Deck 24: Recovery and Cold War: Rebuilding a Divided Continent, 1945-1973

Question 1

What was the connection between decolonization and the end of World War II?

A) Colonial nations built up domestic industries during the war years and no longer needed colonial resources.
B) The experience of fighting Hitler's expansionist efforts sapped the support for the project of colonization.
C) The war had exhausted the resources of the colonial powers, impacting their ability to effectively rule.
D) Mass protests by those who had served in the war undermined popular support for colonization.
E) The United States, in its new role as a superpower, strongly encouraged native independence movements.

Answer 1

The war had exhausted the resources of the colonial powers, impacting their ability to effectively rule.

Question 2

Why did Indian independence result in 1 million deaths?

A) The assassination of Mohandas Gandhi before the British decided to withdraw from India led to widespread settling of scores.
B) A massive famine followed the British withdrawal from India.
C) Communist forces started a brutal civil war following the British retreat from India.
D) British "police actions" that were intended to ensure order following Indian independence caused massive protests and political violence.
E) A decision to divide India into separate Hindu and Muslim states resulted in mass migration and ethnic conflicts.

Answer 2

A decision to divide India into separate Hindu and Muslim states resulted in mass migration and ethnic conflicts.

Question 3

How was Orwell's 1984 read at the time of its publication?

A) as a metaphor for democracy
B) as an exploration of the benefits of utopianism
C) as a warning about the emptiness of consumer culture
D) as the work of an author who strongly supported facsism
E) as a warning of the dangers of Soviet control

Answer 3

as a warning of the dangers of Soviet control

Question 4

Approximately how much time elapsed between the "scramble for empire" of the late nineteenth century and the process of decolonization?

A) 40 years
B) 150 years
C) 100 years
D) 60 years
E) 20 years

Question 5

How did the war affect the role of the state in countries such as Germany, the Soviet Union, Britain, and Italy?

A) It placed an unprecedented amount of importance on the consumer sector,
Resulting in increased wages.
B) It led to the privatization of reconstruction efforts and a rise in private employment.
C) It decreased the state's role due to the widespread distrust of powerful governments.
D) It increased the state's role due to the need for rebuilding homes, factories, and
Infrastructure.
E) It led these countries to adopt the American approach to private business ventures.

Question 6

Which Eastern European nation avoided being absorbed into the Soviet bloc?

A) Hungary
B) Yugoslavia
C) Poland
D) Bulgaria
E) Czechoslovakia

Question 7

What was the Allied meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, focused on?

A) partitioning Germany
B) forming a military alliance against the Soviet Union
C) trying former Nazis for crimes against humanity
D) creating an international monetary system
E) creating the nation of Israel

Question 8

What was the most common result of British withdrawal from the countries it had colonized?

A) Soviet occupation
B) violent conflicts
C) peaceful transitions to democratic self-rule
D) the immediate establishment of British puppet governments
E) takeovers by native fascist parties

Question 9

In what directions did the majority of refugees move following the end of World War II?

A) north and east
B) east and south
C) north and south
D) east and west
E) north and west

Question 10

Why did the Allies undertake the Berlin Airlift?

A) to sabotage Berlin factories
B) to stop Soviet expansion into West Berlin
C) to bomb East Berlin
D) to defy the Soviet blockade of West Berlin
E) to feed the Jews languishing in displaced persons camps

Question 11

What post-war struggle affected citizens of the former Axis countries, but not those in the former Allied countries?

A) stagnant wages
B) food rationing
C) the collapse of currencies
D) deteriorating transportation networks
E) insufficient investment in industry

Question 12

Which of the following statements accurately describes the two sides in the Cold War?

