Deck 9: Race

Question 1

The concept of race:

A) has changed over time.
B) is biological.
C) is stable and constant.
D) is all of the above.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g.,intelligence,character,personality)suggests that he felt:

A) people were are all the same beneath their skin.
B) skin color correlates with moral virtues.
C) skin color was immutable and innate.
D) skin color was a legitimate organizing principle.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Because the German Nazis could not find a reliable marker to identify Jews,the Jews were forced to:

A) wear a yellow Star of David.
B) identify themselves as Jewish immediately in conversation.
C) use their birth names.
D) live in certain parts of the country.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In ancient Egypt,physical markers were linked to:

A) status.
B) geography.
C) genes.
D) ethnicity.

Question 5

Which term refers to the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits?

A) ontological ethicalism
B) racism
C) ethnocentrism
D) anarcho-indigenism

Question 6

Although race has no deterministic,biological basis,it still:

A) influences heredity.
B) has important social influence.
C) has genetic importance.
D) has physical importance.

Question 7

When the term race comes up in America today,we usually think in two colors:

A) black and brown.
B) black and white.
C) red and black.
D) brown and white.

Question 8

The genetic variation that corresponds with geographic origins is much ____________ than people commonly believe.

A) more random
B) more important
C) smaller
D) greater

Question 9

Based on measurements of skull bumps,Blumenbach came up with five principal varieties of:

A) humans.
B) intelligence.
C) athletic ability.
D) ethnicity.

Question 10

An 1851 excerpt from Harper's Weekly magazine describes a certain racial group as lawbreaking,idle,thriftless,poor,and barbarian.What group is this excerpt describing?

A) Irish
B) African Americans
C) Italians
D) Jews

Question 11

The term phrenology refers to:

A) variations in body size.
B) the differences in head formation.
C) athletic ability.
D) the study of bones.

Question 12

Which of the five varieties of humans did Blumenbach decide were the superlatives of the races based on their excellent skull qualities?

A) Ethiopians
B) Hispanics
C) Asians
D) Caucasians

Question 13

Under Johann Caspar Lavater's theory of ____________,people with light skin were thought to have higher intellect.

A) physiognomy
B) intelligence
C) civic values
D) biological superiority

Question 14

The one-drop rule asserts that just "one drop" of black blood makes:

A) a person biracial.
B) a person black.
C) a person more criminal.
D) a person less intelligent.

Question 15

Swiss theologian Johann Caspar Lavater suggested that outside appearances were connected to inner virtues.According to him,which of the following features signified higher intellect and more worthy character?

A) dark skin and large eyes
B) light skin and small features
C) dark skin and flat noses
D) light skin and large features

Question 16

What is the group that displays no physical distinctions from Japanese citizens but is believed by the Japanese to be a descendant of a less-human race than the Japanese nation as a whole?

A) Malayans
B) Burakumin
C) Filipinos
D) Chinese

Question 17

Hippocrates believed that physical markers such as skin color were the result of:

A) genetics.
B) social status.
C) different environmental factors.
D) historical context.

Question 18

The comparison between the Burakumin and the Japanese shows that race is:

A) a chemically important marker.
B) significant for intelligence.
C) not just about physical or biological differences.
D) more important than culture.

Question 19

Aristotle's principle of civic association was that the true test of people's worth was in what they did,not who they were.All people were included in this EXCEPT:

A) brown-skinned people.
B) women.
C) whites.
D) nonwhites.

Question 20

Modern racial thinking developed in the mid-seventeenth century in parallel with three global changes.Which of the following is NOT one of these global changes?

A) the Protestant Reformation in Europe
B) the Age of Exploration
C) the rise of capitalism
D) scientific innovations

Question 21

H.H.Goddard used his tests on what group to generalize about immigrant populations?

A) immigrants at Ellis Island
B) immigrants who worked in factories
C) immigrants on ships to America
D) factory managers

Question 22

In 1942,120,000 Japanese Americans were sent by federal order to internment camps.Afterward,all Asian Americans (regardless of their country of origin and/or U.S.citizenship status)went from being a relatively unnoticed group to being singled out for discrimination.This is known as:

A) racialization.
B) prejudice.
C) whiteness.
D) primordialism.

Question 23

The General Social Survey asked respondents why,on average,African Americans have worse jobs,income,and housing than white people.Nearly half of the respondents believed that blacks:

A) have been socially repressed.
B) don't have the motivation to pull themselves out of poverty.
C) have fewer inborn abilities to learn.
D) prefer to live that way.

Question 24

Nativists believed that restricting the immigration of certain groups would:

A) create tension in ethnic communities.
B) protect the nation.
C) harm international relations.
D) eliminate racism.

Question 25

Muslims in America have undergone what scholars refer to as the formation of a new racial identity in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people,known as:

A) ethnicization.
B) racism.
C) ethnism.
D) racialization.

Question 26

Ontological equality is the notion that:

A) God made people with different innate skills and capabilities.
B) physical characteristics are markers of the soul.
C) social and biological traits can be traced through our lineage.
D) everyone is created equal by divine design.

