Deck 13: Ordering the World: New Forms of Authority and Knowledge, 1640-1680

Question 1

Which of the following did the Puritans and their Scottish allies favor?

A) religious diversity
B) the introduction of an individual sense of morality
C) a simplified church structure with no bishops
D) a more intricate church structure comprised of independent congregations
E) the king's central role in the decision making of the Church

Answer 1

a simplified church structure with no bishops

Question 2

Why was the English civil war distinct?

A) Religion was the sole cause of the conflict, which signaled a new type of civil war that would spread across the continent.
B) It was the only civil war at the time that caused the government to change fundamentally, with the monarchy temporarily replaced by a republic.
C) Fighting in the British Isles led to the largest death toll the country had ever seen, foreshadowing a new approach to warfare in Europe.
D) The king negotiated the final settlement, and the original form of government could be maintained.
E) The new system of government claimed its legitimacy based on the royal family rather than Parliament.

Answer 2

It was the only civil war at the time that caused the government to change fundamentally, with the monarchy temporarily replaced by a republic.

Question 3

Who served as commander of the New Model Army and would go on to become the Lord Protector of England following Charles I's execution?

A) John Dryden
B) Oliver Cromwell
C) Baruch Spinoza
D) Cardinal Mazarin
E) Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Answer 3

Oliver Cromwell

Question 4

Which of the following was an aspect of Charles's unpopular religious policy?

A) his support for religious toleration
B) his commitment to the doctrine of predestination
C) his changing the national religion to Puritanism
D) royal support for religious diversity, especially among Catholics and Protestants
E) his allowance for different forms of entertainment such as archery and dancing on Sundays

Question 5

Which of the following statements correctly describes Charles I's execution in 1649?

A) While a prisoner, Charles I pledged to make concessions, but victory by the New Model Army helped ensure his execution.
B) The execution was universally celebrated, especially among other European monarchs.
C) By this time, Charles I had lost all of his supporters and defenders and was executed immediately after being taken prisoner.
D) Oliver Cromwell opposed Charles I's execution and unsuccessfully led a military intervention to stop it.
E) The resolution brought by Charles I's execution resulted in the rise of a new British king and an end to the Commonwealth.

Question 6

Which of the following began what became known as the revolt of the Fronde?

A) the French Court's attempts to arrest leaders of the opposition
B) the taking of Barcelona by Catalonian insurgent forces
C) attacks on Puritan and Presbyterian churches
D) a coherent challenge to the social and political order
E) the fall of the Ottoman Empire

Question 7

The Court of Star Chamber was widely hated for its

A) reliance on astrology in determining guilt.
B) failure to convince Charles I to agree to any of its measures.
C) secretive and arbitrary decisions.
D) preferential treatment toward Puritans.
E) role in increasing the number of clergy, especially bishops.

Question 8

What did the unprecedented size of armies in the 1660s and 1670s indicate?

A) the ability of European states to contain, direct, and monopolize violence
B) the long period of peace during this time
C) the popular new support programs for soldiers' families offered by the army service
D) the rise of continental anarchy in Europe
E) the transfer of authority from the state to the civilians during war time

Question 9

The New Model Army's novelty, compared to other European armed forces, stemmed from its

A) use of heavy cavalry.
B) acceptance only of soldiers committed to the Puritan cause.
C) commitment to advancing a social and national agenda.
D) use of social standing rather than talent in determining rank.
E) less centralized organization.

Question 10

What was a key factor contributing to the British civil wars, and how did it influence the events that first set off the war?

A) Charles I consistently refused to adopt the principle of absolutism and, as a result, caused widespread protests in London that he had given Parliament too much power.
B) Conflict among the kingdoms Charles I ruled made the war more imminent, leading to the formation of a Scottish rebel army.
C) Charles I got into a disagreement with France over taxes and trade, leading to the first major battle of the war known as the revolt of the Fronde.
D) To address the threat in England to the institution of monarchy, the continental European powers united forces and invaded England.
E) The Treaty of Westphalia granted England so little land that different parts of England began to turn on one another and form small armies to fight over the new territory.

