Deck 8: Europe Revived, 900-1200

Question 1

Why did Bohemia enjoy increased prosperity in the thirteenth century?

A) Slaves were imported from Kievan Rus'.
B) New silver mines were opened.
C) Improved plows were developed.
D) Peasants found work in towns.
E) Kings donated more of their taxes to support public works.

Answer 1

New silver mines were opened.

Question 2

What did Richard II, Duke of Normandy, do by the end of the tenth century?

A) He ruled more land than anyone since Charlemagne.
B) He defeated a new Muslim threat invading from Spain.
C) He held authority over the best-organized small state in Europe.
D) He had reached a comprise solution with the papacy.
E) He refused to use knights in his administration.

Answer 2

He held authority over the best-organized small state in Europe.

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly describes how medieval society was construed?

A) Society was comprised of three estates: the clergy; the nobility; and the peasants, merchants, and artisans
B) Only one estate or class was universally recognized: the royalty of kings.
C) Society was comprised of three estates: the royalty, the nobility, and the clergy.
D) No clear or uniform groupings were expressed about medieval society.
E) Society was comprised of two estates: the nobility and peasantry; the clergy were not recognized as a distinct group.

Answer 3

Society was comprised of three estates: the clergy; the nobility; and the peasants, merchants, and artisans

Question 4

What is manorialism?

A) the castles and defensive structures built by Muslims
B) an economic system consisting of lords with authority over serfs and common laborers
C) a culture created by monks that lived in manors
D) the religion of the Germanic people who did not convert to Christianity
E) the political system devised by knights who were not subject to the authority of kings

Question 5

Although the Holy Roman emperors Henry IV and Frederick Barbarossa ruled in Germany, both fought several wars in what country?

A) Italy
B) Spain
C) France
D) Sweden
E) Bohemia

Question 6

What did Grand Prince Vladimir I do?

A) He annexed Poland.
B) He expelled the Jews.
C) He converted to Orthodox Christianity.
D) He switched to a Latin text for mass services.
E) He moved the capital from Kiev to Moscow.

Question 7

What skills or services did notaries provide?

A) They functioned like sheriffs and police.
B) They served as liaisons between bishops and laypeople.
C) They carried out orders from kings and dukes.
D) They drafted contracts and other legal and commercial documents.
E) They maintained banks and financial houses.

Question 8

What advantage did King Hugh Capet's successors have?

A) They kept all the lands King Hugh Capet recovered.
B) They had sons who survived and succeeded them.
C) They had access to new gold mines in France.
D) They traded with Muslim states.
E) They had peaceful relations with neighboring nobles.

Question 9

Who was the Anglo-Saxon official who carried out orders from kings at the local or county level?

A) ministerial
B) duke
C) sheriff
D) abbot
E) bishop

Question 10

What were medieval communes?

A) They were the equivalents of hippie communes of the 1960s.
B) They were groups of local noblemen who opposed the rule of bishops over towns.
C) They were business and trade associations that cooperated exclusively with kings.
D) They were similar institutions to hospitals.
E) They were the religious communities that allowed laypeople to live like monks.

Question 11

When merchants and craftsmen congregated in towns, what did they organize?

A) guilds
B) unions
C) monopolies
D) stock exchanges
E) schools

Question 12

To what does the medieval saying, "City air makes you free," refer?

A) It refers to a popular song that celebrated pastimes available only in towns.
B) Town-dwellers for centuries did not have to pay taxes.
C) Peasants who lived in a town for one year and one day were free from serfdom.
D) It refers to a bad joke that polluted air in most towns was so noxious that some died.
E) It refers to liberal and democratic ideas usually expressed only in towns and cities.

Question 13

What were the duties and responsibilities of the knights?

A) They had to pay the majority of the taxes owed to kings.
B) They supervised the education of serfs.
C) They were responsible for local justice.
D) They performed religious services if the clergy were not available.
E) They managed the lands owned by royalty.

Question 14

What was the term for the area ruled by the Danes in England?

A) Danelaw
B) Danegeld
C) "Little Denmark"
D) Mercia
E) Wessex

Question 15

How did Henry II reform the English legal system?

