Deck 20: Apogee: Imperial Rivalry and Global Power, 1880-1910

Question 1

What ideas infusing right-wing movements convinced their adherents that violent conflict was a positive thing?

A) These movements often had members from fundamentalist religious backgrounds that believed the world was about to end in cataclysmic upheaval.
B) The majority of members in these movements had military backgrounds; therefore, they were comfortable with using force.
C) Very often these movements had members who applied Darwinian ideas to societies at large; thus, they accepted the notion of inevitable conflict between nations and races, in which only the "fittest" would survive.
D) The leaders of right-wing movements had already used force to gain control over their members; now, they were simply extending force to other activities.
E) These movements had been infiltrated by industrial spies and agents who were commissioned to inculcate violent tactics that would benefit arms manufacturers.

Answer 1

Very often these movements had members who applied Darwinian ideas to societies at large; thus, they accepted the notion of inevitable conflict between nations and races, in which only the "fittest" would survive.

Question 2

What is the term for the anti-Jewish riots that took place in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Russia?

A) home rules
B) pogroms
C) Boers
D) protectorates
E) Dumas

Answer 2

pogroms

Question 3

Which of the following was an effort made by the Third Republic that many people from both the right and left strongly opposed?

A) the enforcement of religious toleration policies that included French Jews
B) France's participation in the Universal Exposition
C) the restoration of the French monarchy
D) the strengthening of the Catholic Church
E) the establishment of a universal, secular primary-education system

Answer 3

the enforcement of religious toleration policies that included French Jews

Question 4

What does the declaration in 1904 from the Austrian Conference of White-Collar Workers suggest about how male professionals viewed women in the workforce?

A) Women were viewed as equals in skills and intellect.
B) Women were not wanted in the workforce, as their presence was thought to indicate a problem in society.
C) Considered a civilizing influence, women would help curb male aggression.
D) Women were judged as slightly inferior but competent enough to participate.
E) Considered a nurturing influence, women would function best in public relations and educational positions.

Question 5

In what European city was the first modern subway system built?

A) Amsterdam
B) Berlin
C) Paris
D) London
E) Vienna

Question 6

In what area of employment did British women make incredible gains by the early 1900s?

A) law
B) clerical jobs
C) metalworking
D) munitions
E) medicine

Question 7

In which way was the intensity of anti-Semitism in France especially surprising?

A) No Jews held any positions in universities or in the military.
B) Only a very small percentage of the population was Jewish.
C) No Jews held permanent residence in France.
D) France was the only European nation that had never expelled the Jews in earlier centuries.
E) The Catholic Church in France looked favorably on Jews.

Question 8

How did Germany change its university system to accelerate its rise in industrialization?

A) Universities enrolled many more women so they could compete for the highest
Paying jobs.
B) Universities devoted more money and resources to academics instead of athletic programs.
C) Universities made engineering and scientific research top priorities.
D) Universities lowered the age requirement for incoming students to enable graduates to finish at a younger age.
E) Universities raised their requirements so that advanced degrees were not necessary for graduates entering industrial occupations.

Question 9

How did liberals view the growth of globalization and interstate commerce?

A) Liberals contended that increased commerce among states would raise wages for workers.
B) Liberals thought that commerce among European states and elsewhere would bind these countries together and suppress calls for war.
C) Liberals taught that competition among states was harmful; they condemned the growth of international commerce.
D) Liberals believed economic theory was simplistic and insufficient to analyze macroeconomics.
E) Liberals embraced commerce at all levels in most cases, but because most liberals were British, they refused to sanction any trade with Germany.

Question 10

What did Nikolai II establish for the first time in Russian history?

A) a form of parliament
B) punishment for those who engaged in pogroms
C) serfdom
D) a Zionist movement
E) laws that forbade autocracy

Question 11

Although European countries covered only about 7 percent of the world's land mass, how much of the world did these countries and their former settler colonies rule in 1900?

A) 24 percent
B) 42 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 84 percent
E) 98 percent

Question 12

What was the key industrial material that made the Second Industrial Revolution possible, and why?