A) The United States was eager to persecute former Nazis and Fascists in the former Axis nations, while the Soviet Union sought to protect them.
B) The United States was eager to find new markets for capitalist goods, while the Soviet Union was concerned about the effect of U.S.capitalist propaganda.
C) The United States was worried about Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe, while the Soviet Union sought to establish political control and communist economies in Eastern Europe.
D) The United States worked to protect Soviet political prisoners and targeted minority groups, while the Soviet Union sought to transport large numbers to Gulags.
E) The United States sought to establish itself as the sole world superpower, while the Soviet Union challenged it for the same role.

Question 13

Which of the following statements describes the fate of the German Nazis after the war ended?

A) Prominent leaders were put on trial for crimes against humanity.
B) All party members were either imprisoned or executed.
C) Many thousands were executed by their own countrymen.
D) All were granted amnesty in 1947.
E) They were considered "Hitler's first victim" and not punished.

Question 14

What was the political situation in Germany following the Potsdam conference in 1945?

A) It was controlled by a coalition government containing representatives from all Allied powers.
B) It was completely controlled by the Soviet Union.
C) It was divided into British, American, Soviet, and French occupation zones.
D) It was split into an East Germany, controlled by the United States and a West Germany, controlled by the Soviet Union.
E) It was completely controlled by the United States.

Question 15

Where did a large number of European Jews live in the years preceding the creation of the state of Israel?

A) "displaced persons" camps
B) poor neighborhoods in London
C) Soviet gulags
D) German prisons
E) forced labor camps

Question 16

What differentiated the post-war European welfare state from earlier "poor relief" efforts?

A) The welfare state was vastly underfunded.
B) The welfare state was meant to benefit everyone.
C) Welfare state benefits were specifically targeted to the people in greatest need.
D) Earlier benefits were based on private philanthropy.
E) Earlier benefits excluded those most in need.

Question 17

What does the textbook identify as being a prompt for McCarthyism in the United States?

A) Soviet development of atomic weapons
B) formation of a democratic government in China
C) Indian independence
D) the Nuremberg Trials
E) Indonesia's Declaration of Independence

Question 18

Which nation refused aid through the Marshall Plan?

A) Italy
B) Austria
C) France
D) Britain
E) Soviet Union

Question 19

What effect did the start of the Cold War have on the post-war situation of the former Nazis?

A) A round of new trials resulted in many more executions in the Western zone.
B) Millions were given or permitted to keep leadership roles in both the Western and Soviet zones.
C) Former Nazis moved to the Soviet occupation zone in great numbers.
D) The former Nazis in the Soviet zone were sent to Gulag prisons and experienced terrible conditions.
E) The former Nazis who had the means fled Germany and abandoned their titles.

Question 20

What was the difference between the Allied and Soviet management of their respective German occupation zones?

A) Whereas the Allies established rigid political control, the Soviets quickly established a communist bureaucracy led by the Germans.
B) Whereas the Allies refused to give leadership roles to the former Nazis, the Soviets allowed them.
C) Whereas the Allies sought to rebuild the economy as quickly as possible, the Soviets sought to impose heavy reparations.
D) Whereas the Allies moved thousands of factories west into France, the Soviets moved thousands of factories east into the USSR.
E) Whereas the Allies refused to combine their occupation zones, the Soviets incorporated East Germany into the Cominform.

Question 21

Which work of literature is associated with the existentialist movement?

A) The Stranger
B) Requiem
C) Dr.Zhivago
D) The Second Sex
E) The Wretched of the Earth

Question 22

What was one of the reforms undertaken during the process of destalinization?

A) efforts to further destabilize relations with the West
B) disbanding of the secret police forces
C) release of prisoners from the Gulag
D) repudiation of the communist ideology
E) free elections in the Eastern bloc countries

Question 23

Which of the following statements describes the post-war experience in Soviet cities?

A) Severe food shortages harmed public health.
B) Western goods continually flooded the markets.
C) Families faced years-long waiting lists for housing.
D) Economic growth was near zero.
E) Rates of female participation in the labor force dropped dramatically.

Question 24

What strategy did the French take in response to independence movements in their colonial possessions?