A) He granted more authority to nobles' courts.
B) He granted more authority to church courts.
C) He reduced the costs of fees and retainers.
D) He replaced ordeals with juries.
E) He hired university professors to serve as judges.

Question 16

How did Emperor Frederick Barbarossa use the ministeriales?

A) They provided entertainment at his court.
B) They worked as doctors in hospitals.
C) They served as officers in the imperial army.
D) They administered the sacraments in place of nuns.
E) They collected revenues and administered justice.

Question 17

What common feature did medieval towns share across Europe?

A) They had secure banking facilities.
B) They had access to long-distance ports.
C) There was a king in residence.
D) There were walls surrounding them.
E) There was a cathedral in the center.

Question 18

What was the Domesday Book?

A) a series of new laws imposed by the Norman duke on the English
B) a collection of sermons on the end times-that is, the approaching judgment of God
C) instructions for a new kind of cannon
D) a collection of spells, probably first devised by the Druids
E) a comprehensive assessment of the wealth and resources of England

Question 19

What happened to the English government after William of Normandy's conquest?

A) The government slowly weakened.
B) The government added a new body called Parliament.
C) The government succumbed to noble control.
D) The government disintegrated.
E) The government gained efficiency.

Question 20

What group in 1241 devastated Hungary and halted its progress toward stability?

A) Muslims
B) German knights
C) dukes of Poland
D) Russians
E) Mongols

Question 21

What groups first responded to Pope Urban II's appeal at the Council of Clermont (1095)?

A) bands of armed peasants with a few undistinguished knights
B) French knights near Clermont
C) English knights eager to prove their holy valor
D) the Knights Templar
E) German knights who had supported Emperor Henry against Pope Gregory VII

Question 22

Before popes supported the Crusades against Muslims in the east, what had they actively encouraged?

A) They encouraged immigration into the Holy Land.
B) They encouraged guerilla warfare against Muslims in Egypt and the Middle East.
C) They encouraged individual attack on Muslims in major European cities.
D) They encouraged the reconquest of Spain from Muslims.
E) They encouraged missionary efforts in the Middle East and Africa.

Question 23

What did flying buttresses and other structures of Gothic architecture permit?

A) They permitted the use of more domes in churches.
B) They permitted water ducts to fill baptismal pools.
C) They permitted taller, open walls with huge windows.
D) They permitted a larger space at the front for choirs and monks.
E) They permitted a better sound quality for priests to be heard.

Question 24

In the "Dictate of the Pope," Gregory declared that the pope alone could do what to bishops?

A) execute
B) reinstate
C) detain
D) demolish
E) reform

Question 25

The Investiture Controversy began in Milan over the appointment of its bishopric.What did imperial and papal supporters disagree about?

A) whether the pope or the emperor had the right to select the next bishop
B) how long a bishop should remain in office
C) what kind of vestments bishops should wear
D) how much income from a bishopric should go to the papacy
E) whether bishops could marry

Question 26

Besides the nobility, who or what helped form the new chivalric code?

A) the clerical order
B) the peasantry
C) the mercantile class
D) the Islamic religion
E) the Vikings

Question 27

What did Chrétien de Troyes write about?

A) the defeat of Charlemagne's rear guard by Muslims
B) the Trojan War with the Greeks
C) the Scottish knight, Ivanhoe
D) William the Conqueror
E) King Arthur and his knights

Question 28

What was the outcome of the conflict between Thomas Becket and Henry II of England?

A) Future English kings wielded absolute authority over church matters.
B) The archbishopric of Canterbury was divided permanently.
C) Better relations developed between English kings and popes.
D) English kings' authority was weakened in church-state conflicts.
E) No discernible changes occurred in the relationships of English monarchs with popes.

Question 29

What caused the East-West Schism, also referred to as the Schism of 1054?

A) The lands were divided among Charlemagne's heirs.
B) There was a competition between France and England when William, Duke of Normandy, became king of England.
C) There was an irreparable conflict between the Latin papal representative and the Byzantine Orthodox patriarch.
D) There was a struggle between the German emperor and the pope.
E) a declaration of war between Muslim and Christian forces in Palestine

Question 30

At the Concordat of Worms (1122), the German emperor and the pope agreed on what?

