Deck 17: The Age of Napoleon: Empire and Resistance, 1799-1820

Question 1

As emperor, Napoleon set various goals that he aimed to achieve.Which of the following did he accomplish?

A) developing the Louisiana territory of North America
B) taking control of Saint-Domingue, a Caribbean sugar colony
C) invading northern Italy and defeating the Austrians there
D) winning his 1812 Russian campaign
E) maintaining peace following the Peace of Amiens

Answer 1

invading northern Italy and defeating the Austrians there

Question 2

"The Whale and the Elephant" was a British phrase referring to

A) the English navy and the French military.
B) Alexander I and Napoleon.
C) the spread of guerrilla warfare.
D) the Duke of Wellington and the king of Spain.
E) the size of the conflict in India.

Answer 2

the English navy and the French military.

Question 3

Napoleon's plans for the invasion of England were finally abandoned after the

A) Russian campaign.
B) Battle of Eylau.
C) "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig.
D) Irish invasion.
E) Battle of Trafalgar.

Answer 3

Battle of Trafalgar.

Question 4

The Battle of Eylau in 1807 suggested that

A) by having decisively defeated the French, the Russians would take control of Prussia.
B) the superior technology introduced by Napoleon would lead to more humane wars in the years to come.
C) Napoleon's great victories would eventually end, for he had only won a narrow victory.
D) Napoleon would become part of the Habsburg dynasty.
E) France had formed a far more powerful navy than had Great Britain.

Question 5

As his empire spread, was Napoleon at all able to stay true to the revolutionary tradition? What was one way in which he did or did not accomplish this?

A) Yes, Napoleon managed to stay somewhat true to the revolutionary tradition, for he gave the press unprecedented freedom.
B) Yes, Napoleon managed to stay somewhat true to the revolutionary tradition, for he still made an effort to appoint a number of people to offices based on merit.
C) Yes, Napoleon managed to stay somewhat true to the revolutionary tradition, for he kept democracy as the system of government.
D) No, Napoleon abandoned the revolutionary tradition, for he gave the clergy and the Pope a greater role in secular affairs.
E) No, Napoleon abandoned the revolutionary tradition, for he prevented revolutionary reform from reaching territories outside France.

Question 6

Which of the following was an unforeseen consequence of the Napoleonic Wars?

A) They ensured that the superpowers would adhere to eighteenth-century "balance of power" politics.
B) They put an end to the development of national independence movements over the following decades.
C) They showed how more modernized warfare could be more humane because they resulted in a small number of casualties.
D) They confirmed that Russia would take France and Great Britain's place as the great power of the Continent in the nineteenth century.
E) They showed that in years to come, peace would rely on a formal system of close cooperation among the powerful countries.

Question 7

What was one of the purposes of the treaties of Tilsit, which was signed in July 1807?

A) the domination of Russia over Napoleonic France
B) the expansion of Prussian territory and influence, especially in western Germany
C) the persecution of French ministers due to the end of the fiefdom system
D) the creation of a Franco-Russian alliance meant to enable both allies to dominate Europe
E) the rise of Italy as the most influential power in Europe, after France

Question 8

Napoleon managed to negotiate peace treaties with a number of countries from 1800 to 1803.What was a result of these treaties?

A) Many Europeans outside France saw Napoleon as a legitimate emperor.
B) The sense of suspicion that had plagued international relations since 1789 finally disappeared.
C) The European wars ended, resulting in peace for a quarter of a century.
D) The wars in Europe stopped, but only for few years.
E) Napoleon stopped meddling in German and Dutch affairs.

Question 9

Napoleon's army was at its peak performance at the time of the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805.Whom did they defeat during this important battle?

A) Polish forces
B) Italian forces
C) Austro-Russian forces
D) Spanish forces
E) British forces

Question 10

Napoleon sent forces to Saint-Domingue in 1801 to

A) give financial support to an important French colony.
B) introduce the policies of the Napoleonic Code to the Caribbean.
C) retake what was formerly a French colony but now had an autonomous regime.
D) fight Spain for the control of New Orleans.
E) wipe out yellow fever on the island.

