Deck 13: Cancer: Fundamentals and Cultural Variations

Question 1

______ have the highest general cancer incidence rates and mortality rates of any population in the United States.

A)Asian Americans
B)European Americans
C)African Americans
D)Latinos

Answer 1

African Americans

Question 2

Cancer-causing substances are referred to as ______.

A)carcinogens
B)mutations
C)malignancies
D)neoplasms

Answer 2

carcinogens

Question 3

Cancer works by ______.

A)destroying cell RNA
B)inhibiting secretion of neurochemicals
C)destroying cell DNA
D)accelerating the secretion of neurochemicals

Answer 3

destroying cell DNA

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)There are more than 100 different types of cancer.
B)Leukemia is a type of cancer that involves tumors in the breast.
C)Tumors that are cancerous are referred to as benign.
D)Gerontology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of cancer.

Question 5

______ have the highest mortality rates as compared to incidence rates (if this group gets cancer, more are likely to die from it).

A)Asian Americans
B)European Americans
C)African Americans
D)Native Americans

Question 6

Cancer is the ______ cause of death in America.

A)leading
B)second leading
C)third leading
D)fourth leading

Question 7

The cancer type that starts in the surface layers of the body or the epithelial cells are ______.

A)sarcomas
B)lymphomas
C)carcinomas
D)leukemias

Question 8

The ______ is the most common method used to determine the stage of cancer.

A)American Cancer Society system
B)TNM system
C)Hippocrates system
D)FSX system

Question 9

Cancer of the lymphatic system that is found in a single site, or found at several sites, is called ______.

A)Hodgkin's disease
B)sarcoma(s)
C)carcinoma(s)
D)lymphoma(s)

Question 10

The following are components of the multifactor assessment of cancer severity EXCEPT ______.

A)size of tumor
B)whether the cancer has a genetic component
C)how far the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
D)the extent to which the cancer has metastasized

Question 11

Cancers of the muscles, bones, and cartilage are ______.

A)lymphomas
B)sarcomas
C)carcinomas
D)leukemias

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)Incidence is defined as the number of newly diagnosed cases of the disease.
B)Two groups who show the same incidence levels for a certain type of cancer show the same mortality rates as well.
C)Although there are ethnic differences in cancer incidence, there are no sex differences in cancer incidence.
D)Lung cancer incidence is the same for European American women and African American women.

Question 13

Which of the following regarding cancer is TRUE?

A)Cancer has been around for centuries.
B)Incidence rates for all cancers combined increased from 1900 through 2004.
C)It is a disease with higher mortality rates among European Americans compared to African Americans.
D)The chances of developing cancer are lower as we get older.

Question 14

Cancers found in the blood and bone marrow are ______.

A)lymphomas
B)sarcomas
C)carcinoma
D)leukemias

Question 15

Benign tumors ______.

A)are the defining feature of leukemia
B)are usually life-threatening
C)almost always metastasize to other parts of the body
D)are not cancerous

Question 16

Which of the following are the most common forms of cancer?

A)leukemias
B)sarcomas
C)lymphomas
D)carcinomas

Question 17

Regarding the TNM, generally, the lower the number ______.

A)the less the cancer has spread
B)the more the cancer has spread
C)the sooner remission is likely to occur
D)the more different types of cancer are present

Question 18

Cancer is best defined as ______.

A)an illness caused by the presence of a malignant tumor
B)cells that are unable to grow
C)tissue damage caused by an abnormally high release of stress hormones
D)cells that disrupt the immune system by failing divide

Question 19

The most common sites for cancer are ______.

A)lungs, breast, and prostate gland
B)brain, liver and spleen
C)bone, kidney and liver
D)stomach, esophagus, larynx

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the relative risk of death from cancer?

A)It is higher for European American men than African American Men.
B)It is higher for African American men than European American men.
C)It is higher for European American men than American Indian men.
D)The relative risk of death from cancer is about the same for African American men, American Indian men, and European American men.

Question 21

Eating too much ______ is one of the critical dietary risk factors for cancer.

A)fiber and soy
B)fat
C)protein
D)carbohydrates

Question 22

Stress has a direct effect on the activity of ______ which are critical in the body's fight against cancer.