Question 11

What was the Rump?

A) a popular London eatery where British politicians met and strategized
B) another name for the New Model Army
C) a remnant of the original British Parliament that would declare England a commonwealth
D) a large millenarian religious group that spread across the continent
E) a military term for a small group of soldiers during the Thirty Years' War

Question 12

In the months leading to the Fronde, which of the following did the self-appointed assembly of magistrates demand?

A) an increase in taxes
B) the end of the national opposition
C) Cardinal Jules Mazarin's succession as king
D) greater power for the royal intendants
E) veto power for themselves over all royal taxes

Question 13

Which of the following statements describes the significance of the successful rebels and political groups that emerged from the British civil wars?

A) They were known as some of the first groups who worked to create equality for women and minority groups.
B) They sought a return to the form of government in place before the civil wars.
C) They favored the idea of continental anarchy and wished to prevent Britain from becoming a republic.
D) They introduced drastic political and social reforms that inspired future revolutionary movements.
E) They fought against the idea that common people, not only their rulers, had sovereignty.

Question 14

The fascination of Dutch painters with ordinary life owed much to the

A) commissioning of a series of art projects by the government.
B) desire to return to the subjects of classical Greek art and literature.
C) influence of the New World pastoral art movement.
D) values they strongly associated with the Catholic Church.
E) desire to create holiness in their daily lives.

Question 15

What was the Levellers' legacy?

A) their rejection of class distinctions in politics
B) their support for women's rights
C) their demand for equal pay regardless of background
D) their successful political program based on classical democracy
E) their efforts to ensure that promotions in the military were based on talent

Question 16

Which of the following statements was true of the Independents in the English civil war?

A) They fought specialized, individual missions for the military.
B) They rejected military authority in favor of religious authority.
C) They fought only in their own counties.
D) They fought to transform the Church of England into a Presbyterian Church.
E) They demanded religious toleration for all Christians.

Question 17

How was the civil strife in France different from that in England?

A) The French did not resort to violence that resulted in a loss of life.
B) The French always remained steadfast in their loyalty to the monarchy.
C) The French achieved a measure of social reform.
D) The French maintained a coherent challenge to the social and political order.
E) The French established a uniform Protestant Church.

Question 18

By the mid-seventeenth century, Europeans were devoting new energy to understanding the world

A) in relation to popular Catholic parables.
B) without reference to divine intervention.
C) without attention to natural realms.
D) according to tradition and antiquity.
E) based on religious laws and customs.

Question 19

Which of the following was an effect of Cardinal Jules Mazarin's novel revenue enhancements?

A) They increased the prestige of the monarchy.
B) They made him a favorite of the high court judges.
C) They caused discontent in Paris.
D) They alienated the queen.
E) They nearly put him in the position to be king.

Question 20

Which of the following aspects of Charles I's "personal rule" contributed to civil war?

A) his imposition of new taxes to raise funds
B) his actions' being more permissive of Catholicism than the Protestant society was used to
C) his refusal to rule with absolute "sovereignty" like other European monarchs
D) his popularity in and favoritism toward Scotland
E) his unprecedentedly fiery speeches

Question 21

Which of the following statements correctly describes the millenarian religious groups of the Diggers and Fifth Monarchy Men, which arose in the seventeenth century?

A) They mostly did not outlast the period of the civil wars.
B) They had a greater impact on the future of Christianity than did non-millenarian groups of the time.
C) They included smaller sects, such as Jansenism and Quakerism, within them.
D) They were found predominantly in eastern Europe and did not spread as far as England.
E) They were large in size, soon comprising over half of the British population.

Question 22

The influence of the scientific revolution on Hobbes can be seen in his

A) founding of the disciple of physics.
B) emphasis on religiously based theories of authority over reason.
C) argument against the need for government.
D) break with medieval precedents about an ordered universe.
E) rejection of the idea of a "social contract."

Question 23

Which of the following statements about the role of women in mid-seventeenth century Catholicism is true?