Question 11

Where did Napoleon's coronation as emperor take place?

A) the Temple of Reason in Marseilles
B) a palace originally belonging to the Habsburgs
C) the new government building in New Orleans
D) the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
E) the battlefield in the Republic of Haiti

Question 12

Which of the following was an effect of Napoleon's early reforms?

A) He lost several referendums that were meant to legitimize his rule.
B) It became unlikely that he would have the right to choose a successor.
C) The French public responded angrily, causing him to abandon most of the reforms in order to regain their favor.
D) The success of the reforms caused him to become more complacent, perhaps even lazy.
E) He became more popular among the French people.

Question 13

The Peace of Amiens in 1802 was a treaty between France and

A) the Ottoman Empire.
B) Prussia.
C) Russia.
D) Spain.
E) Great Britain.

Question 14

The formation of the Confederation of the Rhine was a signal that

A) the Germans had formed alliances with many countries, thus successfully resisting Napoleon.
B) Berlin was now the most wealthy and influential city in central Europe.
C) the Habsburgs were now leading a republic.
D) midsized German states were now part of the French sphere of influence.
E) the Germans had gained lasting benefits from Napoleon's peace treaties.

Question 15

The Napoleonic (Civil) Code reaffirmed the Revolution's commitment to ________ but restricted ________.

A) equality for men and women; the transfer of property to new owners
B) an end to displays of simple disobedience; police powers and surveillance
C) social conservatism; executive powers
D) the abolition of formal social privilege; women's rights within marriage
E) Protestantism as the official French religion; the transfer of Church lands

Question 16

How did Napoleon draw on the eighteenth-century concept of "enlightened despotism"?

A) He implemented legislative bodies that had the power to overrule the emperor's decisions.
B) He developed a streamlined and centralized administration.
C) He ended the Directory's National Bank in favor of more complex financial institutions.
D) He removed himself and his influence from the election process of the legislature.
E) He modeled the new government on the British government.

Question 17

The First Consulate of 1799-1804 led to

A) laws guaranteeing the freedom of the press.
B) more freedoms and fewer police.
C) a highly representative government.
D) a surge in revolts and crime.
E) the strictest censorship in French history.

Question 18

The formal end of the Holy Roman Empire in August 1806

A) led to the creation of Germany.
B) ended the Pope's influence in central Europe.
C) ensured that France would now consider Russia an enemy.
D) meant that for the first time since Augustus, no leader claimed universal authority.
E) gave the Habsburg emperor greater power over Germany.

Question 19

Following his defeat by the Republic of Haiti, what did Napoleon do?

A) He decided against developing the Louisiana Territory of North America.
B) He staged a coup d'état to gain power over the Caribbean.
C) He introduced a series of reforms in the colonies, including abolishing slavery.
D) He founded the city of New Orleans.
E) He forced free blacks in Guadeloupe and Martinique back into slavery.

Question 20

How was the political turbulence during the period 1799-1804 different from that of the earlier revolutionary decade?

A) It no longer had its center in France.
B) It revolved around a single man.
C) It was unrelated to the idea of building an empire.
D) It ended the use of "total war" on the Continent.
E) It stabilized very quickly.

Question 21

Which of the following was both the most efficient system designed by Napoleon and the greatest cause of resistance to his empire in France and the French territories?

A) the new practice of conscription
B) the formation of a National Bank
C) new transatlantic shipping practices
D) the requirement that certain religious groups do only certain jobs
E) the spread of industrialization

Question 22

Which of the following statements about Napoleon's invasion of Russia is correct?

