Deck 18: Acceleration: the Age of Industry, 1820-1845

Question 1

What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on children in Great Britain?

A) Children worked in the factories but were required to be over sixteen years of age and could only work limited hours.
B) Factory owners typically created day care centers and schools within the factories for children to go during the day.
C) Factories had minimal effects on children because women were forbidden from working in them and, thus, were able to stay home.
D) A large percentage of children worked in factories, with some factory owners claiming their small fingers were necessary for more delicate work.
E) A series of acts passed by Parliament successfully kept nearly all children in school and out of the factories.

Answer 1

A large percentage of children worked in factories, with some factory owners claiming their small fingers were necessary for more delicate work.

Question 2

How was the middle class defined during the Industrial Revolution?

A) people who did not live comfortably or have servants but were better off than the poor
B) people who did not have noble titles but did not work with their hands
C) a portion of the overall population in Britain that drastically decreased
D) the dominant force in the European economy
E) a group that comprised most of the overall population in southern and eastern Europe

Answer 2

people who did not have noble titles but did not work with their hands

Question 3

What was by far the most important industry due the way it brought together European consumer capitalism and global trade?

A) textiles
B) coal
C) steel
D) fine china
E) brewing

Answer 3

textiles

Question 4

A key change arising from the industrial landscape was that

A) plants and factories had very few employees and little land.
B) people no longer worked where they lived.
C) work in factories was far less repetitive.
D) factory workers experienced a steady rise in wages.
E) factory workers experienced reduced working hours.

Question 5

The portion of the Napoleonic Code that forbade women from publishing a book without their husband's express written consent was repealed in the

A) 1760s.
B) 1810s.
C) 1860s.
D) 1910s.
E) 1960s.

Question 6

What was the most reliable way into the successful middle class?

A) patronage
B) education
C) family connections
D) a military career
E) wealth

Question 7

The Industrial Revolution brought about economic changes that

A) occurred suddenly across European countries in just a few years.
B) were relatively minor and did not affect how people experienced the world.
C) occurred in a few specialized zones before spreading gradually over several decades.
D) relied far more heavily on the genius of individual inventors than on capital.
E) received the most enthusiastic support from landowners, who donated their land to various projects.

Question 8

New middle-class attitudes toward leisure led to

A) the first organized fox-hunting.
B) the return of horse-racing leagues.
C) the closing of many beaches.
D) the rise of the organized vacation.
E) diminishing attendance at art museums.

Question 9

What was a result of the widespread adoption of potato cultivation after 1800?

A) It caused the workforce to decrease drastically in number.
B) It significantly increased the caloric intake of the rural poor.
C) It made fertilizers unnecessary and far less effective.
D) It caused the yields of wheat and other cereal crops to plummet.
E) It allowed population numbers to stabilize.

Question 10

Which of the following statements accurately describes factors that led to changes in the middle class during the Industrial Revolution?

A) The demand from states for trained professionals and bureaucrats contributed to the growth of the middle class.
B) Because most schools had abandoned classical instruction in favor of the sciences, workers began to form the majority of the middle class.
C) Soldiers benefited from the free, compulsory schooling provided by most cities and, upon returning from war, formed the majority of the middle class.
D) Across Europe, peasants experienced drastic increases in literacy rates, which allowed them easy entry into the middle class.
E) Across Europe, the declining influence of religion led to a much smaller middle class than had existed in earlier centuries.

Question 11

Which of the following made Great Britain the initial leader of the Industrial Revolution?

A) its lack of a need for mining since all mined materials were imports
B) its freedom from government involvement in matters of the economy
C) its financial innovations, enclosure movement, and strong navy
D) its emphasis on small subsistence farms and farmers
E) its willingness to eliminate iron as a material for building trains and other machines

Question 12

The most visible effect of the Industrial Revolution in Europe was the

A) growth of cities.
B) use of wood instead of steel.
C) increase in the number of prominent churches.
D) elimination of farms and farmers.
E) creation of affordable public housing inside factories.

