Deck 19: Growing Pains: Social and Political Upheavals, 1845-1880

Question 1

Which of the following statements describes Disraeli's most impressive legacy?

A) He granted the vote in national elections to men and women.
B) He was principally responsible for officially creating a British empire.
C) He prevented the passage of the Trade Union Act, which would have removed most restrictions on labor organizing.
D) He conceded the Indian request for independence.
E) He created and maintained the Conservative political party, which governed Great Britain continuously for two decades.

Answer 1

He was principally responsible for officially creating a British empire.

Question 2

Despite the revolution, upheaval, and turnover of governments in France in 1848, voters returned a member of a familiar family line to leadership.Whom did they elect?

A) Louis-Phillipe
B) Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
C) François Guizot
D) Eugène Cavaignac
E) Camillo di Cavour

Answer 2

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 3

What caused the Irish famine of 1846?

A) the lack of food imports
B) an embargo levied by the English government
C) a disease that ruined the potato crop
D) the deficiency in tractors and other mechanized agricultural equipment
E) an exceptionally wet spring and summer

Answer 3

a disease that ruined the potato crop

Question 4

Besides elections for a pan-German parliament, what did the delegates meeting in Frankfurt in 1848 hope to achieve?

A) the abolition of all monarchies in German states
B) universal suffrage for men and women
C) a constitution for the entire country
D) an armistice with Austria-Hungary
E) a combined military for all the states

Question 5

What was the overall outcome of the 1848 revolutions?

A) The revolutionaries achieved limited success; in most cases, universal manhood suffrage was implemented.
B) The revolutionaries achieved limited success, but major advancements in unification were achieved.
C) The "old" order of monarchies barely skipped a beat; in other words, most revolutions lasted only a few days or weeks.
D) It was a "tie"; liberals and conservatives both gained significant accomplishments.
E) Conservative forces reasserted themselves and quelled the revolutionaries; autocratic monarchies were restored.

Question 6

Which of the following campaign tactics did William Gladstone use to garner votes in the election for prime minister in 1879?

A) placing advertisements in key newspapers
B) courting the votes of women
C) traveling through Great Britain on the railroad
D) being the first politician to take advantage of the radio
E) being the first politician to speak at sporting events

Question 7

Why did a French company in the 1860s construct a canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea?

A) to separate Europe from the Middle East
B) to facilitate travel and trade with India
C) to appease the Ottoman empire
D) to separate Egypt even further from the Middle East
E) to afford quicker access to Indonesia

Question 8

The year 1848 witnessed several revolutions, unlike any previous year in European history.Which of the following statements describes a change in communication that precipitated this series of revolutions?

A) Governments employed ambassadors for the first time.
B) The telegraph spread news instantaneously.
C) Prime ministers and kings were beginning to use telephones.
D) Governments relied on spies and agents in unprecedented numbers.
E) The Crimean War saw unprecedentedly strict censorship laws.

Question 9

To whom did the Austrian leaders Felix von Schwarzenberg and Franz Josef appeal when faced with an independence movement in their country?

A) They sought help from Otto von Bismark, the Prussian minister-president.
B) They requested aid from Tsar Nikolai, who sent a large detachment of Russian troops to suppress the resistance.
C) They asked the Serbians to join the Austrians against a common enemy.
D) They appealed to the Hungarians' sense of honor and loyalty.
E) They played on the patriotism and prejudice of native Austrians to turn them against their Hungarian neighbors.

Question 10

The motivations of revolutionaries ranged from nationalist sentiments, a new self-consciousness among some social groups, and liberal political demands.What other development in this period provoked many to seek drastic changes in 1848?

A) Many Europeans were against the recent unification of Italy and its effect on the economy.
B) Many Europeans protested the war tactics used in the Indian War of Independence.
C) Many Europeans were highly distressed about the treatment of Jews and Gypsies.
D) The American debate about slavery sparked widespread concern about social injustice in Europe.
E) Social tensions had intensified because of disruptions from the Industrial Revolution.

Question 11

Who was the principal architect of Italian unification?

A) Camillo di Cavour
B) Carlo Alberto
C) Vittorio Emmanuele II
D) Giuseppe Garibaldi
E) Pope Pius IX

Question 12

What was one of the key reforms that the Parisian revolutionaries demanded?