A) Napoleon attacked Russia because it had become an unreliable ally who resisted the Continental System.
B) Russia's army was smaller than that of most other European powers and would be relatively easy for Napoleon to defeat.
C) The French military and public were more supportive of Napoleon during this campaign than at any other point during his rule.
D) Prussia and Austria enthusiastically came to Napoleon's aid during this battle.
E) Napoleon's army experienced fewer causalities than it had at any point during the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 23

The humiliating defeats of the Prussian armies to the French caused the King of Prussia to

A) ally with Russia in an effort to gain control of Italy.
B) give up on his efforts to improve the Prussian army.
C) use the army's remaining resources to attack Russia instead of France.
D) adopt a number of reforms such as more egalitarian taxes.
E) successfully resist all reforms inspired by the French Revolution.

Question 24

Which of the following was an effect of the Peninsular War?

A) It resulted in unprecedented degrees of persecution of indigenous peoples, free blacks, and mulattoes living in the Spanish Empire.
B) It resulted in Napoleon's successfully turning the peace reached at Tilsit into a permanent settlement for the Continent.
C) It resulted in a lasting political union between France and Great Britain due to Great Britain's help in fighting Portugal.
D) It resulted in a major increase in Spanish and Portuguese commerce and their establishment as shipping centers.
E) It resulted in the ability of the Spanish colonies to assert greater rights while Spain was distracted by the war.

Question 25

How did Austria and Prussia "switch sides" in 1812?

A) They began to fight for Protestant rather than Catholic factions.
B) The peasants became the driving force in their turn against Napoleon.
C) Prussia began to support France, while Austria began to support Spain.
D) They joined the growing allied coalition against Napoleon.
E) They became far more concerned with their interests in the New World than those in Europe.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about the economic effects of the Napoleonic Wars is correct?

A) France suffered far less economically during the wars than Great Britain did.
B) Great Britain's sophisticated banking allowed the country to do better economically than other parts of the Continent.
C) The war greatly reduced the development of industry in Great Britain, which would not really continue until after the wars.
D) The French Atlantic ports were busier and more profitable than ever during the years of the wars.
E) The wars only caused disruptions in the economies of France and Great Britain, not in other parts of the Continent.

Question 27

Why did Napoleon invade Portugal in 1807?

A) as a response to the threat Portugal posed by not complying with the Continental System
B) with the intention of reinstituting slavery there and expanding French agricultural production
C) as an act of desperation to regain some of the land France had lost there previously
D) in an effort to protect Spain from Portugal and thereby earn Spain's favor
E) as a means of making the Church a governing body there

Question 28

Who ruled Spain following Napoleon's invasion of the country?

A) Manuel Godoy
B) the Habsburgs
C) the Bourbons
D) Joseph Bonaparte
E) Alexander I

Question 29

What conflict in the New World did Britain's attempts to keep its colonies from trading with France cause?

A) French and Indian War
B) War of 1812
C) American Revolution
D) Haitian Revolution
E) Peninsular War

Question 30

Which of the following nations did Napoleon defeat after the Peninsular War in 1809, thus seeming to solidify his power and resulting in his marriage to Maria-Louise?

A) Spain
B) Great Britain
C) Austria
D) Italy
E) Poland

Question 31

As shown in Francisco de Goya's painting The Third of May, what occurred in Madrid in May 1808?

A) Napoleon formally negotiated a peaceful transition of power with Portugal and Spain.
B) The Pope excommunicated Spanish leaders such as Fernando because of their refusal to make the Catholic Church a major part of the government.
C) Most Spaniards ultimately embraced Napoleonic reforms and experienced a better quality of life.
D) French soldiers executed hundreds of Spaniards who had protested the new regime of the Bonapartes.
E) The Russians successfully pressured the Spaniards to turn against Napoleon and form an alliance with them instead.

Question 32

Who were the Luddites?

A) English textile workers who organized to destroy new manufacturing equipment that threatened their jobs
B) highly skilled insurgents who led sneak attacks on the French during the Napoleonic Wars
C) a new political party in Great Britain that emphasized the need for industrialization
D) a group of scholars who founded a system of universities across the European continent
E) Italian revolutionaries inspired by the freemasons and against Napoleonic rule

Question 33

Napoleon imagined his imperial society as rational, hierarchical, and

A) governed by powerful legislative bodies.
B) supportive of the idea of women holding public roles.
C) more concerned with religious teachings than research and education.
D) democratic in the representation it gave the lower classes.
E) committed to endorsing imperial decisions.