A) Petroleum was key because most industries switched to it as their primary fuel, making coal obsolete.
B) Aluminum was essential due to its role in the production of heavier and stronger industrial machines and tools.
C) Rubber was the most valuable because it was found strictly in Europe and did not depend on transportation overseas.
D) Water was the most important resource, as it was often scarce and used for steam-powered machines and vehicles.
E) Steel, on account of its flexibility and strength, was the essential industrial material.

Question 13

Where did most emigrants from eastern and southern Europe move?

A) Russia
B) The United States
C) Great Britain
D) France
E) Poland

Question 14

What was the fate of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, which was formed in 1898?

A) It became the dominant party in the Duma.
B) It remained the only visible party in Russian politics for decades.
C) Its members needed to work largely in exile due to efforts by the police to crush it.
D) It remained a cohesive unit, comprised purely of Bolsheviks.
E) It dissolved on its own because the Duma met most of its demands.

Question 15

What was the most significant effect of the Dreyfus Affair for European Jews in general?

A) The court decision set off a surge of legislative reform bills drafted to grant Jews more legal rights in several countries.
B) Jews were allowed into exclusive country clubs and other private clubs.
C) Jews were finally granted citizenship in western European nations.
D) Jews were forced to wear yellow armbands in France, Austria, and Italy.
E) It led to a second wave of emigration to Palestine, which bolstered the Zionist movement.

Question 16

In the Second Industrial Revolution, women were increasingly absent from what kind or place of work?

A) factory work
B) agricultural work
C) in hospitals
D) in domestic service
E) secretarial roles

Question 17

What was Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany's attitude toward democracy?

A) Young and educated at Oxford, he strongly embraced democracy.
B) He favored democratic empowerment for Prussians only, but not for all Germans.
C) Before his father, Friedrich III, was assassinated, he supported democratic initiatives.
D) He attempted to extend democratic reform in the German colonies.
E) He despised democracy, and was deeply militarist.

Question 18

What action was supported by the General Confederation of Labor in France to overthrow capitalism?

A) The Confederation planned to assassinate the prime minister of the Third Republic.
B) Leaders in the Confederation planned to open a number of major banks in Paris.
C) The Confederation planned to join forces with the Bolsheviks in Russia to fight their common foes.
D) Confederation members planned to initiate general strikes across France.
E) The Confederation planned to limit its membership significantly and to appeal primarily to the middle class.

Question 19

Who built the first internal combustion engine coupled with a "horseless carriage"?

A) Alfred Nobel
B) Theodor Leutwein
C) John Boyd Dunlop
D) Avrom-Meir Bolotsky
E) Karl Benz

Question 20

British capital used to finance the ________ was a prime example of globalization.

A) building of American railroads
B) construction of schools and hospitals in India
C) emigration of Scottish people to Australia
D) reconstruction of bridges and roads in Ireland
E) remodeling of Buckingham Palace

Question 21

Why did Spain not involve itself in the acquisition of colonies while other European countries gained territories?

A) Spain's population was so meager that it could not afford to have citizens migrate beyond its borders.
B) Several European countries continued to hold grudges against Spain; therefore, at every turn, Spanish emigrants were blocked or thwarted in their attempts to gain territory.
C) Spain had seldom been involved in colonial expansion; the mentality opposed to colonization carried on into the modern era.
D) The Catholic inhabitants in Spain, the majority of Spanish people, were averse to colonization.
E) Spain had lost its colonies to the United States in the Spanish-American War of 1898.

Question 22

What instigated the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 in China?

A) The Boxers, a secret Chinese nationalist society, were opposed to Western influences and perpetrated attacks on European missionaries, merchants, and soldiers.
B) British, French, German, and Russian companies, which were interested in overtaking the paper industry in China, provoked the Chinese into war with them.
C) The discovery of oil reserves in Mongolia provoked a civil war between the Chinese imperial government and Mongolian guerillas.
D) Japanese agents aroused Chinese workers to strike and then revolt against employers.
E) British agents who wished to maintain Hong Kong's independence engineered this revolt to weaken the Chinese government.

Question 23

Had Charles Stewart Parnell's life not ended unexpectedly, what might he and the Irish National League have accomplished for Ireland?

A) representation for Irish delegates in the English Parliament
B) unification with Scotland
C) the first Irishman to serve as Great Britain's prime minister
D) home rule
E) Ireland's admission into the League of Nations

Question 24

What extremely harsh tactic did the British use to end their war with the Boers in South Africa?

