Deck 7: Why Dont We Do What We Need to Models of Behavior Change

Question 1

The gene found to play a role in alcoholism is ______.

A)serotonergic T1
B)ghrelin
C)ApoE receptor gene
D)dopamine D2 receptor gene

Answer 1

ApoE receptor gene

Question 2

______ has/have been shown to be the most powerful component of the health belief model across studies.

A)Perceived barriers
B)Self-efficacy
C)Perceived norms
D)An internal locus of control

Answer 2

Perceived barriers

Question 3

Agreeableness and ______ in childhood were found to relate to adult health status mediated by healthy eating habits and smoking.

A)conscientiousness
B)extraversion
C)openness to experience
D)neuroticism

Answer 3

conscientiousness

Question 4

Healthy behaviors can be defined as behaviors that ______.

A)make you feel good
B)maintain and enhance health
C)make you look more attractive
D)decrease stress

Question 5

According to the Health Belief Model, individuals will perform healthy behaviors if ______.

A)they believe they are susceptible to the health issue
B)the benefits outweigh its costs
C)they believe that their behavior will be beneficial in reducing the severity of the health issue
D)all of these

Question 6

Nico is one of the few former smokers who is no longer tempted to smoke, even when he is around others who are smoking.According to the transtheoretical model, Nico is in ______.

A)the high self-efficacy stage
B)the preparation stage
C)the success stage
D)the termination stage

Question 7

The neurotransmitter ______ is associated with food addictions and addiction to gambling.

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)glutamate
D)substance P

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a major component of the Health Belief Model? Belief in ______.

A)susceptibility
B)effectiveness
C)consequences
D)social norms

Question 9

Which of the following of the Healthy People 2020 Program is FALSE?

A)It aims to increase quality of life and to eliminate health disparities.
B)The public provided input via meetings across the country and an interactive website.
C)It involves 5 topic areas with 10 objectives.
D)Planning for Healthy People 2030 is currently underway.

Question 10

The ______ will be used to measure the health of people in the U.S.between the years 2010 and 2020.

A)leading health indicators
B)international clinical factors
C)critical risk factors
D)social norms measure

Question 11

Boys higher in ______ are more likely to engage in unsafe water activities and start drinking at an earlier age compared to those lower in this personality trait.

A)extroversion
B)neuroticism
C)agreeableness
D)openness to experience

Question 12

Melia believes that she can successfully execute her exercise regimen because a new gym just opened near her apartment and her new roommate is a vegan who loves to cook healthy meals.Melia is now confident that she can lose weight and, therefore, demonstrates ______.

A)maintenance
B)intention
C)self-efficacy
D)effectiveness

Question 13

The ultimate goal of health psychological interventions is to decrease the number of deaths due to preventable diseases, delay the time of death, and ______.

A)decrease the cost of healthcare
B)to increase the number of health care providers
C)teach business owners how to provide health care plans that are of a good quality
D)improve the quality of life

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE?

A)Personality factors in childhood influence later health behaviors.
B)Longitudinal studies examining the impact of childhood personality factors on later health have not been conducted.
C)Childhood neuroticism is the only personality trait that has been linked with later adult health.
D)Extroversion, a highly valued trait in individualistic cultures, correlates with positive health behaviors rather than negative health behaviors.

Question 15

Planning for Healthy People ______ is currently under way.

A)2021
B)2025
C)2030
D)2050

Question 16

A critical aspect of the Health Belief Model was added after its initial conceptualization.This new component captures a person's belief regarding his or her ability to successfully perform the behavior.It is known as ______.

A)self concept
B)self-esteem
C)self-efficacy
D)self schema

Question 17

______ attempt(s) to close the gap between what is known about optimal health practices and what is actually done.

A)Interventions
B)Health education
C)Medical anthropology
D)Intentions

Question 18

Recent longitudinal research examining the impact of media on smoking among Argentinian students found that exposure to smoking in films ______.

A)increased the likelihood of future smoking
B)decreased the likelihood of future smoking
C)had no significant impact on the likelihood of future smoking
D)increased the likelihood of future smoking, but only among males

Question 19

The field of ______ existed before health psychology was a field of study in its own right.It stresses the relevance of political, economic, and social factors in health.

A)nursing
B)epidemiology
C)medical sociology
D)health education

Question 20

Researchers conducted a focus group with overweight ______ women.These women often used terms such as "stacked," "brick house," "curvy," and "big boned" to describe their bodies.

A)African American
B)Native American
C)Asian American
D)European American

Question 21

When a health psychologist designs an intervention, she should keep in mind that ______.

A)a theoretically driven intervention has little or no attrition
B)unhealthy behaviors can return once the intervention/treatment has stopped
C)if a subset of participants does not attend all of the interventions, it will not hinder the assessment of the intervention
D)attrition is unlikely in intervention research because most people who are working on changing health behaviors are more motivated than those in other studies

Question 22

Which of the following is a stage theory of health behavior change?

