Deck 11: Reformations: Protestant and Catholic, 1500-1600

Question 1

Erasmus corrected several mistranslations in the Latin Vulgate.Which one concerned one of the sacraments of the Church?

A) Erasmus corrected passages connected to the doctrine of transubstantiation.
B) Erasmus contended that the passage translated as "do penance" should simply read "repent."
C) Erasmus claimed that the Greek word for baptism meant "sprinkling," not "immersion."
D) Erasmus showed that in the Greek idiom, the doctrine of the Trinity could not be upheld.
E) Erasmus debunked the doctrine that only priests could administer the sacraments.

Answer 1

Erasmus contended that the passage translated as "do penance" should simply read "repent."

Question 2

Luther prescribed certain responsibilities for secular rulers in connection with the church.What did he insist they do?

A) imprison all Catholic dissenters
B) withdraw their secular hands from anything deemed "spiritual"
C) take responsibility for the local churches in their political jurisdiction
D) perform more spiritual duties, such as preaching on occasion
E) immediately launch a campaign against the papacy

Answer 2

take responsibility for the local churches in their political jurisdiction

Question 3

What did Luther admit during his debate in July 1519 with the Catholic theologian Johann Eck?

A) that he believed popes and even Church councils could err, as only scripture was infallible
B) that he considered the pope the most notorious sinner of all time
C) that the Catholic Church was under the control of the Antichrist
D) that baptism was of no importance
E) that the Holy Roman emperor was a tyrant and heretic

Answer 3

that he believed popes and even Church councils could err, as only scripture was infallible

Question 4

Zwingli and Luther disagreed about the composition of the sacraments in the Eucharist.Which philosophy seems to have influenced Zwingli's interpretation of Christ's words, "This is my body"?

A) Humanism, for Zwingli, applied linguistic analysis to the passage.
B) Mysticism, for Zwingli, finds a deeper meaning inside the text.
C) Islam, for Zwingli, did not see Christ as divine, but as a prophet.
D) Scholasticism, for Zwingli, relied on Aquinas and Augustine to explicate the passage.
E) Platonism, for Zwingli, borrowed from recent works translated by the Italian humanist, Ficino.

Question 5

What did Erasmus learn from the humanist Lorenzo Valla?

A) the Greek language
B) that a scholar must be extremely careful when working for the papacy
C) that the Italian humanists were the best trained of all humanists
D) that the New Testament should be read and studied in its original language
E) that Christ should be seen as the highest and purest humanist of all

Question 6

What was the goal of the peasants involved in the large-scale revolt of 1524-1525?

A) to turn back the clock to the status held by peasants before the Black Death struck
B) to redress grievances related to issues that had only recently manifested themselves
C) to attain a truly democratic and representative government
D) to transform German society by eliminating serfdom
E) to abolish monarchies and other governments ruled by princes

Question 7

What did the artists produce who created the woodcuts that accompanied Protestant propaganda text?

A) religious comic books aimed to educate and entertain their audiences
B) clearly defined diagrams designed to explicate complicated theology
C) pictures of reformers along with their biographies designed to win more followers to the Protestant cause
D) fictional novels with pictures that would encourage fellow Christians
E) songs to go along with Bible stories

Question 8

What inference was drawn by the Catholic clergy when they confronted Luther's claim that all Christians were priests?

A) that they were to be aided and supported by the laity, who could help them perform their religious duties
B) that they were unnecessary, for any layperson could perform their functions
C) that there was no official church role for monks and nuns
D) that the office of the pope should be eliminated
E) that priests and monks should be paid the same as laypeople for similar work

Question 9

Contrary to medieval Catholic doctrine, how did Luther believe that a Christian could attain righteousness, a right standing before God?

A) by demonstrating a heart-felt devotion to Christ, evidenced in pure acts of sacrifice
B) by acknowledging the truth of Protestant dogma, while rejecting Catholic teachings
C) by having faith in Christ's atoning sacrifice on the cross
D) by recognizing in one's heart that God loves the said person and then responding to that love with love for God
E) by listening to the inner voice, a voice only Christians can truly hear

Question 10

What added dimension did Thomas More discuss in his fictional work titled Utopia?