A) All Boer prisoners were brutally tortured, with most dying before they could be executed.
B) Captured Boer soldiers were transported to Australia.
C) The British forced Boer families into makeshift compounds known as concentration camps.
D) The British planted land mines in fields cultivated by the Boers.
E) The British poisoned wells used by the Boers.

Question 25

How did the European powers try to justify their actions in Africa?

A) European leaders held that they had already formally claimed most of the land in Africa before the 1880s.
B) European leaders strove to give Africans autonomy by prohibiting white Europeans from settling in Africa for extended periods.
C) The European powers emphasized the beneficial results of their rule over native peoples who, they argued, needed "civilization."
D) European leaders ensured that native rulers authorized all policies they pursued.
E) European leaders did not impose physical violence on Africans and simply interfered with their cultures.

Question 26

What did the members of the British Labour Party hope to accomplish in their first Parliament?

A) They intended to filibuster in its sessions and force a new election.
B) They had not expected to be elected, and thus were unprepared and completely ineffective.
C) They hoped to introduce social welfare policies and restrict the excessive power of large business corporations.
D) Their mission was to cause a general strike in Parliament in conjunction with general strikes in factories.
E) They intended to introduce legislation to dissolve the House of Lords.

Question 27

What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

A) find a common set of objectives and policies among European countries interested in African lands
B) arrive at a consensus about the partitioning of Africa
C) find agreement about the treatment of indigenous people
D) seek a peaceful end to the so-called scramble for Africa
E) collaborate on the best treatment for infectious diseases specific to Africa

Question 28

What discovery in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State motivated a rush of English-speaking immigrants to settle in these independent states?

A) oil
B) rubber
C) exotic animals
D) gold and diamonds
E) tea and coffee

Question 29

In order to save costs, what policy was imposed on Belgian soldiers by their military leaders?

A) Soldiers were ordered to use poisoned-tip bayonets instead of bullets.
B) Soldiers were required to submit a severed hand of a Congolese native for every
Bullet they fired.
C) Belgian soldiers were fed tainted and expired foodstuffs.
D) Pay could only be obtained by killing the livestock of the Congolese.
E) No pay was given to soldiers during their military leaves, resulting in them staying at their posts indefinitely.

Question 30

Before the so-called scramble for Africa, how much land in Africa had Europeans claimed?

A) Europeans had laid stake to less than 1 percent of African lands because few explorers had ventured there.
B) Well before the "scramble," Europeans were heavily invested in African affairs and owned about 70 percent of the land.
C) Only the Portuguese had laid any claims to land in Africa, which amounted to no more than 5 percent.
D) Europeans had claimed over 90 percent of Africa following the end of the slave trade because they were already so well-versed on the region.
E) Europeans claimed less than 10 percent of Africa and were relatively inactive in the regions.

Question 31

What did the British Labour Party propose in 1912 that did not come to fruition until World War I?

A) It publicly supported the abolition of the British monarchy.
B) It proposed that women receive the vote for national elections.
C) It announced its support for the Russian Bolshevik party.
D) It declared its intent to deregulate all restrictions on labor unions.
E) It intended to nationalize all industries involved in transportation.

Question 32

What new weaponry did the European forces use against their African opponents?

A) the Maxim machine gun
B) tanks
C) bombs
D) chemical weapons
E) radar

Question 33

What was Viennese mayor Karl Lueger's attitude toward Austrian Jews?

A) He often denounced Jewish conspiracies and the unfair business practices that
Jews supposedly used to compete with Christians.
B) He was one of the major supporters of the Zionist movement.
C) Before his election to the office of mayor, he endorsed Jewish rights, but to appease popular sentiment as mayor he deported many Jews to Russia.
D) He only supported the rights of Jews born in Austria, not those from foreign countries.
E) Privately, he wrote extreme anti-Semitic rhetoric; publicly, he prosecuted hate crimes against Jews.

Question 34

Why was the rivalry between Great Britain and Germany particularly intense in the decades before the eruption of World War I?

A) For centuries these two countries had conflicts over African territories.
B) Animosity over treaty violations after the Napoleonic wars had poisoned relations between the two countries.
C) They competed for control over India.
D) The German Kaiser Wilhelm II took a personal interest in kindling this rivalry.
E) The German government claimed that British spies had infiltrated their military.

