Deck 15: Enlightenment: Challenging the Prevailing Order, 1740-1780

Question 1

The War of the Austrian Succession was a result of

A) the death of Louis XV's son and the end of the royal bloodline.
B) conflict over whether the new ruler would name Catholicism or Protestantism as the national religion.
C) disagreement over who would rule following the end of the Seven Years' War.
D) competition among countries over the development of new agricultural technologies.
E) the objection of European powers to the succession of Charles VI's daughter.

Answer 1

the objection of European powers to the succession of Charles VI's daughter.

Question 2

Which of the following statements describes unforeseen consequences of the War of Austrian Succession?

A) Prussia emerged as a major power, and Britain and France expanded the fight for territory to North America.
B) It was primarily driven by religious fervor and came to change the religious map of Europe.
C) It severely threatened Europe's growing prosperity at the time, leaving a number of countries with the threat of bankruptcy.
D) Occurring primarily in Austria, it signaled a shift during the period from wars on a more global scale to wars limited to central Europe.
E) It marked the beginning of the Franco-Austrian alliance and largely took place in France.

Answer 2

Prussia emerged as a major power, and Britain and France expanded the fight for territory to North America.

Question 3

At the outset of the Industrial Revolution, which of the following was true of London?

A) It had all but eliminated homelessness.
B) Unlike poorer parts of Europe, it had little crime.
C) It had a successful welfare system.
D) It had no system of relief for the poor.
E) It had thousands of full-time beggars.

Answer 3

It had thousands of full-time beggars.

Question 4

After 1740 the "putting out" system allowed for

A) urban merchants to deliver unfinished goods to peasants for processing.
B) improved opportunities for grain storage.
C) owners of factories to fire unwanted workers more easily.
D) women to work in textiles while leaving their children with day care services.
E) increases in output through production by factories.

Question 5

Which of the following correctly describes the actions France took at the end of the Seven Years' War?

A) It was determined to expand its colonies in North America.
B) It ceded the Louisiana territories to Spain.
C) It set the enslaved Africans in its Caribbean colonies free.
D) It developed the premier banking system in Europe.
E) It became more powerful in India, limiting the power of the British East India Company.

Question 6

What were confraternities, and why were they important?

A) They were organizations of artisans that provided a way to protest injustices in the apprentice system.
B) They were secret societies comprised of farmers that helped bring wealth to the countryside.
C) They were organizations that managed to help many Europeans assimilate to the culture of natives in the Americas.
D) They were religious groups that fought to stop the spread of the society known as Freemasons in Great Britain.
E) They were political groups comprised of elites that developed legislation that put an end the traditional structure of urban trade.

Question 7

Which of the following correctly describes a major consequence of colonial growth in the New World?

A) Through the use of various trade routes, the colonies helped European commerce grow dramatically.
B) A majority of the crops the colonies produced required little manpower at harvest time, which delayed the introduction of slave labor there by nearly a century.
C) Because the colonies were expensive ventures, they put a strain on the British and French markets, preventing the European economy from expanding.
D) Due to the availability of their imports in Europe, the colonies helped make life substantially better for the urban poor living in European cities.
E) The colonies caused the population of European cities to dramatically decrease as Europeans migrated to the Americas.

Question 8

Which of the following statements correctly describes the "middling sort" of the eighteenth century?

A) They fell in number from 1740-1780 due to the distress of the European economy.
B) They were members of the aristocracy who had less power than those with royal blood.
C) They had been a fundamental, prominent part of the social order since the Middle Ages.
D) They consisted of a discrete group who did not work with their hands but were not wealthy.
E) They rarely had a primary education and had few physical comforts.

Question 9

How did the Enlightenment differ from earlier intellectual movements?

A) its rejection of reason and science
B) its hostility to the Republic of Letters
C) the participation of a much broader section of society in the debates
D) the lack of social opposition to it
E) its close association with the ideas of the elite

Question 10

Why was Saint-Domingue the wealthiest colony in the world by 1780?