A) Catholic women were not allowed to join religious orders, as they were all strictly for men.
B) The male Church hierarchy made most religious orders for nuns cloistered in order to better control them.
C) Helping those in need had not yet been introduced as part of the work of religious orders.
D) None of the women in religious orders experienced spiritual satisfaction.
E) Whereas Protestant women were able to join religious orders, Catholic women were not.

Question 24

England's Royal Society and France's Royal Academy of Sciences demonstrated the

A) many opportunities for common, everyday people to pursue scholarship in the sciences.
B) benefits of state-supported inquiry and learning.
C) depletion in government resources, resulting in its inability to support the sciences.
D) government's acceptance of radical speculations like those of Spinoza.
E) government's attempts to tarnish the "gentlemanly" reputation of the republic of letters.

Question 25

Which of the following is an argument made by Baruch Spinoza in his philosophical works?

A) the division between matter and spirit
B) the need for Christianity to play a large role in science and politics
C) the importance of maintaining a hereditary monarchy
D) the idea that voting rights would be wrong and unnatural
E) the universe's composition as a single, basic substance

Question 26

What did Shabbetai Sevi, the Quakers, and the Jansenists all have in common?

A) They caused religious divides that were as severe as those during the Reformation.
B) They sought to undermine established religious authority.
C) They caused the end of messianism in Europe.
D) They led to the religious unity characteristic of the mid-seventeenth century.
E) They were highly unaware of the teachings of established religious groups.

Question 27

Which of the following did the Peace of Westphalia demonstrate?

A) the abandonment of any hope of a unified Europe and uniform Christianity
B) the persistence of the dream of a unified European Community
C) the resolution of the war between France and Spain
D) the successful prevention of new wars
E) the movement to establish a European Parliament

Question 28

How were Great Britain and the Netherlands different from most of the European continent?

A) They followed the absolutist pattern that had started earlier in the seventeenth century.
B) They were struggling economically and nearing bankruptcy.
C) They faced continuing political turmoil, and the state had a less powerful role.
D) Their social institutions were far more dependent on the state.
E) They were much less concerned about trade and having an overseas empire.

Question 29

Thomas Hobbes's claim in his book Leviathan that life was "solitary, poore, nasty, brutish and short" was an argument

A) in favor of disorder.
B) praising the fervor of war.
C) for the establishment of states imposing order and laws.
D) that the origins of sovereign power did not at all involve the governed.
E) for classical theories of a transcendent order in the universe.

Question 30

Which of the following occurred during the civil strife in Catalonia?

A) the murder of the viceroy and attacks on property
B) the end of Habsburg rule in Europe
C) Catalan elites offering widespread concessions to the rebels
D) permanent social and political reform
E) lasting religious reform

Question 31

Cossacks in Ukraine opposed Polish Catholicism

A) which led to an independent Cossack state.
B) but in the end strengthened Polish-Lithuania.
C) and killed tens of thousands of Jews.
D) and helped defeat the tsar.
E) because they favored Judaism.

Question 32

What was one consequence of the Thirty Years' War, especially among those who wrote about the laws of war and peace?

A) an increasing focus on what made a war just or unjust in the first place
B) a new call for far less organized national forces
C) the acceptance that large-scale slaughter was an unavoidable part of war
D) the idea of war as a game
E) a growing concern with the conduct of war

Question 33

Who were the Janissaries?

A) a reforming order of French Catholics who made a lasting impact during the French civil war
B) elite household guards who helped religious leaders overthrow the sultan of the Ottoman Empire
C) Jewish figures who claimed to be the Messiah and engaged in mission work throughout the Mediterranean
D) a parliamentary group that fought for religious toleration in Britain
E) mercenaries who were known for protecting the French monarchy at all costs

Question 34

The granting of Alsace and Lorraine to France at the Peace of Westphalia

A) guaranteed the end of tensions between France and the Holy Roman Empire.
B) demonstrated that the war had not resulted in any major territorial or political changes.
C) solidified the French borders along the Rhine.
D) made the Habsburg Empire larger and more powerful.
E) established a unified Catholic state in the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about King Louis XIV of France is true?