A) More secretly disclosed that he was opposed to the divorce sought by Henry.
B) More wrote the work to praise Henry VIII while critiquing the reign of his father, Henry VII.
C) More left clues in the work that could suggest he was a Lutheran sympathizer.
D) More's Utopia was the first work to include time travel.
E) More addressed contemporary social and economic problems in England while ostensibly writing about Utopia.

Question 11

What duties did Zwingli ascribe to Christian magistrates?

A) They were to enforce a standard form for public worship.
B) They were to interview and hire all ministers.
C) They were to establish the correct form of public worship and to enforce appropriate public behavior.
D) They were to collect all tithes and other monies dedicated to religious purposes.
E) They were to fund religious education in their towns.

Question 12

What does the term Anabaptists mean historically?

A) It refers to those who opposed baptism for anyone.
B) It refers to those who were "re-baptized," once as an infant and again as an adult.
C) It refers to those who were baptized repeatedly, because they believed that a Christian could fall from grace.
D) It refers to the authorities who prosecuted heretics and then converted them by baptism.
E) It refers to those who believed that immersion and sprinkling were suitable methods of baptism.

Question 13

Which statement below best reflects Erasmus's understanding of the Christian's role in his or her salvation?

A) The Christian must find that spiritual and mystical part of his or her soul that communicates directly with the divine.
B) Through study, the Christian must attain a level of understanding of the Gospel message.
C) The Christian must reach a point of utter desperation, even despair, before God can rescue his or her soul.
D) The Christian must choose God and cooperate with the grace that God offers.
E) The Christian must live a life of perpetual penance, eager to confess sin and cleanse his or her conscience.

Question 14

Upon leaving the Diet of Worms, why did servants of Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, take Luther?

A) They were following the orders of the Holy Roman emperor.
B) They were securing his safety by holding him under house arrest.
C) They were to bring Luther to Frederick so that the latter could ask direct questions of the reformer.
D) They intended to ransom Luther to the highest bidder.
E) They wished to counsel Luther to take a more moderate tone.

Question 15

How did Luther counsel secular rulers to respond to the peasants' revolt in light of his position on their role?

A) Since the rulers were responsible for public order, they were obliged to put down the revolt with extreme prejudice.
B) Since the rulers were being punished by God for their sins, they should do nothing to stop the peasants.
C) Since the rulers were responsible for their subjects, they should do everything in their power to help the peasants.
D) Since the rulers were God's spokesmen on earth, they should preach and persuade the peasants to lay down their arms.
E) Since the rulers were members of the noble class, they should not get involved in the affairs of their social inferiors.

Question 16

What were chantries?

A) special garments worn only by popes and cardinals
B) the female equivalent to male monasteries
C) the storehouses maintained collectively by the peasantry
D) smaller churches in urban neighborhoods
E) altars or chapels where masses were said in perpetuity for souls

Question 17

Why did secular authorities, Protestant and Catholic, deem the Anabaptists dangerous?

A) The Anabaptists posed a military threat since so many of them came from the noble ranks.
B) The Anabaptists often belonged to professional or highly skilled guilds with economic power.
C) The first Anabaptists refused to take oaths and were pacifists.
D) The Anabaptists were often refugees from other countries; such people were frequently viewed with suspicion.
E) The Anabaptists preached the equality of the genders, which alarmed conservatives.

Question 18

Why did Martin Luther post the Ninety-Five Theses?

A) to attack the papacy and thereby cause a break from the Catholic fold
B) to antagonize German bishops so they would oppose German dukes
C) to annoy the papacy, arouse German princes, and free Germany from papal control
D) to provoke a debate concerning the practice and doctrine of indulgences
E) to abolish sexual misconduct among priests and monks

Question 19

Which statement below best reflects Luther's reform program?