A) the prominence of its fur trade
B) its practice of radical republicanism
C) its ability to avoid the imposition of slavery
D) its use of coal as a form of energy
E) the amount of sugar it produced

Question 11

In northwest Europe, which of the following contributed to the development of modern capitalism in its infancy?

A) a movement away from the production of goods in the countryside to the production of goods in cities
B) a decrease in the production of finished textiles resulting in increased prices
C) the end of both laissez-faire economics and the "invisible hand" of the free market
D) a decrease in agricultural productivity leading to an improved education system
E) the increased flow of money and credit into non-agricultural investments

Question 12

Which of the following was one of the many consequences of the "putting out" system?

A) the rise of foreign trade as the most inexpensive means of supplying textiles
B) the ability for rural people to earn income in the winter months
C) the growth of barter and credit economies
D) decreased contact between peasants and city-dwellers
E) the increase of full-time subsistence agriculture in the land bordering the Low Countries

Question 13

Which of the following statements correctly described the Seven Years' War, which pitted France and the Habsburgs against England and Prussia?

A) It ended in a stalemate.
B) Compared to earlier wars, it was much less costly.
C) It involved fighting only in North America.
D) It is sometimes called the first true world war.
E) Compared to earlier wars, it had devastating effects on the daily lives of Europeans.

Question 14

Which of the following statements describes an effect of the steam engine on the rural industry?

A) It decreased the dependency of towns on wood and coal.
B) It introduced a means of increasing textile production through water power alone.
C) It allowed for a wider variety of locations for production than river towns.
D) It created a way to plow inefficient pieces of land.
E) It delayed the Industrial Revolution until the twentieth century.

Question 15

Which of the following statements correctly describes the life of the majority of peasants in southern and eastern Europe?

A) They were well-versed in agricultural innovations of the time.
B) They frequently were able to become members of the upper class due to industrial expansion.
C) They were freed from serfdom and started their own farms.
D) They continued to farm in similar ways as peasants had done there for the past two centuries.
E) They lived in comfort compared to those in France and Britain.

Question 16

What was a repercussion of the Lisbon earthquake on the larger Western world in the eighteenth century?

A) doubt by some intellectuals in a beneficent nature
B) an increase in epidemics
C) a decrease in agricultural productivity
D) a worsening climate
E) the halt of industrial expansion

Question 17

The large increase in agricultural production in the "charmed circle" of northern Europe was due to

A) innovations in farming techniques.
B) the reclaiming of lands below sea level.
C) the flooding of marshes.
D) the growth of cities.
E) a decrease in manufacturing.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the new technology of the late eighteenth century is correct?

A) It eliminated the threat of widespread famine in agricultural areas.
B) It brought wealth to rural areas through the creation of factories.
C) It benefited the most peasants in Europe, decreasing the gap between rich and poor.
D) It made horse-drawn coaches no longer a common mode of transportation in Europe.
E) It inspired new infrastructure that had the ability to reduce travel time dramatically.

Question 19

The "flour war" in France involved

A) competition among local bakeries.
B) the opposition of bakers to new regulations.
C) women leading riots over grain prices.
D) competition over a surplus of grain.
E) attacks by elites on local fields to seize more land.

Question 20

Which of the following was a cause of the large increase in agricultural production in most countries in Europe, with the exception of the "charmed circle"?

A) new, revolutionary farming processes
B) an end to the process of enclosing
C) James Watt's steam engine
D) an expanded number of acres under cultivation
E) a decrease in population

Question 21

Why was it significant that novels had female readers in the eighteenth century?

A) Novels enabled women's literacy rates to surpass those of men.
B) Without women, the novel would not have persisted as a genre because men at the time did not read novels.
C) Novels opened new psychological horizons beyond women's sheltered lives.
D) An occupying activity in itself, reading novels kept women from becoming writers.
E) Novels filled women's heads with dangerous fantasies.

Question 22

Which of the following statements describes the emblematic Enlightenment work, the Encyclopedia by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert?

A) It featured a "tree of knowledge" with Christianity as its roots.
B) It placed religion alongside "Reason" in the "tree of knowledge."
C) It claimed ancient authority as its justification.
D) It placed religion next to "Black Magic" and under the label "Superstition."
E) It considered man a machine capable of denying materialism.