A) strongly supporting development and self-government in their colonial possessions
B) creating Communist governments in their colonial possessions with the aid of the French Communist Party
C) granting full freedom for those nations that had fought on the side of the Free
French
D) forming a political structure called the French Union, which was meant, in theory, to give native peoples a greater political voice
E) maintaining Vichy rule across these possessions even after the end of World War II

Question 25

What is the "domino theory" in the context of the Cold War?

A) the hope that the establishment of markets for Western goods would lead to democratic reforms
B) the idea that Western Europe needed to present a united front against Communism, with each holding the other up
C) the fear that the fall of one country to Communism would result in the fall of others
D) the hope that the removal of key Soviet leaders would lead to the collapse of popular support for Communism
E) the observation that the violent repression of protestors almost always resulted in decreased support for the government in power

Question 26

What is the "glory" referred to in the phrase, the "Thirty Glorious Years?"

A) destalinization and increased political freedom in the Soviet Union
B) economic growth and prosperity in France
C) advances in women's economic power throughout Europe
D) the population boom in the United States
E) the Green Revolution in Spain

Question 27

How did the French view Algiers prior to 1955?

A) a drag on national resources
B) a British territory they wished to call their own
C) a territory that had long opposed Charles de Gaulle
D) a part of France
E) an independent territory

Question 28

Why did President Eisenhower join the Soviet Union in condemning Britain and France during the Suez Crisis?

A) to avoid worsening Cold War tensions
B) due to the belief that Britain and France were risking peace for economic gain
C) in hopes of signing an agreement for use of the canal with Egypt
D) to protect U.S.troops that were stationed in the Middle East
E) in support of Egyptian self-government

Question 29

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Dutch decolonization process?

A) The Dutch sent soldiers to impose order on the Indonesian independence movement, but as the threat of a communist insurgency increased, the United States put pressure on the Dutch to recognize Indonesian aspirations.
B) Because their colonies had been of minimal economic importance, the Dutch immediately recognized the new state called named Indonesia after an independence movement issued a Declaration of Independence.
C) The Dutch were very minimally impacted by World War II and, thus, were able to send numerous soldiers and resources without the intervention of nations such as the United States or Britain.
D) The Dutch and the Americans were open to communist takeover in the islands because they had long sought to bring the islands under full Japanese leadership and thought it would improve diplomatic relations.
E) Dutch decolonization was unique among the decolonization efforts of the other European powers because it had already come to an end before the beginning of World War II; thus, it provided a model for the other powers to follow.

Question 30

In the decade between 1957 and 1967, approximately how many new African nations were created as a result of decolonization?

A) five
B) thirty
C) seventy
D) one hundred
E) two hundred

Question 31

Which of the following statements describes the flow of the population between the two Germanys before the construction of the Berlin Wall?

A) The East Germans moved west in search of freedom and economic prosperity.
B) The East Germans moved west to escape rampant unemployment.
C) Equal numbers of people moved between the east and west, seeking to be close to family in either sector.
D) The West Germans moved east because of job opportunities.
E) The West Germans moved east to gain the social benefits offered by communism.

Question 32

Which of the following statements accurately describes the experiences of women in the post-World War II period?

A) Due to an overabundance of labor and rampant unemployment, women in
Western Europe largely remained at home.
B) In Eastern Europe, the Communist Parties all forbade women from holding political positions.
C) Although women benefited from the expansion of sexual freedoms, the
Provision of inexpensive child care was still unheard of in Western Europe.
D) The labor shortages in Western Europe increased opportunities for women to
Move into higher-paid industrial jobs.
E) Of all the Western European countries, France was the least progressive on
Women's issues, and withheld the right to vote from women until the 1980s.

Question 33

What brought guest workers to Europe in the 1960s?

A) protection of the welfare state
B) the availability of jobs
C) flight from civil wars
D) famines in Africa and Asia
E) the collectivization of agriculture in their home nations

Question 34

What developed in the Eastern Bloc countries of East Germany, Poland, and Hungary following Khrushchev's reforms?