A) Half a new bishop's income should be split equally between the emperor and the pope.
B) Only the pope may confer the symbols of spiritual authority to bishops.
C) Only in Germany may emperors invest bishops with the symbols of authority.
D) Bishops appointed in Italy had to come from Italian families.
E) Bishops could no longer have any authority over knights in their bishoprics.

Question 31

Relationships in courtly love were based on the lord and vassal relationship.Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The man was the vassal, the woman the lord.
B) The man was the lord, the woman the vassal.
C) The duke or king of each court dictated the pairs in the relationship.
D) As the "lord" in the relationship, the man held absolute authority.
E) Courtly love was seen as dangerous, just as lord and vassal relations could be.

Question 32

In 1059, what did Church leaders in the College of Cardinals stipulate?

A) All future popes must be chosen by the College, not the emperor.
B) Popes must have at least a university degree in theology.
C) They must be consulted before an emperor appoints a new pope.
D) An imperial army must protect popes when they travel.
E) Cardinals must be at least 33 years old at the time of appointment.

Question 33

Which of the following is correct about the Cistercian order of monks?

A) They thought the lifestyle of the Benedictines was too strict.
B) They engaged in physical labor and farming.
C) They were noted for their intellectual pursuits.
D) They were never popular.
E) They refused to allow convents for Cistercian nuns.

Question 34

Who were the important officials in towns who attempted to save the Jews from mob action?

A) mayors
B) cardinals
C) civic knights
D) bishops
E) magistrates

Question 35

Where did the informal schools appear in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries?

A) in kings' courts
B) in cathedral churches
C) in knights' households
D) in monasteries
E) in larger villages

Question 36

During the Third Crusade, who did the crusaders fight against?

A) Frederick Barbarossa
B) Averroës (Ibn Rushd)
C) Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
D) Saladin (Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub)
E) Maimonides

Question 37

What did Church authorities refer to as the sin of simony?

A) They meant improper relationships between priests and concubines.
B) They meant polygynous marriages of German nobility.
C) They meant buying and selling of church offices.
D) They meant extravagant claims of popes who called themselves "Peter."
E) They meant knights killing noncombatants.

Question 38

What did Pope Gregory VII require of Henry IV, or threaten that the emperor would lose his throne?

A) support
B) an army
C) funds
D) blessing
E) forgiveness

Question 39

What did Lanfranc teach on the doctrine of transubstantiation?

A) Jesus's physical body was transformed while on the cross.
B) The relics of martyrs contained miraculous power.
C) Christians will be transformed into celestial beings at the last Judgement.
D) Alchemists were heretics to believe that metals could be transformed.
E) Sacraments in the Eucharist upon the priest's prayer became the very body and blood of Christ.

Question 40

What did the Jews in the city of Mainz do when the final assault against them began?

A) In an act symbolic of the battle at Masada, they killed one another.
B) They attempted a last appeal to the pope.
C) They fled the city and moved to Poland.
D) They laid down their weapons and voluntarily surrendered.
E) They bribed their attackers and escaped execution.

Question 41

Who organized the first universities in Italy?

A) rich merchants
B) communes
C) the pope
D) students
E) professors

Question 42

Hildegard of Bingen's reputation was so honored that she even corresponded with the Holy Roman emperor.

Question 43

On what did Averroës and his western scholastic contemporaries agree?

A) The earth was not the center of the universe.
B) The Hebrew scriptures conveyed only rudimentary theological truths.
C) Divine truths could only be found in inspired texts such as the Bible and Qur'an.
D) Monarchy was the superior form of government.
E) Faith and reason were compatible.

Question 44

The four Crusader kingdoms were able to survive for several decades because they had access to ports and, therefore, supplies from Italian cities and elsewhere.

Question 45

A peerless theologian, Peter Abelard exceled in what other field?

