavior.

A)describing
B)explaining
C)predicting
D)changing