Question 27

Comte de Buffon's classification schemes assumed that anyone who differed from the following group was abnormal:

A) American
B) African
C) European
D) British

Question 28

Ethnocentrism classified nonwhites as abnormal and inferior to help justify:

A) ideas of ontological equality.
B) unequal treatment and conquest.
C) cultural relativism.
D) the benevolence of the Europeans.

Question 29

Social Darwinism was the evolutionary notion of:

A) race.
B) survival of the fittest.
C) domination.
D) genetics.

Question 30

In the nineteenth century,theories of race moved from religious-based racism to:

A) neo-racism.
B) modern racism.
C) scientific racism.
D) biological racism.

Question 31

During the 1950s,the United States began to focus more on cultural theories of race and ethnicity,thus rejecting:

A) biblical theories of race.
B) racialization.
C) miscegenation.
D) eugenics.

Question 32

Miscegenation refers to:

A) segregation.
B) incest.
C) interracial marriage.
D) mixed races.

Question 33

Which group did Darwin side with,claiming that the notion of different species of humans was absurd?

A) Protestants
B) monogenists
C) polygenists
D) Catholics

Question 34

Which group,led by Sir Francis Galton,believed that negative traits such as criminality were passed through bloodlines and could be bred out?

A) sociologists
B) geneticists
C) biologists
D) eugenicists

Question 35

Which group believed that different races were distinct species?

A) Darwinists
B) polygenists
C) monogenists
D) Catholics

Question 36

Which of the following terms hinges on the belief that social and psychological traits can be traced through bloodlines and selectively bred out of (or into)populations?

A) eugenics
B) biogenics
C) race relations
D) sociogenics

Question 37

Most Arabs in the United States are not Muslim but ____________,and about 20 percent of U.S.Muslims are ____________.

A) Catholic; Asian
B) Islamic; Latino
C) Christian; African American
D) Protestant; East Indian

Question 38

Which group believed that humans were one species,united under God?

A) Darwinists
B) polygenists
C) monogenists
D) Catholics

Question 39

European Christians and scientists interpreted the curse that Noah put on his son Ham to mean that Ham:

A) was the original black man.
B) was no longer going to be king.
C) never had descendants.
D) was perverted.

Question 40

Eugenics literally means:

A) "well-born."
B) "indigenous."
C) "intelligent."
D) "inherited."

Question 41

Some Muslims have been in North America since the seventeenth century,when they were transported from:

A) Africa as slaves.
B) South America as immigrants.
C) China as indentured servants.
D) the West Indies.

Question 42

According to Peggy McIntosh (1988),which of the following statements about "being white" is most accurate?

A) If you are white, it is difficult to find cosmetics that suit your ethnicity at local drugstores.
B) If you are white, it's almost guaranteed that you will teach your children about systematic racism for their own protection.
C) If you are white, you don't have to think much about your racial identity.
D) If you are white, you are often pointed to as an example of what "most white people" do.

Question 43

The differences between race and ethnicity underscore the privileged positions of ____________ in America,who have the freedom to pick and choose their identities and freely show their ethnic backgrounds.

A) whites
B) blacks
C) Hispanics
D) Asians

Question 44

In 1902,the United States barred immigration from what country,because its people were seen as a threat to the American-born labor force?

A) Poland
B) China
C) Ireland
D) Mexico

Question 45

According to Nell Irvin Painter,author of The History of White People,white people:

A) have a great sense of awareness of their status as white.
B) typically just see themselves as "individuals."
C) are made acutely aware of their identity as white by society.
D) are losing their advantaged status in society.

Question 46

The opening story in Chapter 9 about the author kidnapping a child to become his new baby sister shows:

A) how racist his parents were.
B) that racism is innate.
C) the social impact of race.
D) how badly he wanted a sister.

Question 47

Compared with 11 percent of the U.S.population as a whole,around 33 percent of Native Americans die before age:

A) 45.
B) 50.
C) 55.
D) 60.

Question 48

Mexicans are generally classified as a physical type that combines Native American and European traits and referred to as:

A) mestizos.
B) hybrids.
C) half-breeds.
D) biracial.

Question 49

Afro-Caribbeans such as Cubans,Haitians,and Jamaicans sometimes resent being unilaterally categorized as African American,because these immigrant groups:

A) are indentured servants.
B) have a unique culture and language.
C) live in various parts of the country.
D) don't understand the American culture.

Question 50

In one study of television portrayals of Arabs,researchers found basic myths that continue to surround this group.Which of the following is NOT one of these myths?

A) They are fabulously wealthy.
B) They are uncivilized and barbaric.
C) They do not assimilate.
D) They revel in acts of terrorism.

Question 51

What allows one to identify with a nationality without the rights and duties of a citizen?

A) genetic identity
B) race
C) ethnicity
D) heritage

Question 52

The majority of Latinos in the United States have immigrated here within the last ____________ years.

A) 2
B) 10
C) 40
D) 80

Question 53

Which act formalized the exclusive definition of whiteness by imposing immigration restrictions based on a national origins quota system that limited the yearly number of immigrants from each country?