A) universal suffrage for men
B) an end to social welfare policies
C) the restoration of Louis-Phillippe to the throne
D) abolition of the monarchy
E) abolition of capital punishment

Question 13

Only two of the major European powers, Great Britain and Russia, avoided major upheaval in politics in 1848 and 1849.What did Tsar Nikolai do to suppress revolt?

A) He followed such conciliatory policies that his opposition gained no traction.
B) He was such a friendly ruler that the general public always favored him.
C) He had created an effective system of police repression.
D) He ensured that there were no aggressive or violent Russian anti-establishment radicals.
E) He kept Russia isolated from European developments.

Question 14

What was the outcome of the Indian revolt, dubbed "the Mutiny," in 1857?

A) The Indians gained many concessions from the British government.
B) India was allowed limited self-government.
C) The British managed to end the revolt; quickly through a series of peace talks rather than violence.
D) The East India company was disbanded, and the British government seized direct control over India.
E) The British Empire began to crumble in many more places.

Question 15

Possibly the greatest impediment to Italian unification during the revolutions of 1848 was the

A) weather of the Mediterranean region.
B) lack of railroads in Italy which would have facilitated communication.
C) fear of re-creating something like the ancient Roman empire.
D) resistance by supporters of the pope in the Papal States of central Italy.
E) interference of France and Prussia in Italian affairs.

Question 16

What groups in French society mainly filled the ranks of insurgents who captured sites in central Paris and proclaimed the Second Republic?

A) immigrants from the Parisian countryside in league with the unemployed
B) men and women of the peasantry
C) unemployed and disgruntled soldiers in alliance with skilled workers
D) mercenaries hired by the French Commune
E) skilled workers, students, and middle-class professionals

Question 17

Although the size of the French electorate doubled under Louis-Philippe's July Monarchy, a different entity wielded the most power during his reign.Which of the following statements describes the true possessor of power at the time?

A) Despite having the title of monarch, Louis-Philippe in fact ruled as a dictator.
B) The Paris Commune controlled the central government.
C) Louis-Philippe's mistresses influenced many of his decisions and policies.
D) A small network of the king's friends from the world of finance held the most influence.
E) Georges-Eugène Haussmann was Louis-Philippe's prime minister and made most of his decisions for him.

Question 18

What group in European society, outside the aristocratic class, tended to be particularly resistant to change?

A) university students and graduates
B) unskilled urban workers
C) the bourgeoisie
D) the peasantry
E) the proletariat

Question 19

What reform did the Second Republic government in France enact?

A) the right for women to vote
B) the abolishment of slavery
C) the replacement of the Constituent Assembly with a new Estates General
D) industrialization on such a grand scale that most of France was no longer rural
E) the implementation of public education on a much greater scale

Question 20

What was extraordinary about the second major Reform Act passed in Great Britain in 1867?

A) For the first time, every male householder was given a vote.
B) It gave women over the age of thirty the right to vote.
C) It was passed despite vehement opposition from the Liberal Party.
D) The act required that the monarchy pay an income tax.
E) The act disbanded the House of Lords.

Question 21

What significant domestic reform did Tsar Alexander II undertake in 1861?

A) He allowed Russian nobles to marry spouses from the middle class.
B) He increased the political power of landowners to place limits on the power of the monarchy.
C) He abolished serfdom, thereby freeing millions of people from virtual slavery.
D) He annulled the Greek Orthodox Church's jurisdiction over marriages.
E) He became a champion for social equality by agreeing to public education for all girls under age eight.

Question 22

Besides losing the war with Prussia in 1866, what else did Austria forfeit as a result of this war?

A) It lost control over Switzerland.
B) It had to recognize the independence of Piedmont-Sardinia.
C) It would no longer have diplomatic relations with Prussia.
D) It lost control over Serbia.
E) It ceded control of Venice to Piedmont-Sardinia.

Question 23

How did the educated classes increasingly tend to view those who lived in the countryside?

A) They viewed these men and women as inconsequential to the destiny of their nations.
B) Since the greatest percent of people lived in urban areas, inhabitants of rural areas were ignored.
C) They felt a deep sense of concern for their rural countrymen who deserved welfare from central governments.
D) They hoped to enlist them in their struggles against the privileged classes.
E) They felt an immense sense of guilt for ignoring their appeals for representation.