A) knightly military tactics
B) the medical field
C) civil law
D) poetry
E) botany

Question 46

What did Peter Abelard use to reconcile discrepancies and contradictions in biblical text and in church fathers' commentaries?

A) He used forgotten texts hidden in monasteries.
B) He used Muslim sources.
C) He used archaeological finds.
D) He used his expertise in Greek.
E) He used logic, in particular the tools of dialectic.

Question 47

Considering their labor obligations and the authority wielded by landlords, serfs were practically slaves.

Question 48

Why did European scholars owe so much to the House of Wisdom in Baghdad?

A) Its scholars continued experiments first conducted by Galen and others.
B) Scholars from there sent copies of original works to European scholars.
C) Its scholars translated ancient Greek works into Arabic, which were later translated into Latin.
D) The founder of the House maintained an open door to European scholars.
E) Its scholars devised the best ink and materials to preserve ancient texts.

Question 49

It is surprising that Henry II selected Thomas Becket as the Archbishop of Canterbury, for the king hardly knew Becket.

Question 50

What did Héloïse, Abelard's wife, display in her letters to him?

A) intellectual vigor
B) a new form of Christian mysticism
C) a deeper sensitivity to moral failings
D) a sense of individualism
E) an appreciation for married life

Question 51

In the eleventh century, Christian nobles in Spain lost even more territory to Muslim rulers.

Question 52

Who compiled The Canon of Medicine, from which European scholars learned much about the Greek physician Galen?

A) Avicenna
B) Averroës
C) Hippocrates
D) Peter Abelard
E) Gratian

Question 53

Chivalric codes of conduct only involved noble boys and men.Women were excluded from any codes.

Question 54

What was canon law?

A) instructions about the use of artillery
B) laws of the Catholic Church, much influenced by Roman law
C) laws of the Catholic Church, based on the Ten Commandments and other Hebrew texts
D) new law codes devised by Italian cities
E) canons or codes of Germanic origin

Question 55

Serfs could marry without their lord's permission.

Question 56

The troubadours followed the conventions of the day, which meant that female characters were demure and reticent.

Question 57

What helped scholastic theologians solve theological disputes?

A) knowledge from Aristotle
B) extensive research in biblical sources
C) advanced linguistic studies, particularly in Greek and Hebrew
D) permission to re-enter the Holy Land
E) much greater funding from secular sources-that is, kings and emperors

Question 58

After a certain group of Vikings were granted territory in France, later known as Normandy, they stopped excursions to any other lands beyond Normandy.

Question 59

Only upper-class women were permitted to join guilds.

Question 60

What did the principal focus of scholastic philosophy demonstrate?

A) The Christian God existed.
B) The Catholic Church was the only true church.
C) The truths of faith and reason were compatible.
D) The Bible was indeed the word of God.
E) God's power was unlimited.

Question 61

The stained glass windows in Gothic medieval churches were unique in their portrayal of strictly spiritual themes and symbols.

Question 62

Explain the rise of chivalry, its code, and courtly love.

Question 63

Church leaders followed the same practical and political stances about marriage that royalty and nobility emphasized; marriage was "business," certainly not "romantic."

Question 64

Medieval Christianity did not alter the heaven and hell dichotomy in early Christianity; church leaders taught that the dead had only two destinations in the afterlife.

Question 65

Expound on how scholasticism impacted theological studies.

Question 66

Elaborate on the judicial reforms implemented by Henry II.

Question 67

The men who founded the universities of Paris and Oxford did not follow the model of the university of Bologna.At Paris and Oxford, professors established the regulations and curricula for their academic guild.

Question 68

The new scholastic studies, adopted at Bec Abbey, were initially unpopular.Masters at that school were never promoted to higher positions.

Question 69

What factors promoted and contributed to the rebirth of cities in the High Middle Ages?

Question 70

How did scholarship in the Islamic world influence European scholars?

Question 71

What were the origins of the French monarchy?

Question 72

Discuss the innovations in medieval law related to the growth of towns.

Question 73

Discuss the new directions in which the Cistercian Order led the Catholic Church.

Question 74

Discuss church-state relations in eleventh-century Europe.

Question 75

Discuss the growth of medieval education.