Question 13

The cult of domesticity centered on

A) similarities between the sexes.
B) the rise of arranged marriages among members of the middle class.
C) a new, sustained women's rights movement.
D) the sharing of child-rearing responsibilities by men and women.
E) the radically different roles of men and women.

Question 14

Which of the following was crucial to industrial expansion in the early nineteenth century?

A) a decrease in the emphasis placed on agriculture
B) a rapid expansion of banks
C) a rapid decrease in the European population
D) policies that banned all state involvement in industry
E) new laws prohibiting the selling of stock exchanges

Question 15

Which of the following statements accurately describe new means of transportation and communication in Europe in the nineteenth century?

A) Although the first steamship had been invented, regular, commercial use of steamships did not begin until the early twentieth century.
B) While railroads were good for passengers, they made the transportation of coal and manufactured goods less efficient.
C) Although steamships were in use in Europe in the nineteenth century, they were not yet able to make the trip across the Atlantic to the United States.
D) Although Napoleon Bonaparte had already developed a way to transmit messages over long distances, Samuel Morse improved it with the invention of the telegraph.
E) While systems of transportation and communications were on the rise, inventors relied solely on the free market to develop them and failed to receive any state support.

Question 16

Which of the following significantly contributed to the formation of a middle-class culture?

A) lower state expenditures
B) universal access to higher education
C) the production of cheap paper
D) a reliance on servants to play music
E) decreases in churchgoing rates

Question 17

By 1845, which of the following was true of the Industrial Revolution?

A) It was largely confined to Great Britain.
B) It could be seen in massive urbanization across the continent.
C) It had transformed the rural landscape in France and Germany.
D) It was limited to a handful of mills in Britain and Germany.
E) It had led to the elimination of serfdom in Russia.

Question 18

During the rise of the Industrial Revolution, what role did the British landed aristocracy play?

A) It remained uninvolved with the industrial process.
B) It fought against the entrepreneurial activity of its continental counterparts.
C) It benefited from investment capital but had little control over it.
D) It had been replaced by the middle class and performed the same function as the middle class a century earlier.
E) It provided much of the coal needed to power industry.

Question 19

What was an effect of the boom in the production of cheap cotton, such as through power looms?

A) The British economy grew more self-sufficient and less dependent on trade.
B) Most of Latin America remained a part of European empires.
C) Fashion and dress became increasingly uniform over time.
D) India surpassed Great Britain as the leader of cotton production.
E) Great Britain grew all the more reliant on slave labor.

Question 20

Which of the following was an effect of the steam engine?

A) It allowed charcoal from wood quickly to become a plentiful form of fuel.
B) It created an engineering culture in which there was little competition or efficiency.
C) It converted combustion energy into mechanical power.
D) It eliminated mules from the workplace.
E) It made coal obsolete as a source of energy for many decades.

Question 21

The passage of the Reform Act of 1832 in Great Britain set the stage for

A) the rise of the Chartist movement and the repeal of the Corn Laws.
B) failed attempts at compromise that resulted in political revolution.
C) the end of the party system and major advances in women's suffrage.
D) laws that made the electorate less representative and prohibited trade unions.
E) restrictions that banned Catholics from serving in Parliament.

Question 22

What was the July Revolution?

A) a rebellion in Spain due to a quarrel over whether a female could inherit the throne from King Fernando VII
B) a large protest in St.Petersburg that called for a more liberal government but was soon suppressed by Nikolai I
C) a brief revolt in Paris in which Charles X was overthrown and which resulted in the expansion of the electorate
D) a month-long riot in Paris that resulted in the return of a revolutionary republic and major reforms regarding the suffrage of the poor
E) an uprising across the European continent of industrial workers demanding better hours and fairer wages

Question 23

What was the primary reason why improvements in sanitation and water purification systems were made during the Industrial Revolution?