Question 24

What was the purpose of the Kulturkampf directed by Bismarck?

A) remove Catholics from influential positions and reduce the Catholic Church's role in education
B) eradicate any religious influence in politics or education
C) eliminate any French influence in language, dress, or tastes
D) annihilate radical political groups or associations
E) shame and deride the art and literature composed by anyone critical of the new government

Question 25

How did the emperor and other members of the aristocratic class retain so much power in the newly unified Germany?

A) The German parliament was composed exclusively of members from the upper classes.
B) Aristocratic heads of households could control the votes of women elected to the Reichstag.
C) Since only aristocrats were educated and literate, they controlled the election process, and therefore the Reichstag.
D) The Reichstag had limited legislative powers and required the assent of the emperor and a Federal Council (Bundesrat), which was composed of aristocratic representatives.
E) Outside Prussia, German aristocrats controlled other states' politics and would continue to do so.

Question 26

While middle-class men and women were much more visible in public areas than aristocrats, middle-class women were notably absent from

A) piazzas.
B) department stores.
C) universities.
D) theaters.
E) museums.

Question 27

Which of the following did the Paris Commune oppose, resulting in a bloody conflict?

A) the new national government led by Adolphe Thiers
B) participatory democracy
C) total separation between church and state
D) all beliefs and practices reminiscent of the Jacobins
E) protections for workers

Question 28

Besides suffering a humiliating defeat at the hands of the Prussians in 1870, the French also

A) lost their overseas empire to the new German state.
B) had to recognize the independence of Austria-Hungary.
C) experienced an uprising that led to Napoleon III's downfall and the formation of a Third Republic.
D) had to pay reparations for war damages as they accepted full responsibility for the war.
E) had to sign a non-aggression pact with Prussia that was to last for fifty years.

Question 29

Why were Russian leaders so keen to gain territory in southeastern Europe, even though it drew Russia into conflict with the Ottoman Empire?

A) It would support Russians living in Turkey.
B) It would give them access to oil reserves.
C) It would allow them to remain in compliance with a treaty with Greece.
D) It would make up for the loss of territory to Poland.
E) It would give them access to the Mediterranean Sea by means of a warm-water port.

Question 30

How did European states respond to Russia's victory over the Ottoman empire in 1877?

A) They rejoiced that a Muslim stronghold was severely weakened.
B) They joined forces with Russia to conquer the last of the Balkan countries.
C) They aided Poland in its successful fight for independence from Russia.
D) They forced Russia to concede certain territorial gains to the Ottomans.
E) They condemned Russia's actions in the press but sent congratulations in secret telegrams.

Question 31

Which of the following was a result of the Crimean War?

A) improved relations between Russia and Great Britain
B) a decisive landslide victory for the allied powers due to their organized campaign
C) the first coordinated attempts at battlefield nursing and the founding of the Red Cross
D) Napoleon III's decision to stop engaging in aggressions outside France
E) the decline of the newspaper press, especially in Great Britain

Question 32

What did the Paris Commune briefly restore, which harkened back to the days of the French Revolution?

A) a national draft
B) the guillotine
C) the Committee for Public Safety
D) an oath of allegiance from all males
E) the revolutionary calendar of the French Revolution

Question 33

How did Otto von Bismarck provoke France into war in 1870?

A) ordering Prussian troops to invade Belgium
B) insulting Napoleon III at an international conference
C) equipping Prussian soldiers with a new rifle which alarmed the French generals
D) editing a telegram he had received from King Wilhelm and releasing it to the press
E) refusing to support Napoleon III's candidate for the throne of Portugal

Question 34

Why was the Crystal Palace in London's World Exhibition significant?

A) Its emphasis on abundance was meant to demonstrate the technological and industrial progress of the Western world.
B) It showed that in the past few decades, France had surpassed Great Britain in power and industrial growth.
C) It was where the British royal family would live and rule for several decades to come.
D) It represented the turn toward minimalism and simplicity that had occurred across Europe following the industrial revolution.
E) It denied entry to visitors, especially those of the middle-class, thereby elevating the aristocracy.

Question 35

What state remarkably outpaced Britain's iron output in the second half of the nineteenth century?