Question 34

The Peninsular War witnessed small bands of insurgents fighting the French through what were often surprise attacks.What was this type of fighting known as?

A) total war
B) continental warfare
C) guerilla warfare
D) Carbonarism
E) Ludditism

Question 35

What did Napoleon dream his empire would eventually amount to?

A) numerous individual countries maintaining their diverse practices and cultures
B) a powerful empire drastically different from the earlier Rome
C) a union of all European countries, excluding those in the East or "the Orient"
D) an empire in which the Roman Catholic Church would play a prominent role
E) a unified, cohesive world empire with a common language and currency

Question 36

In which of the following countries did the first serious revolt against Napoleon's empire take place?

A) Prussia
B) France
C) Great Britain
D) Italy
E) Poland

Question 37

The German writers Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Johann Herder argued that

A) people were basically rational and good.
B) societies primarily differed by how "civilized" they were.
C) reason was far more important than nature.
D) Germany would benefit from being ruled by Napoleon.
E) different nations had different spirits.

Question 38

The "Continental System" was a European-wide

A) alliance with Great Britain to defeat France.
B) boycott of British goods and markets.
C) effort to rebuild the original Holy Roman Empire.
D) attempt to form a navy to come to Prussia's defense.
E) system of courts that forbade guerrilla warfare and war crimes.

Question 39

The "Spanish ulcer" was the name given to

A) a plague that spread from Spain to the rest of the continent, causing a decrease in population.
B) a strong alliance between Spain and France, which lasted for the entirety of Napoleon's rule.
C) a conflict that arose between Spain and Portugal over the distribution of land.
D) a resistance to Napoleon in Iberia that eventually contributed to his downfall.
E) Spain's inability to grow its economy enough to form its own army.

Question 40

The German romantic writers joined French revolutionaries in their devotion to the nation, but many of them increasingly

A) called for the Germans to unite with Napoleon.
B) denounced Napoleon's desire to create a multinational Europe.
C) revered Napoleon for his victories.
D) argued against the idea of a unified Austria and Prussia.
E) longed for their own German revolution and a return to Enlightenment ideas.

Question 41

Which of the following did the Hundred Days include?

A) Napoleon's success in retaking control of Spain
B) overwhelming support from the French people in the fight to rebuild the empire
C) the refusal of all units of the French army to rejoin Napoleon
D) English and Prussian cooperation
E) Napoleon's death on the island of Elba before he could return to France

Question 42

The scale of the Peninsular War in many ways anticipated the destruction of major twentieth-century wars.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about the years following Napoleon's reign is true?

A) The amount of organized violence steadily increased.
B) Napoleon's impact on European culture soon faded.
C) The economies of European countries remained largely the same.
D) While new political movements inherited Napoleon's fervor, they were not as violent as the Napoleonic Wars.
E) Most of Napoleon's enemies took a hands-off approach to government.

Question 44

The "liberal" opposition that challenged conservatives after Napoleon's defeat

A) emphasized the need to keep the old guild system controlling artisan work intact.
B) sought the end of privilege and of systems of state-sponsored corporate bodies.
C) was unconcerned with the idea of human rights.
D) venerated tradition for providing stability and purpose.
E) aimed to increase the role of the government in everyday affairs.

Question 45

The Republic of Haiti was the first independent black state.

Question 46

The Congress of Vienna agreed in 1814 that France would

A) keep its territories in Italy and Austria.
B) surrender all annexed territory and send Napoleon into exile.
C) disband its army.
D) pay many reparations.
E) help rebuild the old Holy Roman Empire.

Question 47

Napoleon ultimately fell from power twice.

Question 48

Napoleon created several kingdoms after his victories and gave each of his brothers one to rule.

Question 49

A motive behind Napoleon's early reforms was to show that he was not planning to create a military regime.

Question 50

Why was Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand a significant figure during Napoleon's reign?