A)the Health Belief Model
B)the Theory of Planned Behavior
C)the Self-Efficacy Model
D)the Transtheoretical Model

Question 23

Interventions should be appropriate for the risk group/risk factor.Some ideas to consider while considering the appropriateness of interventions for the group is: ______.

A)What type of language/vocabulary does the intended audience use?
B)If you are targeting a specific group based on their sexual orientation, ethnic group or their age, consider what appeals to that target group.
C)Are you providing participants with the cognitive and behavioral skills to prevent relapse?
D)all of these

Question 24

Monae is a fried fast food addict.She knows that behavior is not very healthy, but she does not intend to change.She is in the transtheoretical model stage of ______.

A)precontemplation
B)preparation
C)contemplation
D)action

Question 25

What a participant thinks other people think about a health behavior is called ______.

A)contemplation
B)motivation to comply
C)social cognition
D)normative beliefs

Question 26

According to ______, people make decisions about health behavior, such as adhering to a more healthy diet after bypass surgery, based on the perceived benefits and barriers (a cost/benefits analysis).

A)the transtheoretical model
B)the behavioral model
C)the health belief model
D)self-efficacy theory

Question 27

People in this stage of the transtheoretical avoid reading, thinking, or talking about their unhealthy behaviors.

A)precontemplation
B)preparation
C)contemplation
D)action

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the transtheoretical approach to behavior change?

A)It does not have enough stages to be comprehensive and these stages do not apply equally to males and females.
B)The stages are arbitrary subdivisions of a continuous process.
C)Different studies use different time frames in operationalizing each stage.
D)It suggests that people cannot progress forward in changing their behavior without skipping steps.

Question 29

The biggest benefit to using a theory to base an intervention on is that ______.

A)it will ensure that ethical standards are employed
B)it will be easier to identify what worked if it succeeds
C)people will pay more attention to it and will be more eager to participate in the intervention
D)results will be more likely to generalize across people of different cultural backgrounds

Question 30

The Health Belief Model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and ______ are the most widely cited models of health behavior change in health psychology.

A)the Prototype Willingness Model
B)the Health Action Process Approach
C)the Precaution Adoption Process Model
D)the Transtheoretical Model

Question 31

The Transtherorectical Model was developed to identify common themes across different intervention theories, and notes that ______.

A)we come to a rapid conclusion when presented with health care decisions
B)one single task has to be completed to change health behavior: attaining high self-efficacy
C)we progress through different stages as we think about, attempt to, and finally change any specific behavior
D)unconscious motives will likely be a barrier that must be addressed throughout the person's life span

Question 32

Shameer is addicted to heroin and found out about an injection site in Vancouver Canada, not far from his apartment.He decided to go there where he can inject under the supervision of a medical professional and won't have to share needles.He is planning to quit and is hoping that someone there will be able to help him do so eventually.According to ______, he is in the preparation stage.

A)the transtheoretical model
B)the self-efficacy model
C)the health belief model
D)learning theory

Question 33

According to the theory of planned behavior, it is not enough to just know a person's perceptions of what the social norms are to predict if they will change their health behavior.You must also assess their ______.

A)motivation to comply
B)age
C)gender role beliefs
D)perception of vulnerability

Question 34

Research on models of behavior change ______.

A)apply in the same way across cultural groups
B)do not apply in the same way across cultural groups
C)has not been tested in ethnically diverse samples
D)have only been tested for cross-cultural relevance in individualistic cultures

Question 35

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Ethnic differences are seen in the relative effects of peers and parents on adolescents' substance use.
B)The relative contribution of the key components, especially the subjective norm factor, differs across ethnic groups in the U.S.
C)The Theory of Planned Behavior has been used in many settings around the world.
D)The Theory of Planned Behavior was no longer used in published research after the 1950s.

Question 36

Vernice's doctor has informed her that she is severely overweight, and that she should change her eating habits.Vernice fully intends to comply, and intends to start changing behaviors in the next month or so.According to the Transtheoretical Model, Vernice is in the ______.

A)precontemplation stage
B)preparation stage
C)contemplation stage
D)action stage

Question 37

The theory of planned behavior focuses on a person's ______.

A)attitudes towards overall health
B)cognitive developmental level
C)intentions
D)SES

Question 38

Which of the following major theories of behavior change proposes six stages?

A)Health Belief Model
B)Transtheoretical Model
C)Theory of Planned Behavior
D)Health Action Process Approach

Question 39

The ______ is one of the first theoretical approaches to studying why we behave the way we do.Its formulation resulted from studying why many people did not get screened for tuberculosis (TB) although TB was a big health problem and screenings were free.

A)Precaution Adoption Process Model
B)Transtheoretical Model
C)Health Action Process Approach
D)Health Belief Model

Question 40

In the 1950s, the most common advertisements to change behavior tried to ______.