A) Ethnic Act of 1900
B) White Ethnic Act of 1876
C) Immigration Act of 1924
D) Race Act of 1850

Question 54

The majority of the Latinos in the United States come from:

A) Puerto Rico.
B) Cuba.
C) Mexico.
D) the Dominican Republic.

Question 55

Who was one of the first sociologists to point out the importance of culture in determining race?

A) Robert Park
B) Charles Darwin
C) Anthony Giddens
D) Ann Oakley

Question 56

Race is not a fixed biological or natural reality; rather,it is:

A) genetic.
B) biologically invented.
C) an environmental reality.
D) a social construction.

Question 57

America's first naturalization law,passed in 1790,granted citizenship to:

A) anyone who had fought in the Revolutionary War.
B) free white people.
C) all white people.
D) former British citizens.

Question 58

Which minority group has the highest percentage of males in prison?

A) whites
B) blacks
C) Native Americans
D) Hispanics

Question 59

About 35 percent of Muslims worldwide were born in:

A) Iran.
B) Afghanistan.
C) Canada.
D) America.

Question 60

Asians have been applauded for their smooth assimilation and are referred to as:

A) the model minority.
B) more intelligent.
C) entrepreneurs.
D) small businessmen.

Question 61

Discuss the differences between race and ethnicity.How does symbolic ethnicity fit into explanations of ethnicity? How do the differences between race and ethnicity underscore the privileged position of whites in America?

Question 62

Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to:

A) manifesting.
B) developing.
C) doing.
D) being.

Question 63

The black ghetto was manufactured by whites through a set of deliberate,conscious practices.Which of the following is NOT one of the practices mentioned in your book?

A) property owners signed secret agreements promising to exclude blacks
B) high homeowner association dues
C) if blacks moved in, whites would move out
D) redlining

Question 64

Which term refers to the more overt form of resistance through a movement such as revolution or genocide or through nonviolent protest?

A) collective resistance
B) group acquiescence
C) individual alliance
D) mutual resistance

Question 65

Clifford Geertz used what term to describe the fact that ethnic ties remained even after people assimilated?

A) primordialism
B) ethnocentrism
C) neoassimilation
D) ethnicism

Question 66

Explain what sociologists mean when they argue that race is a social construction.Be sure to give a specific,"real-life" example.

Question 67

Describe the definitions of race in ancient Egypt,Greece,Rome,and early Christendom.How do they compare to modern racial thinking among the European colonizers up to the present day?

Question 68

The 1896 Supreme Court decision Plessy v.Ferguson upheld:

A) equality.
B) ethnic cleansing.
C) integration.
D) segregation.

Question 69

A society is pluralistic if no distinct ethnic group is statistically:

A) in the minority.
B) equal to another.
C) the dominant group in government.
D) in the majority.

Question 70

Your text mentions five different ethnic groups: Native Americans,African Americans,Latinos,Asian Americans,and Middle Easterners.Discuss the diverse experiences of each group.

Question 71

Robert Park's model explains the universally progressive pattern in which immigrants arrive,settle in,and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogeneous country.His model is called:

A) immigration patterns.
B) assimilation progress.
C) the geographic immigrant process.
D) straight-line assimilation.

Question 72

During the mid-twentieth century in the United States,many blacks moved north to escape Jim Crow laws in the rural South.This resulted in:

A) an immediate improvement in the lives of African Americans.
B) movement of more whites to the South.
C) competition for housing and employment in the North, resulting in violent clashes between whites and blacks.
D) many blacks "passing" as white.

Question 73

African Americans often turn to ____________ when they are attempting to be accepted by the dominant group.This means acting differently with the dominant group.

A) collective resistance
B) subalterning
C) redlining
D) code switching

Question 74

The Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v.Board of Education struck down what doctrine?

A) separate but equal
B) integration
C) segregation of churches
D) inequality in jobs

Question 75

Thoughts and feelings (usually negative)about an ethnic or racial group are referred to as:

A) subaltern.
B) discrimination.
C) modern racism.
D) prejudice.

Question 76

What was the premise behind eugenics? How did eugenics explain race? What is the problem with this explanation? Give examples.

Question 77

The legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity is referred to as:

A) segregation.
B) separatism.
C) individuality.
D) pluralism.

Question 78

The policy section on "reverse migration" in your textbook argues that the first step to domestic immigration reform should be to:

A) overturn the restrictions that other nations, including Mexico, place on Americans immigrating to their countries.
B) encourage other nations to tighten their relatively "open" immigration policies so that they are more "in line" (i.e., restrictive) with U.S. policies.
C) overturn America's relatively restrictive immigration policies so that they are more "in line" with the more "open" policies of other nations.
D) raise the bar on America's immigration policies in a concerted effort to prevent cultural extinction.

Question 79

Japanese internment camps resulted in:

A) greater wealth for Chinese Americans.
B) a decrease in wealth for white Americans.
C) greater wealth for white Americans.
D) more Chinese immigrants entering the United States.

Question 80

Which term refers to the mass killing of a particular population?

A) extinction
B) extermination
C) expulsion
D) genocide