A) Medical scientists discovered bacteria during this time and linked them to various diseases.
B) Medical scientists thought that cleanliness would strengthen the moral constitution of individual patients.
C) Medical scientists increased treatments such as the bleeding of the sick that required the use of water.
D) Medical scientists argued that improved water supplies were necessary to help increase crop yields.
E) Medical scientists observed that cholera outbreaks were concentrated in urban areas with poor sanitation.

Question 24

In what way did observers increasingly view crime and poverty?

A) as issues that the middle class had little power to improve
B) as social pathologies that might be treated through discipline
C) as the basis for the passage of laws forcing all poor people to move to rural areas
D) as evidence that the welfare system that had been instituted across Europe did not work
E) as a permanent state of affairs that would always plague cities and towns

Question 25

During the decades after 1820, which of the following became the center of a number of religious movements aiming to make religion consistent with the liberal ideas that arose after the Enlightenment?

A) United States
B) Poland
C) Germany
D) Great Britain
E) Russia

Question 26

Which of the following statements about the urban working class is accurate?

A) The term working class had been in common usage since the Middle Ages.
B) The working class and the middle class comprised the same groups of people.
C) The working class was a new social entity that arose during the Industrial Revolution.
D) The working class worked primarily as apprentices rather than to earn their own wages.
E) The working class had the same cult of domesticity as the middle class.

Question 27

Which of the following was an effect of competition among liberals, conservatives, reactionaries, and radicals in Spain?

A) open civil war
B) violence limited to riots
C) the Decemberist Revolt
D) new ideas resulting in general prosperity
E) tensions with Germany

Question 28

Alexis de Tocqueville saw the United States as a land of democracy, pluralism, and social equality, but also a land that was threatened by

A) the superior militaries of the European monarchies.
B) the lack of power given to the state.
C) the spread of liberalism.
D) the "tyranny of the majority" over individuals.
E) its lack of sophistication and failure to keep up with modernity.

Question 29

Which of the following was a trend in criminal justice from the Enlightenment that continued in the European states in the early nineteenth century?

A) a steady increase in corporal punishment
B) a movement toward imprisonment as the most common form of punishment
C) a rise in the prevalence of group therapy sessions in prisons
D) the spread of the belief that most criminals were victims of circumstance
E) the proliferation of mandatory community service programs for criminals

Question 30

The liberal politics that emerged after 1800 was committed to

A) the advancement of free markets.
B) strong government intervention in social and economic issues.
C) universal suffrage and social equality.
D) the end of constitutional monarchy.
E) the reduction of individual property rights.

Question 31

Which of the following was true of the new and popular religious revival movements?

A) They were possible due to the increasing power of established churches over the state
B) They largely took place outside of or opposed to the established churches.
C) They refused to give roles to ordinary worshippers such as women.
D) They only arose in a small area of the European continent.
E) They were strongly at odds with the earlier approaches of the Pietists and the Methodists.

Question 32

Romantic writers, artists, and musicians presented their work as spiritual guides and, in turn,

A) remained largely unknown at the time in public circles and the press.
B) argued that God and nature were incompatible ideas.
C) were widely worshipped by a public following.
D) utterly ignored the effects of industrialization.
E) sought a return to neoclassical movements.

Question 33

What did the British Parliament's Poor Law Amendment of 1834 do?

A) It implemented mandatory schooling for poor children.
B) It created a system of public works to help solve unemployment.
C) It established a system of rationing food to donate to the poor.
D) It instituted workhouses nationwide where the indigent would reside.
E) It helped make the poor more relatable to the middle class.

Question 34

The romantic movement of the nineteenth century and the popularity of the novel coincided with

A) the commonly held argument that the topic of social injustice did not have a place in art.
B) the decline of many of the first important European universities.
C) greater attention to history and the historical roots of contemporary beliefs.
D) the end of the Industrial Revolution, which resulted in a return to nature.
E) the widespread neglect of archival records and artifacts.