Question 35

What countries formed the Triple Alliance in 1882?

A) Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary
B) Germany, Switzerland, and Austria-Hungary
C) Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
D) Germany, Poland, and Russia
E) Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Romania

Question 36

Which European country failed to achieve its objective in Africa?

A) France
B) Germany
C) Belgium
D) Great Britain
E) Italy

Question 37

What impact did the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 have on Russia?

A) Their victory in this war set the Bolshevik revolution back by at least a decade.
B) It led to Russia's interest in finding colonies in the Pacific Ocean and successfully surpassing the size of the British Empire.
C) Since the defeat came at the hands of a relatively small country, the Russian leaders were not troubled by their loss.
D) Russia's humiliating defeat contributed to the Revolution of 1905 and persuaded
Russia to bring Britain into its alliance with France, for protection against the rising power of Germany.
E) It immediately led to the downfall of Tsar Nikolai and a coup staged by the Bolsheviks.

Question 38

What resource(s) in Africa drew European interest, especially in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution?

A) petroleum
B) coal and iron
C) plant extracts such as rubber and palm oil
D) automobile designs
E) African workers needed in factories

Question 39

Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the fact that upper-class Europeans were more likely to accept as equals, or at least prefer, foreigners of noble or royal bloodlines than other Europeans of lower rank?

A) Upper-class Europeans held practically no prejudices toward anyone, thanks to their sense of comfort and well-being.
B) Upper-class Europeans welcomed foreign immigrants into their borders.
C) Upper-class Europeans were more enlightened and tolerant than middle-class or working-class Europeans.
D) Upper-class Europeans recognized "noble" qualities with more sensitivity than their lower-class neighbors.
E) Upper-class Europeans were more influenced by class prejudices than racial prejudices.

Question 40

Why did Great Britain organize a protectorate in Egypt in 1882?

A) bring peace and end discord between Sunni and Shiite Muslims
B) protect British citizens living in Egypt
C) guarantee that no African state would succumb to radical Islamic fundamentalists
D) ensure that its Asia-bound ships could pass through the new Suez Canal
E) offset losses in South Africa

Question 41

Contrary to the mindsets of their contemporary philosophers and artists, early promoters of the academic discipline of sociology relied on ________ to analyze the human condition.

A) intuition
B) reason
C) quantum mechanics
D) memory
E) instinct

Question 42

Although fiction writers toward the end of the nineteenth century did not dramatically depart from the earlier style, why did several provoke controversy?

A) Many were seen as communist sympathizers.
B) They wrote sentimental literature, which was highly unusual for the time.
C) Their unflinching descriptions of the negative aspects of bourgeois society, especially its sexual hypocrisy, enraged critics.
D) Because literacy rates rose dramatically in the late nineteenth century, more commentary and critique naturally followed.
E) Late-nineteenth-century writers focused more on female characters, which did not appeal to popular audiences.

Question 43

Globalization, or the integration of world economies, lagged in the wake of the economic
slump in 1896.

Question 44

The French especially took to riding bicycles, made more comfortable with the upgrade of John Boyd Dunlop's rubber tires.

Question 45

Who was Emmeline Pankhurst?

A) the cousin of Charles Darwin who coined the term eugenics and brought new attention to children's health
B) a philosopher who challenged European rationalism and the role of Christian morality
C) the founder of the Women's Social and Political Union, who urged followers to fight for women's suffrage
D) a scientist who discovered radioactivity by isolating the element radium
E) a key thinker in the development of sociology as an academic discipline

Question 46

Anti-Semitism in France existed only in right-wing movements.

Question 47

The British Liberal Party soundly condemned the tactics used against the Boers.

Question 48

What did modernism in art in the late nineteenth century represent at its core?

A) a trend that focused on rural landscapes as opposed to urban life
B) a deliberate choice to depict only recent themes, events, and people
C) a conscious break with earlier styles of art
D) the belief that the world had remained foundationally the same for centuries
E) a movement that emphasized representation rather than expression

Question 49

Many were appalled that more women were in the workplace; some contended that this trend would destroy traditional family life.

Question 50

What new development(s) in the sciences did the theories and explanations of Albert Einstein bring to light?