A) It was intended to address primarily moral abuses in the church.
B) It reflected the concerns of a small minority, primarily in northern Europe.
C) It represented a major challenge to the church's existence, not merely a reform movement.
D) It sprang from a vacuum-the Catholic faith for several centuries was in decline; Luther's teachings were new and unheard of.
E) Luther's message was unmistakably "German,"-that is, for his countrymen and leaders.

Question 20

What did Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, do to demonstrate his devotion and to gain access to the Church's Treasury of Merit?

A) He displayed relics that, when viewed, released a Catholic believer from many years in Purgatory.
B) He employed a full-time staff of priests to hear his daily confessions.
C) He built three separate monasteries within his palace, one for each order of the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians.
D) Although married, he took a vow of chastity, which he also required of his wife.
E) He borrowed heavily from the Fugger banking family to fund the construction of Wittenberg University, where Luther taught.

Question 21

What happened to the new religious orders created for women in the Catholic Church by the end of the sixteenth century?

A) Only one, the Ursulines, was kept; the others were officially disbanded.
B) They were removed from priestly supervision and handed over to lay administrators.
C) Their memberships exploded; a huge number of women joined these new orders.
D) While several of these groups had ministered to the public, they were all enclosed (cloistered) by the end of the century.
E) They were subsumed under the male branch of the order.

Question 22

What was one of the distinguishing "marks" of Calvin's reform program, evident in the work of the consistory?

A) The consistory promoted literacy and education.
B) The consistory elevated the role of women in church ministries.
C) The consistory provided advanced degrees for Calvinist ministers.
D) The consistory was created to help the poor and indigent.
E) The consistory was designed to inculcate discipline and proper Christian behavior among the laity.

Question 23

In what ways did Theophrastus Bombastus Paracelsus's ideas about medical training and practice differ from contemporary medical education?

A) Paracelsus eagerly consumed Muslim medical knowledge.
B) Paracelsus strictly followed Galen's medical tenets and rejected Aristotelian interpretations.
C) Paracelsus performed vivisections on animals.
D) Paracelsus consulted peasant medical practitioners.
E) Paracelsus disdained medical instruction taught at universities and pursued empirical and alchemical perspectives of medical theory and practice.

Question 24

What was the fate of Michael Servetus, a Spanish theologian who rejected the doctrine of the Trinity?

A) He was honored by the Academy of Science at Salerno.
B) He was defrocked by the Spanish Inquisition.
C) He was burned at the stake near Geneva, Switzerland.
D) He was forced to flee Spain but found a position at Oxford.
E) He was forced to recant, but his work in the medical field was instrumental in him becoming a court physician.

Question 25

What new spiritual "architecture" was contrived by an archbishop of Milan?

A) a much larger baptismal pool
B) the confessional
C) a Communion table that looked more like an altar
D) padded pews
E) a pulpit that could be transformed into a Communion table

Question 26

How did Calvin ensure doctrinal cohesion among the clergy who taught his theology?

A) He had spies in congregations that reported back to him if any pastors deviated from Calvinist doctrines.
B) He convened regular meetings and synods with all the clerics in larger districts in attendance.
C) He was constantly visiting congregations in Geneva and outside of Switzerland, inspecting the work of Calvinist ministers.
D) He required that pastors maintain journals and other records, which he periodically requested.
E) Since he controlled the funding of all ministries connected to his movement, he could apply tremendous pressure on the clergy to conform.

Question 27

Why were the Huguenots deemed a threat by the French monarchy until the reign of Henry IV?

A) They were English spies sent by Queen Elizabeth who attempted to assassinate French kings.
B) Conversion of French nobles to Calvinism meant that members of the ruling class supported the cause, thus creating an opportunity for resistance to the government.
C) They were Dutch and Flemish rebels who opposed both Spanish and French intrusion in their homelands.
D) They were members of a rival noble family, seeking revenge against the Valois dynasty.
E) They were an elite force of Spanish soldiers, who took orders directly from Philip II.

Question 28

From what source did the members of the order of the Society of Jesus draw their inspiration for their exceptional vow of unquestioned obedience?