A) Germany
B) Russia
C) Italy
D) France
E) Austria

Question 36

Which of the following statements describes the group that truly became the ascendant class by the mid-nineteenth century?

A) The lower classes gained the most votes in electorates.
B) The middle class became Europe's dominant social group.
C) Owing to the numerous revolts, the aristocratic and military class still retained its hold.
D) The lower-middle class, that is, the semi-skilled and publicly educated townspeople, won the most victories at the polls.
E) Although not a class per se, members of women's suffrage groups would claim they had achieved much success.

Question 37

Which of the following accounted for some of the difficulties in fully unifying Italy?

A) Italy's terrain made travel perilous and tended to isolate regions from one another.
B) A high illiteracy rate, coupled with many dialects, impeded communication.
C) At the time, people from rural areas were known for being the most patriotic, dutifully paying taxes while city dwellers did not.
D) Prussia opposed any movements that supported unification.
E) Major industrial centers had become less important worldwide, making Italians less invested in unification.

Question 38

Why did King Wilhelm of Prussia assume the title of "Kaiser" at the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War?

A) It was an old family name that he preferred because it emphasized consistency and tradition.
B) Derived from the Roman Caesar, the title represented the establishment of the German Empire.
C) The other states involved in the war stipulated during negotiations that because he had lost, Wilhelm had to take a new title.
D) The French demanded that Wilhelm take a title more aligned with French tastes.
E) He preferred it because "Kaiser" is the German word for "general' and emphasized his participation as a soldier.

Question 39

Which of the following forms of entertainment was attended by middle class people and considered the most magnificent of the nineteenth century?

A) silent movies
B) horse racing
C) football or soccer games
D) boxing matches
E) the opera

Question 40

Otto von Bismarck was committed to German unification, but only if

A) all German states received equal authority.
B) Austria agreed to unification.
C) Prussia remained the dominant state.
D) Italy also unified.
E) Catholics were guaranteed religious toleration.

Question 41

To which class or ideology did advocates of Bohemian values object most vehemently?

A) They disdained the aristocrats foremost.
B) They targeted socialists.
C) They repudiated middle-class values and conventions.
D) They mocked the backwardness of the working classes.
E) They felt a special animosity toward Europe's royalty.

Question 42

Camillo di Cavour was a perfect candidate to lead the movement to unify Italy because he was so thoroughly "Italian" in values and culture.

Question 43

Tsar Nikolai effectively used a system of police repression to suppress revolutionary dissent in Russia; also, he considered constructing a wall around Russia to protect it from revolutionary infection.

Question 44

The British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli was devoid of any reforming impulses; he proposed new laws solely to win votes.

Question 45

What was the French biologist Louis Pasteur's impressive discovery in microbiology?

A) His research in steroids paved the way for modern advancements.
B) His research in genetics produced much larger breeds of sheep and cattle.
C) His research in the Amazon opened the door for better antibiotics.
D) His research showed how bacteria infected and altered food stuffs.
E) His research validated the theories of Charles Darwin.

Question 46

What were the political goals of European anarchists?

A) bringing down all organized governments and placing themselves in leadership positions
B) eradicating all governments and turning back the clock to a time before any political authorities existed
C) eliminating all current governments and establishing one world government
D) wiping out aristocratic governments and installing only democratic ones
E) replacing all organized states with various forms of social cooperative

Question 47

Which of the following sentences encapsulates the French poet Baudelaire's opinion of realism?

A) He disdained convention in a headlong pursuit of what was new.
B) He reacted vehemently to any new thinking that opposed realism.
C) He advised caution and reflection before embarking into nontraditional ideologies.
D) He represented the best realist sentiments but of the previous generation.
E) He embraced realist principles in art and literature but adamantly opposed such ideas in politics.

Question 48

Karl Marx, despite his deep concern for the European laboring class, paid practically no attention to the peasantry.

Question 49

Besides suffering a humiliating defeat at the hands of the Prussians in 1870, the French also saw the regime of Napoleon III toppled.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about the social classes of the mid-nineteenth century is accurate?