A) radiology
B) psychoanalysis
C) quantum mechanics
D) nuclear fission and fusion
E) ergonomics

Question 51

After Britain accepted the surrender of the Boers in 1902, it admitted the two states into a Union of South Africa, quickly granting them status as self-governing dominions but ensuring that policies of racial inequality would not be tolerated.

Question 52

What was eugenics?

A) a step-by-step process for how to split genes using new scientific technology
B) a program that was considered scientific and meant to improve the human race through selective breeding largely of Europeans
C) a series of social reforms that sought to do away with class distinctions and ensure universal health care
D) an effort to promote racial diversity in cities and offer assistance to new immigrants to European countries
E) an artistic movement that celebrated the avant-garde and challenged rationalism and science

Question 53

When the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party split into two factions in 1903, consisting of the more moderate Mensheviks and the radical Bolsheviks, the latter claimed to be in the "majority," but in truth the Mensheviks had the larger following.

Question 54

In response to the Triple Alliance, France and Russia formed an alliance of their own, and Great Britain joined them in 1907, creating the Triple Entente.

Question 55

No other European state revealed an anti-Semitism as intense as that which was expressed in France.

Question 56

What was the reaction to modern, heavily academic music, as composed by Arnold Schoenberg and others?

A) Large audiences responded to such new, "serious" music even more eagerly than admirers of Picasso responded to his painting style.
B) Such modern, "serious" music departed very little from the compositions of the previous generation; audiences remained about the same in number and enthusiasm.
C) For the most part, audiences responded negatively because they felt such modern, "serious" music was unoriginal and far too similar to what they had been used to.
D) Audiences dwindled because few people still enjoyed classical music performed by orchestras, such as that of Wagner and Verdi.
E) Such modern, "serious" composition did not garner nearly as much support as did performances tied to the classical canon of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century composers.

Question 57

What culture or philosophy influenced Pablo Picasso's The Young Ladies of Avignon (1907)?

A) Indian Sanskrit
B) Chinese Daoism
C) Medieval iconography
D) African sculpture
E) Islamic mosaics

Question 58

How did avant-garde artists demonstrate their opinion of and attitude toward middle-class mores and taste, in keeping with their watchword, épater la bourgeoisie?

A) They presented art that was primarily sentimental in nature.
B) They produced art that was seen as morally questionable or alien and bizarre.
C) They mostly depicted human rather than animal or inanimate subjects.
D) They sought to keep their art consistent with the literature that most appealed to the middle class audiences.
E) They emphasized the rational over the irrational in their art.

Question 59

Syndicalism is the name of a late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century movement in which French unions used general strikes to take militant political action.

Question 60

Friedrich Nietzsche defined the human being by reference, not to reason or morality, but rather to

A) a mysterious, creative, irrational life force.
B) a divine spark.
C) "good and evil."
D) an evolutionary scale that he conceived.
E) race and ethnicity.

Question 61

Within the British Empire, emigration took place from the British Isles to settler colonies, but native people, such as Indians, tended to stay in their birth country.

Question 62

How did the theories of Émile Durkheim and Max Weber lay the foundations for the modern discipline of sociology?

Question 63

What new technological advances appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century and how did these advances affect people's lives?

Question 64

The German scientist Max Planck challenged earlier claims about the characteristics of light and other forms of radiant energy; he posited that light was not emitted as a single constant wave
but rather in discrete tiny packages, or quanta.

Question 65

What impact did the Second Industrial Revolution have on European economies?

Question 66

Elaborate on the changes in Europe as a result of emigration and education.

Question 67

Why was 1905 a critical year in Russian politics?

Question 68

Sigmund Freud discovered radiology and was the first physician to use hypnosis with patients.

Question 69

While modernists' ideas about music compositions received widely divided reviews, modernism in painting-although subject to fierce criticism-was wildly popular.

Question 70

How did the Boer War expose the hypocrisy of British imperialism?

Question 71

Why were the leaders of European nations drawn to Africa?

Question 72

What were some of the ways in which feminists of the period attempted to bring about change in politics and society?

Question 73

What challenges did European food producers face in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Question 74

The economic effects of imperialism on European countries could be enormous.For example, by 1900, many of Britain's exports were shipped to colonies in its empire.

Question 75

What were some of the reactions to liberalism from conservative and radical circles?