A) Western-backed insurrections leading to civil wars
B) widespread support for Soviet rule and for Khrushchev's leadership
C) political instability, with new governments every six months
D) open elections resulting in the creation of strong reformist governments
E) strikes or revolts followed by their violent suppression by Soviet troops

Question 35

Why did the East German Communist regime build the Berlin Wall?

A) as a symbol of Communist might
B) to prevent East Berlin citizens from moving to West Berlin
C) to counter the threat of invasion by West Berlin
D) as a show of force against the United States
E) to prevent illegal immigration

Question 36

What was the prompt for the creation of the French Fifth Republic?

A) the killing of peaceful protestors by police
B) the granting of Algerian independence
C) the creation of the Suez Crisis
D) the French pulling out of Vietnam
E) the appointment of de Gaulle as prime minister

Question 37

Why did the British government maintain nationalized industries throughout the 1950s?

A) due to the strong support for the approach by the Tory government
B) in response to overwhelming public approval
C) to counter the appeal of a strong British Community Party
D) because there were no interested private buyers
E) out of fear that privatization would upset the economy

Question 38

Which effect did war damage have on the economies of the European nations?

A) The need to build new industrial plants caused a lull in economic growth for several years.
B) Damaged transportation networks slowed economic growth until the 1960s.
C) Spending undertaken to repair war damages provided a powerful economic stimulus.
D) Loans taken out through the Marshall Plan turned the Western European countries into debtor nations.
E) Economic growth was slowest in those nations that had sustained the most war damage.

Question 39

What is the Treaty of Rome considered a direct predecessor to?

A) Warsaw Pact
B) International Monetary Fund
C) First Vatican Council
D) North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement
E) European Union

Question 40

What did Simone de Beauvoir's influential book published in 1949 focus on?

A) destalinization
B) race and violence
C) women's roles in creating their own sense of identity
D) decolonization
E) existentialism

Question 41

Which of the following is a reform enacted by the Second Vatican Council?

A) The Catholic Church withdrew the accusation that the Jews killed Jesus Christ.
B) Congregants began to kneel for Communion.
C) Priests began to say Mass with their backs turned toward the congregation.
D) Priests began to say Mass in Latin.
E) The Catholic Church condoned birth control.

Question 42

What significant change in reproductive freedom began in Britain in 1961?

A) the legalization of abortion
B) the development of primitive male prophylactics
C) the legalization of premarital sex
D) the availability of birth control pills for women
E) the first abortion-inducing drugs

Question 43

Both Eastern and Western Europe experienced two decades of political stability starting almost immediately after the end of World War II.

Question 44

In Eastern Europe, living conditions in the 1950s and 1960s were some of the worst in modern history.

Question 45

How did the Polish government respond to unrest caused by student and worker protests?

A) It ousted the president and formed a new government.
B) It fired dissident intellectuals and blamed Jews.
C) It ordered mass arrests of protestors.
D) It enacted welfare-state policies.
E) It banned trade unions.

Question 46

Which of the following statements describes the link between the youth culture of the 1960s and economic changes?

A) Economic growth and an increase in higher education enrollment allowed young people to explore and assert their own identity.
B) Post-industrial unemployment created a lost generation of young people consumed with existential dread.
C) A rise in well-paying manufacturing jobs gave young people never-before experienced economic power.
D) A decline in university attendance and loss of the apprenticeship system resulted in a decreased number of mentoring opportunities.
E) The sense that the economic success of their parents' generation was out of reach gave young people a mistrust of "anyone over thirty."

Question 47

What caused the Sino-Soviet split?

A) Khruschev learned of Chinese plans to invade Mongolia.
B) Mao disapproved of Khrushchev's approach to the West.
C) Khrushchev disapproved of Chinese privatization initiatives.
D) The Soviets would not let China develop nuclear weapons.
E) Mao disapproved of Soviet involvement in Vietnam.