Question 23

Literacy expanded dramatically, which meant that by 1800 in London and Paris,

A) all citizens could read due to nationwide primary education.
B) nearly all adult males could read.
C) poor women were among those most likely to read novels.
D) government censorship of written materials had ended.
E) libraries were open to all.

Question 24

Which of the following statements describes an effect of the new religious "enthusiasms"?

A) Established religions lost their official status as major religions for decades.
B) Established religions largely came to adopt the practices of deism.
C) Established religions retained their secular power despite the rise of new movements.
D) Established religions reinvented themselves and assumed the practices of pietism.
E) Established religions could no longer punish heretics.

Question 25

Which of the following authors wrote novels that were known for being absorbing and that were in the form of letters written by heroines?

A) Samuel Richardson
B) Thomas Paine
C) Voltaire
D) Nicolas Contat
E) Montesquieu

Question 26

Enlightenment thought spread widely thanks to

A) writers' aiming for a popular audience.
B) its cohesiveness as a single current of thought.
C) the financial support of the Church.
D) writers' commitment to established authority.
E) a serious style of writing that avoided witticisms.

Question 27

Which of the following statements about public culture in Europe during the eighteenth centuries is correct?

A) Most major art exhibitions were found in the countryside.
B) Subscription libraries were still found only in America.
C) Educated Europeans increasingly were able to attend performances and art exhibitions.
D) Critics or reviewers had not yet emerged as a type of cultural figure.
E) Only men were permitted to receive training in music.

Question 28

The interest in travel and exploration during the eighteenth century led to the Royal Society engaging Captain Cook to make an expedition.Which of the following correctly describes Cook's legacy?

A) He rejected European values in favor of an indigenous lifestyle.
B) He famously reported that Pacific Islanders were models of morality.
C) He became the first western ruler of Hawaii.
D) He was considered an English martyr after being killed by natives.
E) British leaders condemned him as an unenlightened, violent figure.

Question 29

Which of the following statements correctly describes the reception of the most successful Enlightenment authors by the public?

A) Although sought after by noble patrons, they managed to avoid support from them entirely.
B) They joined the ranks of celebrities of the time.
C) They never earned money from publishing their writings.
D) They experienced the same levels of reception as their seventeenth-century predecessors.
E) Although their works were read after their deaths, they largely went unnoticed at the time.

Question 30

Which of the following did anti-cosmopolitanism help drive in Europe in the early nineteenth century?

A) nationalism as a significant force in politics and culture
B) tolerance toward foreigners
C) hatred toward the peasantry
D) exploration of the New World
E) trade with Tahiti and other South Pacific islands

Question 31

Paradoxically, how did the Church itself contribute to the decline in religious observance in general?

A) The Church's large-scale reform efforts had been for the most part unsuccessful, leaving clergy and parishioners uneducated and disenchanted with religion.
B) The exposure of the clergy to cosmopolitanism led large numbers of them to leave the Church and become atheists.
C) Many educated clergy had come to participate in cosmopolitanism, viewing their parishioners as primitive and imposing strict standards on them.
D) The number of clergy rose due to the increase in and popularity of religious philosophy, causing there to be too many churches to have a good turnout at each.
E) Especially in rural areas, parishioners and clergy became too likeminded, often blurring distinctions between who had the authority and who did not.

Question 32

How was the Enlightenment different from the Reformation?

A) It did not create much opposition.
B) It largely spread through existing institutions and practices.
C) It had a clear starting date.
D) It took place as an organized movement.
E) It was not concerned with questions of religion.

Question 33

When did the term "the Enlightenment" first come into widespread use?

A) the Middle Ages
B) the Renaissance
C) the beginning of the eighteenth century
D) the end of the eighteenth century
E) the beginning of the twentieth century

Question 34

Which of the following was a consequence of the Seven Years' War?

A) Austria continued as the dominant power in Germany.
B) Italy was unified.
C) Great Britain emerged with little debts.
D) Poland would eventually be partitioned between Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
E) France only lost a minimal part of its empire.