A) Ignatius Loyola's military background
B) the model of the Teutonic knights
C) the original rule devised by Benedict of Nursia
D) the secret rule written by Francis of Assisi
E) the papal bull, Dictatus Papae

Question 29

What factors, besides spiritual ones, may have influenced Philip Duke of Hesse and other princes to adopt Protestantism?

A) Rulers of smaller principalities tended to be more progressive and thus choose Protestantism.
B) They likely desired to fill their own coffers with the wealth of the rich monasteries.
C) Since most secular rulers were literate, they naturally were drawn to Protestantism.
D) Princes like Philip often employed humanists in their courts; these humanists were instrumental in converting their employers to Protestantism.
E) The papacy was only interested in working with kings; rulers over smaller territories resented this slight and gladly switched to Protestantism.

Question 30

What was extraordinary about Argula von Grumbach's letter to the Ingolstadt theologians?

A) She cited scripture in her letter.
B) She was forced to use a pseudonym to avoid prosecution.
C) Her letter was cosigned by Martin Luther.
D) She pretended to be a man writing the letter.
E) Eventually about 29,000 copies of her letter and her pamphlets were printed.

Question 31

How did Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, change the Communion service?

A) He substituted water for the wine previously used as one of the sacraments.
B) He moved the Communion service from Sunday to the mid-week meeting.
C) He decreed that the laity receive both wine and bread, and the entire service was in English.
D) He created a new position for lay members to officiate the Communion service.
E) He abolished this rite because it smacked of Catholicism and papal acquiescence.

Question 32

Why would journeymen printers figure prominently among lay Protestant promoters?

A) Catholic leaders rarely published their teachings; naturally, printers resented them.
B) Protestant propagandists paid much better than their Catholic opponents.
C) Most printers objected to the Catholic indexes of forbidden books.
D) Literacy was an important tool to grasp Protestant beliefs and doctrines; printers were among the most literate profession.
E) Protestant literature was so much more diverse than Catholic literature; printers were drawn to a greater variety of works.

Question 33

How did the attainment of medical and scientific knowledge in the sixteenth century differ significantly from previous eras?

A) Most of the knowledge was acquired under university auspices.
B) Most of the knowledge was obtained through scholars funded by religious associations.
C) The knowledge was gained from the study of printed materials, not experimentation.
D) Science transcended religious boundaries-that is, between Muslims and Christians.
E) The collaborative character of research in the sixteenth century distinguishes it from previous eras.

Question 34

How did Protestant church music differ from Catholic music?

A) Protestants refused to use any instrumentation.
B) Protestants used many more instruments in their services.
C) Protestants wrote hymns strictly based on the New Testament.
D) Protestants allowed only pastors to sing, not choirs.
E) Protestant congregations participated in group singing.

Question 35

Which reform policy implemented by the French monarchy ultimately proved counterproductive?

A) A new order of knighthood was created, but a captain of this order later revolted against the crown.
B) Allowing Protestants to hold positions in the military backfired when these officers turned against the king.
C) For a time, English was accepted as a legal, alternative language, but this led to confusion.
D) The Estates General was expanded to include representatives from the Huguenots, who later often filibustered sessions.
E) The sale of offices in the state administration to raise additional income resulted in a bureaucratic substrata that felt entitled and resisted royal orders.

Question 36

How did Andreas Vesalius revolutionize medical knowledge?

A) He located and translated an unknown text written by the Muslim Avicenna.
B) He dissected human bodies and provided detailed drawings.
C) He incorporated knowledge acquired from medical practitioners from the New World.
D) He funded a new kind of medical school in Salerno, Spain: one that admitted Christian European and Muslim scholars.
E) He used his humanist skills and knowledge of Greek to better translate Aristotle's and Galen's writings.

Question 37

What effect did the confessional booth have?