A) His reign was held to be a model of absolutism for other countries.
B) He ruled France at a time when it was considered to have lost its power.
C) He favored the middle class over the nobility and was highly concerned about urban middle-class trade.
D) He put an end to all public works projects run by the government, such as building canals.
E) He began the tradition of royal ceremonies that emphasized the bonds between king and kingdom.

Question 36

The Quakers survived beyond the British Isles thanks to

A) their commitment to maintaining unity through taking oaths.
B) their creation of a communal settlement in southern France.
C) William Penn's founding of the Pennsylvania colony.
D) their dependence on slaves in the New World.
E) their introduction of European crops to the Caribbean.

Question 37

The Jansenists were Roman Catholics in France who

A) criticized many aspects of the Catholic Reformation.
B) were largely ignored by powerful interests in the Catholic Church.
C) were greatly inspired by the missionary work of the Jesuits.
D) displayed Baroque art and lavish decorations in their churches.
E) condemned the idea of leading lives of aesthetic deprivation and penance.

Question 38

The "Swedish Deluge" refers to

A) Baltic weather patterns that resulted in a series of floods, making fighting impossible.
B) an ailment that affected many during the civil strife in Catalonia.
C) the overwhelming amount of social reform enabled by civil war in Poland-Lithuania.
D) the slaughter of the Jews in eastern Europe.
E) the Swedish invasion and occupation of western Poland-Lithuania.

Question 39

Which of the following did Pascal's Wager posit?

A) According to probability theory, God's existence is highly unlikely.
B) Spinozism is more likely to be true than traditional Christian teachings.
C) There is everything to lose from betting against God and little to lose from believing in God.
D) There are natural differences between national cultures.
E) The scientific revolution is incompatible with the religious thought of the time.

Question 40

The Peace of Westphalia failed to end religious violence, yet it established the

A) end of Protestants fighting other Protestants in Europe.
B) Catholic Church's leading role in seeking a just settlement.
C) Netherlands' inclusion as part of the Holy Roman Empire.
D) idea that alliances and treaties could be created between states and not only on religious grounds.
E) discontinuation of state armies in religious conflict in Europe.

Question 41

According to the textbook, what was the single most important arena in which Louis XIV both depended on and performed for his aristocracy?

A) warfare
B) religion
C) middle-class reforms
D) trade
E) science

Question 42

After 1670, growing prosperity in Europe can be attributed to

A) less control by the state over the use of force.
B) a united Christendom across Europe.
C) the accessibility of newly founded universities.
D) the end of a wave of civil wars.
E) less overseas trade.

Question 43

Shabbetai Sevi was a Greek Jew who claimed to be the Messiah and had many followers, but he converted to Islam when the Ottoman sultan threatened to put him to death.

Question 44

The French scholar Poulain de la Barre fought against early feminism and female equality.

Question 45

The Long Parliament sought to reinstate the Court of the Star Chamber because it guaranteed the right to a trial for all people accused of crimes.

Question 46

Blaise Pascal was a philosopher, mathematician, and Jansenist who sought to defend Christianity.

Question 47

How did the construction of Versailles change the nature of French court life?

A) Traditional etiquette became much less important, as the aristocracy was rarely invited to Versailles.
B) Because the aristocracy now lived far away from the court, it became far less loyal to the monarchy.
C) Because the aristocracy came to play a prominent role in court life, the king had more opportunities to ensure its obedience.
D) The aristocracy was no longer involved in commanding the military because it now spent so much time at court.
E) The king became more accessible to his subjects due to Versailles's close proximity to the city.

Question 48

Bogdan Chimelnicki was the Cossack defender of the Jewish community in Poland.

Question 49

Which of the following took place in mid-seventeenth-century Great Britain and suggested that bold experiments in religious toleration there had been unsuccessful?

A) the beginning of the worst religious conflict that had been seen in Europe in centuries
B) Charles II's restoration of Catholicism as the religion of the state
C) Ireland's victory over Cromwell and reorganization as an independent, Protestant state
D) the reestablishment of Anglicanism as the official religion, with penalties placed on Catholics
E) an uprising led by Bogdan Chmielnicki within the British Parliament

Question 50

In the 1640s and 1650s, the Ottoman Empire remained threatened with instability.