Question 35

In the 1760s in the French city of Toulouse, a young Protestant named Marc-Antoine Calas died.His father was then found guilty of murder and brutally executed, following rumors he wanted to keep his son from becoming a Catholic.What does this episode reveal about the time period?

A) Although on the whole brutal religious violence had become more rare, established religions could still punish so-called heretics like they had in the past.
B) Because established religions were greatly threatened by the spread of deism and in danger of dissolving, they often took desperate measures.
C) New religious revival movements were able to replace established religions of the time through their use of fear and violence.
D) Religious violence had become a part of daily life with the founding of Protestant religions in the eighteenth century.
E) Catholics were the most persecuted religious revivalist group because their religion had been founded on the basis of pietism.

Question 36

Cosmopolitanism was encouraged by nobles' and professionals' doing which of the following?

A) withdrawing behind their walled estates and engaging in scholarship
B) abandoning local cultural life in favor of the books, ideas, and music from urban centers such as Paris and London
C) focusing on the customs of their own country to establish a national identity
D) investing in local entertainment and events, such as festivals
E) protesting the brutal religious violence of the middle of the eighteenth century

Question 37

The Enlightenment concept of "utilitarianism" advocated

A) the utilization of traditions in government and all ways of life.
B) reliance on emotions in making decisions.
C) the measurement of value based on the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
D) the rejection of any concern for what is useful.
E) the use of the aristocracy to keep classes distinct and to grow the economy.

Question 38

Which of the following general publishing trends occurred in the eighteenth century?

A) New genres of literature became popular, especially the novel.
B) Reading in general became less popular due to the focus on industrial expansion.
C) Novels tended to stick to the world of fantasy, rarely presenting their fictional worlds as similar to reality.
D) Magazines stopped being printed for decades due to their controversial content.
E) Religious books became more popular than ever before.

Question 39

Deism appeared in the eighteenth century to

A) distract from the spread of atheism.
B) counter Enlightenment ideas like those of Rousseau.
C) propose a single non-Christian God removed from controlling the universe.
D) support the mystical side of God as an all-knowing Father.
E) encourage superstition within Christianity and promote morality.

Question 40

Pietists, Hasidim, and Wesleyans all shared

A) the desire to undermine established religion.
B) the rejection of a Christian God.
C) common theological views with deists.
D) a majority of charismatic female leaders.
E) the enthusiastic mood of religious revivalism.

Question 41

Which of the following ideas not only was new to the period 1740-80 but also was at the heart of the American Revolution and eventually the American Declaration of Independence?

A) the rights of man
B) enlightened absolutism
C) pietism
D) natural rights
E) deism

Question 42

What is the basic idea behind the economic system supported by the philosopher Adam Smith that we now refer to as laissez-faire?

A) Allowing private individuals to pursue wealth creates economic disaster.
B) Privately owned corporations and private individuals should control most economic activity.
C) Religious and secular authorities would be the most efficient in setting prices and profits.
D) Countries should put an end to divisions of labor and the specialization of workers.
E) The government and public corporations should be the primary regulators of the economy.

Question 43

Rousseau's Confessions made use of the psychological techniques of the novel.

Question 44

Which of the following statements describes Joseph II's understanding of reform in Austria during the Enlightenment?

A) The king refused to entertain the idea of making any reforms because he was too focused on the military.
B) The king was supportive of all reforms apart from religious toleration.
C) The War of the Austrian Succession prevented the Enlightenment from reaching Austria until the nineteenth century.
D) The king believed reforms allowed for the state to function more efficiently under the guidance of an impartial monarchy.
E) Austria was the only country in which the monarch willfully resigned in order to give the public better representation and opportunities for reform.

Question 45

By 1760, British colonies had a far greater population than the French colonies did from New Orleans to Montana.

Question 46

Even with the rise of the concept "the rights of man," all key thinkers of the time were still pro-slavery.

Question 47

The society of the Freemasons was dedicated to the public good and spread across Europe.

Question 48

Salons were once venues open to ordinary people, but in the eighteenth century, they increasingly were limited to nobles who used them to study the customs of royal courts.