A) His loyalty as an adviser to Napoleon was unwavering and enabled the emperor to remain in power years longer than he would have otherwise.
B) While serving as foreign minister, he secretly plotted with French allies to end Napoleon's claim to the throne.
C) He introduced a series of major reforms in France on Napoleon's behalf, including the end of the "department" system.
D) He was a French military general who helped implement the use of new technology on the battlefield.
E) He was a French painter whose works glorified the idea of an endless expansion of the French Empire.

Question 51

The work of the painter Jacques-Louis David, which had originally inspired the French revolutionaries, glorified Napoleon after he came to power.

Question 52

British cavalry attacked demonstrators in Manchester, England, during the Peterloo Massacre.What were these demonstrators protesting?

A) laws that restricted foreign imports
B) the existence of equal voting rights for only all adult males
C) the fact that Manchester had not yet begun industrialization
D) Napoleon taking control of the Parliament
E) laws that prohibited political parties

Question 53

Who was the leader of the British forces who played a key role in ending French rule in Spain and invading France?

A) Benjamin Constant
B) Francis II
C) the Duke of Wellington
D) Klemens von Metternich
E) Ernst Moritz Arndt

Question 54

The revolt in the Tyrol led to Napoleon's first serious defeat at the Battle of Wagram.

Question 55

Napoleon recognized that invading countries with promises of democracy would immediately lead to insurrection, which he called "an event that constantly occurs in occupied countries."

Question 56

The battle of Austerlitz decreased French influence in Germany.

Question 57

The influence of Napoleon's Civil Code on the law codes of other countries largely ended with the fall of that leader.

Question 58

The Congress of Vienna was remarkable in

A) the absence of the leading political figures, who sent messengers and representatives in their place.
B) the severity of its punishments, including the call for the execution of Napoleon and other figures.
C) its recognition that enforcement mechanisms would be needed to adhere to the settlement.
D) its concentration only on the problems of Napoleon and the future of France.
E) its condemnation of Christianity's role in politics and emphasis on science and reason.

Question 59

The Carbonari were secret societies spreading across Europe that advocated for

A) a more widespread adoption of the practice of conscription.
B) increased surveillance and police powers.
C) the restoration of Napoleon.
D) revolutionary democracy in Italy and beyond.
E) loyalty to the restored regimes.

Question 60

Which of the following statements correctly describes changes in Europe following Napoleon's defeat?

A) The French Revolution only caused changes in states that supported it.
B) Louis XVIII, along with several other sovereigns, argued against the idea of an elected legislature.
C) Few European sovereigns held that they had a divine right to rule.
D) Alexander was the leader of post-Napoleonic reform through his establishment of an elected parliament.
E) The idea of the sovereignty of the nation became increasingly unpopular.

Question 61

Leading into the Russian campaign, did it appear likely that Napoleon would come out victorious against the Russians? In what ways did the decision to attack Russia undermine Napoleon's power?

Question 62

The "Concert of Europe" referred to the intense imperial competition among European countries following Napoleon's downfall.

Question 63

What were some ways in which the Holy Roman Empire influenced Napoleon?

Question 64

The terms "liberal" and "conservative" had been in popular use since long before the eighteenth century.

Question 65

What were some reasons why many territories were resistant to the Napoleon's rule?

Question 66

How did the ideas of German Romantics help unite central Europe against revolutionary France?

Question 67

The Congress of Vienna succeeded in laying the foundation for the longest period of relative peace in Europe through 1945.

Question 68

What economic effects did the Napoleonic Wars have on France and Great Britain?

Question 69

How did Napoleon envision imperial society?

Question 70

The massive conscription demands that exempted married men led to many boys marrying widows in their seventies.

Question 71

How did Napoleon come to implement his early reforms, and what were their most important aspects?

Question 72

Napoleon helped design a university system that became the foundation for the system France has today.

Question 73

Why did the Peace of Amiens and other treaties of the time fail so dramatically?

Question 74

Who was Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, and what role did he play in the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814?

Question 75

Did the Emperor Napoleon abandon the principles of the French Revolution once in power?