A)macrophages
B)red blood corpuscles
C)catecholamines
D)natural killer cells

Question 23

The link for psychological factors and cancer may be different for men and women.One difference that has been found in the Gallo et al.(2000) longitudinal study is that ______.

A)men with a type D personality have a higher rate of cancer than women with the same disorders.
B)men with post-traumatic stress disorder is at a higher rate of cancer than women.
C)men with depression have a higher rate of cancer than women with depression
D)women with depression have a higher rate of cancer than men with the same disorder

Question 24

A higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported both in European American women and women of ______.

A)Asian descent
B)higher socioeconomic status
C)African American descent
D)lower socioeconomic status

Question 25

Probably the most clear-cut cause of cancer is ______.

A)not eating an adequate amount of fruits and vegetables
B)tobacco use
C)having a type C personality
D)eating a diet high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fat

Question 26

The biggest risk factor for cancer is ______.

A)smoking
B)leading a sedentary lifestyle
C)drinking alcohol
D)eating a high fat and high cholesterol diet

Question 27

If Richard has blood clots develop on the veins of the legs, he may have ______.

A)lung cancer
B)liver cancer
C)pancreatic cancer
D)esophageal cancer

Question 28

Which of the following facts about cancer is TRUE?

A)Women have a higher incidence of cancer in general than men.
B)Less research has focused on men's psychological and social experiences with cancer compared to their female counterparts.
C)A higher incidence of breast cancer has been reported among Asian American women than other ethnic groups.
D)Many studies have shown that low socioeconomic groups are more knowledgeable about cancer because they have seen more friends and relatives die of this disease.

Question 29

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)European American women were less likely to find benefit in their cancer than African American women.
B)Higher SES women were more likely to find benefit in their cancer than lower SES women.
C)Benefit finding was not found in any female ethnic minority groups; it was only found among European American females.
D)Across studies of cancer patients, only males report finding benefit in their cancer.

Question 30

Which of the following is TRUE regarding research on social support?

A)There has not been any research on the link between cancer and social support among men because they tend not to seek as much social support as women do.
B)Social support has been defined differently across studies, making comparisons difficult.
C)Number of people in one's social network (network size) is the only way social support has been measured in the research examining its link with cancer.
D)Both lack of social support and personality traits have been proven to cause cancer and influence the progression of cancer.

Question 31

The belief that someone with cancer cannot live a normal life and will die is referred to as ______.

A)rumination
B)superstition
C)pessimism
D)fatalism

Question 32

The cultural group that is the least knowledgeable about cancer is ______.

A)individuals of high socioeconomic status
B)individuals of low socioeconomic status
C)women
D)young adults

Question 33

One of the major reasons accounting for the sex differences in deaths due to lung cancer is that ______.

A)women do not smoke as much as men
B)women have smaller lungs
C)men are exposed to less second hand smoke
D)men use less benefit finding as a way to cope with stress

Question 34

The most common sites for female cancer for women of most ethnic groups are the ______.

A)breasts, lungs, colon and rectum
B)breasts, ovaries, thyroid and cervix
C)breasts, pancreas, uterus and liver
D)lungs, liver, brain and thyroid

Question 35

Which one of the following females is most at risk for getting cancer?

A)Marilyn, who began to menstruate late
B)Carmine, who is considered "on time"; she began to menstruate at about the same time as her peers
C)Tamika, who began to menstruate early
D)Sarah, an adolescent who complains of severe menstrual cramps

Question 36

The type C personality (also known as the cancer-prone personality) was described as ______.

A)very similar to the type A personality
B)cautious and conscientious
C)cooperative and unassertive
D)hostile and high in expressed negative affect

Question 37

Some general symptoms of cancer include ______, but do not necessarily mean that the person has cancer.

A)increased appetite, hair loss, and sleeplessness
B)pain, weight loss, and fatigue
C)weight gain, insatiable appetite, and fatigue
D)dry, itchy skin, hair loss, and weight gain

Question 38

______ believe that cancer is punishment for one's actions or that of a family member and that one must wear the pain to protect other members of one's communities.

A)Native Americans
B)African Americans
C)Asian Americans
D)Latinos

Question 39

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Those who denied they had cancer had higher disease recurrence rates.
B)Depression has been linked to cancer progression.
C)Non-European American groups use routine screening tests as frequently as European American groups.
D)Low levels of social support have been linked to cancer progression.