Question 49

Both the Wilkes affair and the events leading to the American Revolution concerned the demand for better representation in the British Parliament.

Question 50

What was the importance of the Wilkes affair?

A) It directly caused a movement in Great Britain that was close to identical to the Enlightenment movements taking place on the rest of the European continent.
B) It resulted in a movement led by a new group known as the Levellers to form a virtually new political order.
C) It showed that while government officials were concerned about the actions of Enlightenment thinkers, the public largely ignored these thinkers and their message.
D) It demonstrated that the press had not been established yet and that movements for free speech had not yet begun.
E) It gave some of the most substantial evidence at the time that the Enlightenment might have political results different from those the absolutist monarchs had intended.

Question 51

Enlightenment-era reformers devoted a great deal of energy to practical matters including better sewage and street lighting.

Question 52

Why is the line of thought that Rousseau helped develop called republicanism?

A) Its supporters at the time strongly advocated replacing the monarchies under which they lived with republics.
B) It emphasized resistance to making patriotic sacrifices as the only way to achieve a common good.
C) It was inspired, in part, by the ideas enacted by the ancient republics.
D) Like the classical republics, it saw women as a crucial part of public life.
E) It was first inspired by the American revolutionaries who declared themselves a republic.

Question 53

The social contract is an idea popularized in the works of

A) Isaac Newton.
B) John Locke.
C) Baron Montesquieu.
D) Jean-Jacque Rousseau.
E) Voltaire.

Question 54

Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws and was the key figure in re-envisioning a true, practical science of society?

A) Denis Diderot
B) Jean-Jacque Rousseau
C) Voltaire
D) Aristotle
E) Baron Montesquieu

Question 55

Which of the following statements about Catherine the Great of Russia is true?

A) She freed most of the Russian population from serfdom.
B) She refused to correspond with Enlightenment thinkers.
C) She explored Enlightenment principles but did not put them into practice.
D) Her greatest strength as a ruler was her implementation of Enlightenment reforms.
E) She lost a number of wars and over the course of history was viewed as a weak leader.

Question 56

Modern capitalism can at least in part trace it roots to agricultural expansion.

Question 57

The idea of enlightened absolutism held that the Enlightenment was incompatible with absolute monarchy.

Question 58

Why was Anne-Robert Turgot a significant figure during the Enlightenment?

A) He began what would be the most ambitious reforms attempted in France until the French Revolution.
B) He prevented Portugal from instituting religious toleration and limiting the power of the aristocracy.
C) He played a crucial role in what came to be known as the Wilkes affair.
D) He popularized the concept of mercantilism in France and fought against the idea of free markets.
E) His primary goal was to make the French monarchy obsolete and to make guilds more powerful.

Question 59

David Hume's book The Natural History of Religion aligned the Scottish Enlightenment with

A) a complete break with late-seventeenth-century thought.
B) the dogma of Roman Catholicism.
C) the reconciliation of science and religion.
D) the idea that belief in God had its origin in superstition and fear.
E) a disinterest in the development of commerce.

Question 60

According to Enlightenment thinkers, the hallmark of modern civilization was that violent passion had turned into tender feelings that made peaceful social intercourse more likely.

Question 61

During the eighteenth-century, cultural practices underwent major changes.Describe some of the ways in which culture became more accessible to Europeans.

Question 62

In what ways were Captain James Cook and other figures of travel literature significant?

Question 63

Explain the concept of "the rights of man." How did this concept come to emerge?

Question 64

How can you explain the rise of religious "enthusiasms"?

Question 65

How was the Enlightenment political rather than strictly intellectual? Did all Enlightenment thinkers have the same political beliefs?

Question 66

Discuss what made agricultural expansion possible.

Question 67

What were the key differences between cosmopolitanism and anti-cosmopolitanism?

Question 68

How did the poor, middle classes, and upper classes change-or stay the same-in urban areas from 1740 to 1780?

Question 69

Describe the changing nature of warfare after 1740.

Question 70

What were the driving forces behind industrial expansion?