A) It led to a serious decline in the participation of this sacrament, for Catholic believers did not trust being alone with their priests.
B) Since confession was now done privately and not in groups, many more priests had to be hired and trained.
C) It fostered a deeper internalization of spirituality for lay Catholics, for they had to face their spiritual advisers (priests) alone, not in groups.
D) A notable rise in complaints about inappropriate behavior by priests was registered.
E) Mass services were reduced, for priests had to spend so much more time in the confessionals.

Question 38

In which parts of Europe outside Switzerland did Calvinism gain the most adherents?

A) France, the Low Countries, England, and certain parts of the Holy Roman Empire
B) France, England, and southern Germany
C) France and northern Spain
D) France and Poland
E) France

Question 39

What was Antwerp's claim to fame in the sixteenth century?

A) It housed the largest fish market in the world.
B) Its merchants were the first to sell black slaves at a European port.
C) Although only a city, its citizens repelled Spanish troops in three invasion battles.
D) It was the trading center of Europe, brokering huge financial transactions.
E) It was the first European port to permit access to Muslim merchants.

Question 40

What new responsibility was assigned to cardinals in the aftermath of the Council of Trent?

A) They took command of the military activities initiated by the papacy.
B) No new responsibilities were delegated to the cardinals, for these officials were demoted to ceremonial functions only.
C) The cardinals were assigned to public-relations duties.
D) Cardinals presided over committees that issued the indexes of forbidden books.
E) Cardinals supervised the missionary work conducted by Jesuits and other orders.

Question 41

In order to wield more central authority, Ivan IV had to take which of these actions?

A) He needed to restrict the power of the boyars, great Russian nobles.
B) He had to reduce the number of bishoprics in Russia.
C) He had to restrict interference from the patriarch in Constantinople.
D) He added more archers to his armies.
E) He negotiated conciliatory treaties with Muslim khanates.

Question 42

As a Christian humanist, Erasmus avoided severe criticism from Catholic theologians; only Protestant theologians denounced him.

Question 43

What event escalated tensions between French Protestants and Catholics and probably accelerated the fall of the Valois dynasty in sixteenth-century France?

A) the death of Henry II at a jousting tournament in 1559
B) the marriage of Henry II to an Italian princess, Catherine de Medici, in 1547
C) the murder of some 5,000 Huguenots across France by Catholics, known as St.Bartholomew's Massacre, in 1572
D) Queen Elizabeth's rejection of marriage proposals from the Duke of Anjou, heir to the French throne
E) the invasion of Spanish troops in support of the Huguenots

Question 44

Why did the politiques in France represent such a radical departure from conventional politics in the late sixteenth century?

A) They were trained as humanists, not as scholastics, which enabled them to argue more persuasively than most of their contemporaries.
B) They were experts in theological matters as well as political ideologies.
C) They came from the middle and even lower classes, which gave them a different perspective on national issues.
D) As religious moderates, they prioritized concerns regarding state unity over religious loyalties.
E) They were Lutherans in terms of religious affiliation, but they supported the French crown against the Huguenots.

Question 45

Luther displayed scant religious sensitivity before his conversion experience while an Augustinian monk.

Question 46

Which statement best encapsulates Bodin's doctrine known as absolutism?

A) The pope holds absolute authority over doctrine, rituals, and practices within and outside the Catholic Church.
B) The Christian God has complete control over the entire universe and over the course of people's lives.
C) A king has power over his subjects comparable to the power held by the ancient Roman head of a household over his children.
D) The laws of nature are relative, but the laws of God are absolute.
E) On this earth, only kings wield real or actual authority; God's authority pertains only to the afterlife.

Question 47

Initially many reformers, including Erasmus, viewed Luther positively; he was seen as an ally, one who wished to reform the Church, rather than supplant it.

Question 48

Katharina von Bora was of little help to Luther, outside of her being a symbol of his rejection of monasticism and other Catholic traditions.

Question 49

Erasmus urged Christians to study their bibles directly rather than spending their time and energy delving into scholastic arguments and interpretations of the biblical texts.

Question 50

In western and central Europe, about what percent of those executed for witchcraft were women?