Question 48

Political and economic possibilities for women were greater in Western Europe than in Eastern Europe.

Question 49

What was the great common cause of student protests in the United States and Western Europe in 1968?

A) sexual inequality within the university system
B) low pay and poor working conditions for university graduates
C) the war in Vietnam
D) opposition to the liberal governments that were currently in power
E) laws permitting recreational drugs

Question 50

What does the "Troubles" refer to?

A) a terrorist campaign undertaken by Basque independence movement
B) a conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland
C) the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
D) the conflict between Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews
E) a clash in Poland between students and police

Question 51

Stalin's death was widely celebrated throughout the Soviet Union.

Question 52

The Warsaw Pact formed a military alliance among the Soviet Union and other Communist states in response to the creation of NATO.

Question 53

One result of World War II was that the United States claimed the role of "leader of the free world."

Question 54

In Eastern Europe, communist governments created with the help of the Soviet Union during the post-war period failed to gain majority support.

Question 55

Two-state solutions enacted in post-colonial countries consistently resulted in violence and conflict.

Question 56

What is structuralism?

A) a reform movement focusing on improving conditions in prisons and mental hospitals
B) a liberation movement that carried out violent attacks in the 1970s
C) a belief system synonymous with Marxism tailored to a post-industrial world
D) a form of cultural analysis that questions whether fixed intellectual frameworks exist
E) a political movement opposing the anti-democratic political systems of Eastern Europe

Question 57

Which describes Khrushchev's leadership?

A) an erratic agenda, with periods of reform followed by periods of repression
B) an agenda devoid of destalinization
C) an agenda consistently beholden to orthodox Communist economic policies
D) a consistent, moderate reformist agenda
E) a strong push for reform early on, followed by a return to repressive tactics

Question 58

Gandhi supported the two-state solution in India.

Question 59

Post-war rebuilding efforts in Europe relied heavily on the American privatization model.

Question 60

The 1960s marked a turning point at which more people began coming into Europe from other nations than relocating into nations outside Europe.

Question 61

What changes in post-war Western society contributed to the emergence of a distinctive youth culture? What motivated the student protests of 1968, and what was the result?

Question 62

Michel Foucault is best remembered as a defender of Enlightenment ideals.

Question 63

Which government actions or decisions resulted in suffering in the decade following the end of World War II, and which benefited citizen well-being? Give at least two examples of each.

Question 64

Discuss two of the post-war works of literature mentioned in the text.Who were the authors, and what were the themes? How did they fit into the larger cultural and political context in which they were written?

Question 65

In Western Europe, most of the student rebels of the 1960s eventually graduated and settled into middle-class lifestyles.

Question 66

Khrushchev's reforms achieved his aim of stabilizing the Communist system.

Question 67

What developments in the Soviet Union led to the Eastern bloc revolts? What was the nature of the revolts in East Germany, Poland, and Hungary? How did the Soviet Union respond to these uprisings and protests?

Question 68

As the Cold War wore on, the Western European nations sometimes publicly opposed American policies.

Question 69

What similarities existed between the decolonization of the British, Dutch, and French Empires during the post-war years? What were the differences?

Question 70

What role did Germany play in the onset of the Cold War? In what ways did a divided Berlin continue to exacerbate this international conflict?

Question 71

How did the two sides in the Battle of Algiers view their positions? What type of struggle resulted?

Question 72

What developments in the Cold War occurred in the 1960s? In what ways did the Cold War seem to be intensifying, and at the same time, how did the ideological positions on each side seem to be relaxing?

Question 73

What were the major social and economic changes in post-war Europe? How did the experiences of Eastern Europeans and Western Europeans differ?

Question 74

Provide three examples of tactics used by the Soviets to ensure that Communist regimes came to rule Eastern Europe within the first five years following the end of World War II.How did the West respond to these events?