Question 40

Development differences are important in the study of cancer because ______.

A)children have higher rates of cancer than emerging adults (18-25 years)
B)children develop more severe types of cancer than older individuals
C)developmental age influences how people cope with a cancer diagnosis
D)cancer is usually diagnosed within two years of tumor growth

Question 41

Operating to remove a small amount of tissue to test for malignancy is called ______ surgery.

A)preventative
B)curative
C)diagnostic
D)palliative

Question 42

Latino Americans have the highest general cancer incidence rates and mortality rates of any population in the U.S.

Question 43

The oldest and most direct way to treat cancer is by using ______.

A)immunotherapy
B)chemotherapy
C)surgery
D)radiation therapy

Question 44

Of all the diets studied, the Atkins diet has shown the most promise at preventing cancer.

Question 45

Exercise during the younger years of life can reduce the risk of ______ cancer in women.

A)bone
B)breast and endometrial cancer
C)ovarian and cervical
D)thyroid

Question 46

The American Cancer Society defines alternative methods as "unproved or disproved methods, rather than evidence-based or proven methods to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer."

Question 47

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Cancer cells continue to grow and divide.
B)In cancer cells, the damaged DNA cannot be repaired.
C)Cancer cells outlive normal cells and continue to form new, abnormal cells.
D)Cancer cells that show abnormal growth are referred to as NK cells.

Question 48

The type of therapy that passes ions through tissues and dislodges electrons from atoms causing cell death or genetic changes in the cancerous cells is known as ______.

A)chemotherapy
B)radiation therapy
C)electrochemical therapy
D)immunotherapy

Question 49

Physical activity in the younger years can reduce ______ cancer for men.

A)prostrate and testicular
B)bone and prostrate
C)liver
D)colon

Question 50

Research into the type C personality have clearly indicated that this type of personality plays a large role in cancer etiology, and can be used as a tool to predict the risk of cancer.

Question 51

Personality has very little influence on the incidence of cancer, but has more positive links to cancer progression.

Question 52

Cancer surgery is most successful when the cancer has not spread.

Question 53

Cancers such as breast, colon, endometrial, pancreatic, and gallbladder cancers have been linked to ______.

A)the Atkins diet, a diet known for including a lot of red meat
B)individuals who have lost over 20 pounds in one year
C)obesity
D)individuals who have a history of yo-yo dieting (losing and regaining weight)

Question 54

Using medications to disable cancer growth is referred to as ______.

A)noninvasive therapy
B)radiation therapy
C)allopathy
D)chemotherapy

Question 55

Death rates from cancer (all types combined) are lowest for ______.

A)African Americans (Blacks)
B)Hispanic Americans
C)Asian/Pacific Islanders
D)European Americans (Whites)

Question 56

The link between psychological factors and cancer tend to be similar for men and women.

Question 57

Asian American and Latinas tend to not go in to be screened for cancers of the reproductive organs.

Question 58

Non-European American ethnic groups report higher levels of incorrect knowledge about screening and cancer in general.

Question 59

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)A 15- to 20-minute session in the tanning booth is equivalent in UV ray exposure to one full day at the beach.
B)The intensity of light in tanning booths is much greater than it is while sunbathing outside.
C)The majority of tanning beds today are safer than in the past because they emit short-wave UV rays that do not penetrate beyond the outer layer of skin.
D)Sunlight is a major source of vitamin D in humans and without enough of it, diseases such as rickets occur.

Question 60

The majority of cancer research in the field of health psychology involves studies on the incidence and progression of prostate cancer.

Question 61

Describe two of the four below:
-carcinomas
-sarcomas
-lymphomas
-leukemias

Question 62

A lot of research has examined how people cope with cancer.Choose one of the following areas and discuss research that shows whether or not it is effective:
-benefit finding
-social support
-optimism

Question 63

Choose one study that examined the link between a psychological factor and cancer incidence.Discuss the main findings.

Question 64

When diagnosed with cancer, men and women have different incidences and mortality.Discuss some of these differences?

Question 65

Describe one treatment to fight cancer.Would there be any side effects to consider? Discuss.

Question 66

Choose a cultural group and discuss beliefs about cancer among people in that group.