A) 25
B) 57
C) 68
D) 80
E) 95

Question 51

What new literary genre did Michel de Montaigne devise?

A) the historical novel
B) the comic book
C) the travelogue
D) romance plays
E) the essay

Question 52

What led to multiple accusations in witch trials?

A) Torture yielded more suspects.
B) When secular courts took over the jurisdiction of witchcraft cases, more names were forthcoming.
C) When actual covens of witches were discovered, more accusations appeared.
D) Female suspects were more likely to reveal accomplices.
E) Ecclesiastical courts violated more safeguards than secular courts.

Question 53

Why was England able to avoid civil or religious war in the sixteenth century?

A) The English were never known for hypersensitivity to religious issues, so no cause or religion stirred passions enough to incite violence.
B) England's switch to Protestantism was so complete and thorough that dissenters were in a very distinct minority.
C) The monarchy, following the principles of absolutism, maintained so much control that any opposition had no real opportunity to form.
D) As an island nation, England was isolated and spared the contagion of continental ideas and movements.
E) Queen Elizabeth and her councilors adopted a conciliatory and careful compromise between Protestant doctrine and Catholic organizational principles, which effected a strained but viable religious milieu.

Question 54

Teresa of Ávila fashioned a new model of female monasticism for the Carmelite order; in truth, it entailed restrictions that appear more "medieval" than "modern."

Question 55

How did King Henry IV's promulgation of the Edict of Nantes in 1598 reflect the principles of the politiques?

A) It provided for schools committed to humanist curricula.
B) It recognized certain cities as protected and self-governed by the Huguenots, situated in Catholic France.
C) It fostered open dialogue among Catholic and Protestant leaders by calling for annual conferences in Nantes.
D) It called for an immediate cease-fire between religious combatants.
E) It was a peace treaty signed by Catholic Spaniards and French Protestants.

Question 56

The principle of cuius regio, eius religio, agreed upon by Catholic and Protestant signatories to the Peace of Augsburg, was an outdated solution, harkening back to the days of Pope Innocent III.

Question 57

What attribute(s) distinguished Montaigne's writing?

A) He used humor and self-effacement.
B) He relied on historical and contemporary evidence.
C) He was the first author to employ sarcasm.
D) He refused to cite scripture to prove his theological arguments.
E) He wrote almost completely in a secular vein-that is, no references to a divinity or religion.

Question 58

Serfdom lasted beyond the sixteenth century in eastern Europe.

Question 59

In his Ninety-Five Theses, Luther categorically condemned the pope.

Question 60

The Jesuits not only took the traditional monastic vows of poverty, chastity,
and obedience but also swore to travel immediately to the Holy Land and preach the Gospel if the pope so ordered.

Question 61

Discuss the rise of the witch hunts in the early modern era.

Question 62

Discuss Bodin's response to political and religious challenges in his day.

Question 63

Discuss the witness of notable Protestant women.

Question 64

Discuss Montaigne's response to political, religious, and cultural challenges in his day.

Question 65

Discuss the German Peasant Revolt, 1524-1525.

Question 66

How did Copernicus upend the intellectual world?

Question 67

The cruelty of those who slaughtered French Protestants during the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day in 1572 seems beyond belief.At Orléans, some were slain while musicians played lutes and guitars.

Question 68

Who were the Jesuits and what was the role of this order in Catholic renewal?

Question 69

How did Luther's salvation teaching differ from Catholic theology?

Question 70

Describe the positive and negative aspects of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.

Question 71

Besides Bodin's work on political theory, he also wrote Of the Demonomania of Sorcerers, in which he argued forcefully for the prosecution of witches of both sexes.

Question 72

Among the victims of Queen Mary's pogrom against English Protestants was the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, executed by burning at the stake.

Question 73

Discuss the appeal of Protestantism in terms of its presentation and message.

Question 74

Besides a controversial theologian, Michael Servetus was a medical specialist who speculated about the circulation of blood.

Question 75

For Philip II's of Spain habit of bringing memoranda to every meeting with his counselors, he was given the title "the paper king."