Question 35

How did the middle class respond to poverty, slums, and crime in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution?

A) The middle class largely ignored poverty and crime, ending most earlier reform movements.
B) The middle class was unconcerned because poverty and crime had declined.
C) The middle class concentrated on raising wages and giving the lower classes skilled jobs.
D) The middle class hoped to impose order on the lower classes and encouraged the rise of temperance movements.
E) The middle class often visited urban slums because novels such as Oliver Twist had romanticized them.

Question 36

Which of the following statements accurately describes Robert Owen's utopian community of New Lanark?

A) It helped lead to the popularization of the word socialism.
B) It resulted in cramped conditions and long hours for mill workers.
C) It consisted primarily of workhouses for criminals.
D) It rejected all forms of discipline for workers.
E) It failed to inspire communities outside Scotland.

Question 37

Which of the following was true of the romantics, a group of artists and thinkers in part inspired by the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

A) They exalted emotions and instinct.
B) They emphasized the need for artifice.
C) They argued that knowledge was easy to come by and free of risks.
D) They relied exclusively on reason and science.
E) They rejected introspection and subjectivity.

Question 38

What was the result of an international crisis in Greece during the 1820s?

A) the end of the Ottoman Empire due to the combined efforts of the eastern European states
B) Greece's independence from the Ottoman Empire with the support of French, British, and Russian allies
C) the establishment of Greece as an Ottoman territory and the collapse of its economy
D) a decrease in national independence movements elsewhere due to the failures of the movement in Greece
E) the expansion of Russia to the Mediterranean Sea and its rise as the preeminent European power

Question 39

What was a key reason why the years 1820-1845 were relatively calm on the European continent, compared to the period from 1789 to 1815?

A) The European states were on nearly equal footing, without a specific group considered to be the great powers.
B) The great powers rarely disagreed because each of them rejected monarchical authority.
C) Following the Congress of Vienna, the great powers sought to use diplomacy to help avoid war.
D) The great powers remained uninvolved in conflict unless it took place in their particular country.
E) The desire to build overseas empires had died out, allowing European countries to focus on domestic concerns.

Question 40

Who was widely considered the most important figure in German cultural history?

A) Wordsworth
B) Goethe
C) Balzac
D) Pushkin
E) Byron

Question 41

The 1820s were the first decade in European history in which the main political groups could correctly be considered "reactionary," "conservative," "liberal," or "radical."

Question 42

France led the romantic movement, and romanticism sparked far less controversy there than in other European states.

Question 43

A Jewish Reform movement took shape in Germany in the 1820s and was presented as radical and modern.

Question 44

During the Industrial Revolution, factories completely replaced older types of home-based hand labor.

Question 45

Romantic poetry in Poland and Russia helped define the national identity of their respective countries.

Question 46

Which of the following fought the Ottomans in the only major war of the period from 1820 to 1845?

A) Russia
B) Great Britain
C) France
D) Spain
E) The Netherlands

Question 47

The proletariat was another name for the middle classes.

Question 48

The Decembrists led a protest in St.Petersburg in an attempt to start a popular revolution and promote political reform, but Tsar Nikolai I managed to suppress their efforts.

Question 49

Liberalism, combined with romantic ideas about the individual character of different ethnic groups, contributed to the

A) decline of the nation-state as a major form of political organization.
B) stability of multi-ethnic empires in Europe.
C) emergence of nationalism as a danger to multi-ethnic empires.
D) turn toward socialism in most of Europe.
E) movement to form a European community with a formal, shared governing body.

Question 50

The Revolution of 1830 was largely unsuccessful, for the new French king Louis Philippe gave the role of the executive more power than it had ever had.

Question 51

How was the second age of European overseas empire beginning between 1820 and 1845 different from the first age?