A) Marxian Anasocialists were the strongest supporters of the bourgeois.
B) Europeans were far less aware of social class than they had been in previous decades.
C) The bourgeois had become more powerful and culturally defined.
D) The middle class emerged as a social group for the first time in history.
E) The Bohemians formed a cohesive political program throughout most of Europe.

Question 51

Who or what was the target of the British Contagious Diseases Acts, passed in the 1860s?

A) cattle imported from Africa
B) prostitutes suspected of carrying venereal diseases
C) Irish workers seeking employment in England
D) immigrants from Poland and other eastern European countries
E) Indian soldiers used in other regions of the British empire

Question 52

On what did the social critic Alexis de Tocqueville blame the rise of revolutionary movements?

A) the growth of state power
B) the arrogance of the aristocrats
C) the aggressiveness of the new middle class
D) the ignorance of the uneducated
E) religious intolerance and bigotry

Question 53

A new constitution was drafted by the French Constituent Assembly in 1848 because the peasantry was so keen to see changes.

Question 54

What was a key difference between the Marxist perspective on organized governments and the anarchists' position?

A) Anarchists looked forward to rule under a world government, whereas the Marxists anticipated a world ruled by five governments, one for each continent.
B) Marxists held that the final end of the revolution would be a world government, led by members of the proletariat.
C) The anarchists believed that only individual freedom mattered; ultimately, no government or cooperation was needed or desired.
D) Marxists maintained that the proletariat must rule over states until such governments were no longer necessary; anarchists would do away with all national governments immediately.
E) Anarchists consistently emphasized the need for organized states, whereas Marxists debated whether they are necessary to begin with.

Question 55

British leaders did not oppose Prussian policies that led to a unified Germany because they were more concerned about Russia's involvement in central Asia.

Question 56

Why was the French novelist Gustave Flaubert prosecuted for his novel, Madame Bovary?

A) Flaubert's anarchist sympathies drew authorities' ire.
B) The novel depicted homosexuality in a positive light.
C) The main character, Bovary, espoused Marxist views.
D) The novel's frank depiction of sexuality and extramarital affairs alarmed authorities.
E) He published the book through a German press in the midst of the Franco-Prussian war.

Question 57

How did John Stuart Mill disagree with his contemporary political liberals in regard to government intervention?

A) He thought the state should intervene on the behalf of workers and promote economic safeguards.
B) He rejected any governmental assistance for the working classes.
C) He contended that female workers needed extra protection and assistance.
D) He was one of the first promoters of quotas in education and in the workplace.
E) He championed the royalist cause in Great Britain.

Question 58

The French Revolution 1848 began when protesters clashed with infantry and cavalry.

Question 59

The British deliberately designed cartridges greased with beef and pork fat to antagonize Hindu and Muslim soldiers.

Question 60

The British Liberal party led by William Gladstone were exceptionally liberal toward British workers; that party would have granted much more poor relief had it not been opposed by the Conservative party.

Question 61

Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and the mutation over time by certain species was unique in that no one else studying the sciences was advancing similar ideas.

Question 62

What was Bismarck's remarkable achievement in the heartland of Europe?

Question 63

How was the aftermath of revolutions in Austria, Prussia, and France similar?

Question 64

What terrible event affected irreparably at least two in ten Irish people in 1845 and for the next several years?

Question 65

What were the key historical and economic principles expounded by Marx and Engels?

Question 66

What factors influenced the policies pursued by the British prime minister, Benjamin Disraeli?

Question 67

What developments contributed to the volatile mix of political factors that consumed Europe in revolutionary fire in 1848?

Question 68

What advancements were achieved by Louis Pasteur?

Question 69

Do you see any parallels between new trends in politics and new developments in artistic painting in the later nineteenth century?

Question 70

Originally the label "impressionist" was intended derisively, but those castigated as such came to embrace the designation even as their work was shunned at officially approved exhibitions.

Question 71

How did the growth of the middle class impact European cities?

Question 72

Russian underground revolutionary groups in the 1870s were composed entirely of men, without any women joining their ranks.

Question 73

How was Italy unified?

Question 74

Mill's position on women's rights and equality would have allowed for quotas, that is, for hiring policies that would have mandated more hires of women.

Question 75

At the Catholic church council convened in 1868, Pope Pius IX intended to strengthen his proclamation against "rationalism" by claiming his interpretation of Christian dogma was infallible.