Question 51

Innovation in Dutch art and economics during the "Golden Age" was

A) related to religious toleration and the freedom of the press.
B) largely a response to the rise of absolutism there.
C) largely a response to civil war.
D) an effect of newfound freedoms after the dissolution of Parliament.
E) a direct result of the Stuart Restoration.

Question 52

The decline of Dutch power was caused by

A) government regulation.
B) the influx of immigrants.
C) wars with England, France, and Orangist mobs.
D) their focus on colonies abroad.
E) their maritime rivalry with Italy.

Question 53

In mid-seventeenth-century Europe, the goals of most political action were order and stability to end the bloodshed since the start of the Thirty Years' War.

Question 54

Marie Guyart, or Marie of the Incarnation, spent most of her life as a nun devoted to the Ursuline order.

Question 55

Like in the twenty-first century, seventeenth-century Europeans tended to think in terms of "faith" being opposed to "reason" and "science."

Question 56

The prosperity of the Netherlands was at least in part a result of

A) their reinvesting wealth in banks rather than grand building projects.
B) the boost in commerce caused by the Anglo-Dutch wars.
C) the rise of the Tory Party in the early part of the seventeenth century.
D) their loss of the New Netherland colony in the Americas.
E) their focus on domestic farming over foreign trade.

Question 57

The absolutism of Charles I and Oliver Cromwell

A) resulted in an English government similar to that of France.
B) inspired a more equal and tolerant government during the Restoration.
C) meant that the threat of civil war that once pervaded England diminished.
D) led to the absolute power of Charles II.
E) eventually led to the emergence of political parties.

Question 58

For which of the following was Jean-Baptiste Colbert known?

A) He was very haphazard and unsystematic in the way he approached his role in the government and the management of resources.
B) He staged a coup in Great Britain that led to the restoration of the Stuart dynasty.
C) He created laws prohibiting the manipulation of the structure of "offices" to extort money.
D) He helped establish a system in which a state collects as much information as possible about subjects.
E) He devoted time and resources to securing the Netherlands' status as a maritime power.

Question 59

What was a result of the time France spent at war during Louis XIV's reign?

A) France successfully conquered the Netherlands.
B) France experienced a series of losses in the east and did not make territorial gains.
C) France's economy improved dramatically, with the state no longer in debt.
D) It became more likely that alliances would form against Louis XIV in future wars.
E) Most of the social elite turned on Louis XIV, calling for his execution.

Question 60

The Levellers were a group of soldiers within the New Model Army who believed all adult men should have the right to vote.

Question 61

In what ways did the Peace of Westphalia establish principles for future treaties?

Question 62

What were the basic differences of the governments from Charles I to Oliver Cromwell to Charles II?

Question 63

Explain Louis XIV's use of art, architecture, and his court in supporting his power.

Question 64

Discuss some of the actions that contributed to the outbreak of the British civil wars.

Question 65

King Louis XIV was known as the "Sun King" and sought the glorification of a demigod.

Question 66

Describe the relationship between science and the state in the mid-seventeenth century.

Question 67

Give some examples of religious fracturing in Protestantism, Catholicism, and Judaism.What goal did the religious groups involved in this fracturing have in common?

Question 68

As Lord Protector of England, Oliver Cromwell was king in all but name.

Question 69

The world's first political parties emerged in Great Britain: the Tories and the Whigs.

Question 70

What was the general argument of the new theory of political authority presented in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan? How did Christians, defenders of monarchy, and radical political figures receive this argument?

Question 71

How did efforts during the mid-seventeenth century to strengthen Catholic institutions affect women?

Question 72

What made parliamentary victory in the first phase of the British civil wars possible, and what about the approach of its army was radically new?

Question 73

Warfare after Westphalia was far more destructive than it had been previously.

Question 74

Spain was the greatest mercantile rival of Great Britain and, likewise, offered an alternative to absolute monarchy.

Question 75

What happened leading up to and during the Fronde? Did it have major political consequences?