A) It centered on the Americas, namely on regaining control of territories in North America.
B) It prioritized interests in Africa and Asia and was influenced by industrialization.
C) It consisted of a program in which the middle classes failed to play a significant role.
D) It was caused by Great Britain's abandonment of imperialism altogether.
E) It prevented indigenous peoples from adopting ideas of liberal democracy.

Question 52

Why did the East India Company and Great Britain fight the Opium War?

A) to help the French gain control of much of Asia
B) to expand the slave trade throughout its possessions.
C) to conquer the province of Sindh in Pakistan
D) to end the American monopoly on tea and opium
E) to force China to open ports to British trade

Question 53

By 1845, "factory towns" had appeared across France and Spain, transforming these countries into largely urbanized states.

Question 54

The Argentinian general José de San Martín and the Venezuelan leader Simón Bolívar helped to

A) preserve the imperialism of the Iberian empires.
B) drive British influence away from South America.
C) rally creole support for the king of Spain.
D) inspire a collection of independence movements from Cape Horn to Mexico.
E) increase the effectiveness of the United States' Monroe Doctrine.

Question 55

The British campaign in ________ was largely in response to competition with Russia and demonstrated the limits of the expansion of the British Empire.

A) Hong Kong
B) India
C) Afghanistan
D) Burma
E) Vietnam

Question 56

The workhouse was intended to make poor relief so unattractive that people would do anything to avoid receiving aid.

Question 57

In 1830 the French looked to end piracy in the Mediterranean by

A) making Algeria part of France.
B) stopping the nationalist movement in Italy.
C) declaring war against Spain.
D) negotiating treaties for access to north African ports.
E) helping the Algerians fight the Italians.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about slavery in the British Empire is accurate?

A) The Quakers were the strongest supporters of slavery and prolonged its role in the empire.
B) Slavery came to an end in 1833 because it was no longer profitable in the Caribbean.
C) Great Britain abolished slavery in 1833 throughout most of its empire due to opposition to it.
D) Great Britain was one of the last European powers to abolish slavery.
E) British writers made the first moral critiques of imperialism and slavery in 1833.

Question 59

What was the most important new theater of European imperialism in the period of 1820-1845?

A) north Africa
B) Australia
C) India
D) China
E) Mexico

Question 60

What was the weak collective of states that was led by Prussia and Austria and experienced increasing economic unity?

A) Congress of Poland
B) Chartist movement
C) German Confederation
D) Holy Roman Empire
E) Congress of Vienna

Question 61

What role did nationalism play in new tensions in Europe?

Question 62

The Chartist movement took place in Great Britain and called for universal male suffrage and annually elected parliaments.

Question 63

Discuss the social reforms aimed at the working classes and criminals.What part of society drove these efforts and why?

Question 64

After 1800, what were some of the main beliefs of and differences between early liberals and conservatives?

Question 65

In the nineteenth century, nationalism was defined as a social system meant to promote decent living conditions and work opportunities for all people.

Question 66

How did the growth of cities affect daily life and working conditions? Did industrial landscapes vary much across the continent?

Question 67

In the nineteenth century, the Spanish and Portuguese Empires surpassed the British Empire in establishing a worldwide colonial presence.

Question 68

Why were the beliefs of reactionaries and radicals considered political extremes? What were some of the causes they supported?

Question 69

Discuss some of the effects of industrialization on women.

Question 70

Discuss some of the key ways in which the theater of imperial expansion had changed in the nineteenth century.

Question 71

What common characteristics did members of the middle class of eighteenth-century Europe share? What contributed to middle-class expansion?

Question 72

What were the main features of the romantic movement? Describe a few of the ways it varied across European nations.

Question 73

A nationalist movement arose in nineteenth-century Italy while the region was a part of the Austrian Empire, which called for a unification of the peninsula.

Question 74

The Congress of Poland was a sovereign Polish state that attempted to gain full independence from Russia but was unsuccessful, in part due to Russia's European alliances.

Question 75

What were the key factors that fueled the Industrial Revolution in Europe?