A)encourage people to join support groups
B)scare the viewer to change
C)encourage people to learn more about healthy behavior
D)encourage people to go to their physician to learn how to change

Question 41

After setting a goal with his doctor, Kyle is working on maintaining a healthy weight of 155 lb by exercising at least three times a week and watching what he eats.Kyle is in the preparation stage of the Transtheoretical Model.

Question 42

The American public provided input in developing the Health People 2020 program.

Question 43

Social norming research has shown that college students often believe that those engaging in healthy behavior are ______.

A)the majority
B)in the minority when, in fact, they are not
C)are going to change their behavior after they graduate from college
D)actually not being honest about whether they are engaging in healthy behavior or not

Question 44

The serotonin S2 receptor gene plays a role in alcoholism.

Question 45

Research consistently shows that teenagers and college students misperceive and overestimate their peers' use of tobacco.

Question 46

What is meant by researchers taking a "shot gun" approach to conducting intervention research?

A)The health psychologists are forcing participants to finish the intervention process.
B)It is the most cost-effective approach.
C)Large numbers of people are exposed to the intervention with the hope that those who need it are included in the exposed group.
D)The outcomes are more effective because of the care taken to intervene at the appropriate level with the population most at risk.

Question 47

Research evidence shows that personality factors in childhood are linked to health behaviors in adulthood.

Question 48

The definition of motivation to comply is the amount of perceived control that you have over your health outcome.

Question 49

Social Cognitive Theory suggests that the most central determinant of health behavior change is self-efficacy.

Question 50

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)If one member of a relationship practices healthy behaviors, the other will be more likely to practice healthy behavior as well.
B)More intense interventions are more likely to result in greater risk reduction.
C)Fear appeals are no longer used today as a method of behavior change.
D)The more the intervention is tailored to fit individuals at risk, the more likely it will work.

Question 51

Which of the following is a criticism of the three most widely cited models of behavior change?

A)Research using these models has not included individuals from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
B)These models are more applicable to males than females.
C)Research applying these models has been conducted in only two areas: adherence to medical regimens and smoking.
D)These models do not address changes in mindsets over time or how beliefs and intentions translate into action.

Question 52

Discuss a biological, social and psychological factor that determine health behaviors?

Question 53

The main components/ideas for Precaution Adoption Process Model are ______.

A)person moves from being unaware of an issue to unengaged by the issue, to deciding not to act, to planning to act but not yet acting, to acting, to maintenance
B)intention to change; attitudes toward action; subjective norms regarding action; self-efficacy
C)precontemplation, intention to act, maintenance, and monitoring
D)self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism

Question 54

Based on research, one would expect that if health professionals design a smoking intervention that works on one campus, ______.

A)the same intervention should work well on another campus in the same state
B)the intervention will work exactly the same way with another group of students from the same campus
C)the same intervention should work well on the high school in the same town
D)the intervention may not necessarily work in exactly the same way anywhere else

Question 55

Fisher et al.(2007) reviewed culturally sensitive interventions aimed at narrowing racial disparities in health care.The conclusion of this research team is that ______.

A)interventions that explicitly use culturally sensitive interventions show tremendous promise in reducing health disparities
B)culturally sensitive interventions actually increase racial disparities
C)modifying health behaviors of ethnic minority patients was effective, but there was no way to modify the health-care system
D)cultural specific interventions work for Latinos and African Americans, but not for other ethnic groups

Question 56

The three major theories of health behavior change (TTM, TPB and HBM) have at least six stages.

Question 57

Social norming research has shown that people often believe that those engaging in healthy behavior are in the minority when, in fact, they are not.

Question 58

Which of the following is FALSE?

A)Research shows that campus-wide smoking policy changes decreased the number of cigarettes smoked.
B)Research shows that changes in campus-wide smoking policy changed attitudes toward smoking.
C)One of the biggest reasons college students start smoking is because they think it is what most of their peers are doing.
D)There is no evidence that multimedia campaigns can reduce smoking among college students.

Question 59

The main components/ideas for the Health Belief Model is (are) ______.

A)intention to change; attitudes toward action; subjective norms regarding action
B)beliefs in threat and effectiveness of health change behaviors
C)person moves from being unaware of issue, to unengaged by issue, to planning to act but not yet acting, to maintenance
D)six stages from lack of self-efficacy to high self-efficacy that a person must complete

Question 60

Mann et al.(1997) evaluated an eating disorder program targeting female college students Participants in the intervention group who heard classmates who had recovered from eating disorders describe their experiences had more symptoms of eating disorders than control participants.

Question 61

Define and discuss the Social Norms Approach as it relates to research on smoking and college students.

Question 62

Regarding culture and the Health Belief Model, what are some specific beliefs held by cultural groups that can be seen as barriers in receiving health care?

Question 63

Discuss health care changes that you have personally accomplished or would like to accomplish in the future, and explain the stages of progression toward this goal using the Transtheoretical Model.