Deck 10: Race,ethnicity,and Racism

Question 1

Although Anthony,an African American,was more productive at work than Francisco,a Hispanic American,Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans.Denying Francisco a raise is an example of

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) projection.
D) institutional racism.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A white man places a rental property he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year.He receives two very promising applications from individuals who both are college educated and hold well-paying jobs.He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant,who is white.What is this scenario an example of?

A) racism
B) prejudice
C) antimiscegenation
D) discrimination

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries?

A) Countries mostly categorize race and ethnicity in the same way.
B) Countries base racial and ethnic categorization on different traits,including skin color,cultural group membership,regional origin,and religion.
C) Countries vary widely in how they categorize racial and ethnic groups,although very few use skin color as a criterion.
D) Smaller nations tend to use skin color as a guide to categorizing racial and ethnic groups,whereas larger nations are more likely to define race and ethnicity based on religion or culture.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements concerning minority groups is true?

A) Any group that is less than 50 percent of the population is considered a minority group.
B) All members of the group share the same physical features.
C) The term refers to political power and is not simply a numerical distinction.
D) The idea of a minority group was more confusing in the past than today.

Question 5

A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process.What term would be used to characterize her argument?

A) displacement
B) prejudice
C) scapegoating
D) discrimination

Question 6

Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as

A) racism.
B) antiracism.
C) relativism.
D) nativism.

Question 7

In 2013,______ of Americans eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds supported interracial marriage.

A) 15 percent
B) 36 percent
C) 68 percent
D) 96 percent

Question 8

The 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplished what?

A) It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places.
B) De facto segregation,or segregation "in fact," was completely eliminated.
C) It outlawed discriminatory voting practices.
D) It outlawed discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes.

Question 9

Which of the following minority groups is the largest?

A) African Americans
B) Hispanic Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) American Indians

Question 10

Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called

A) transference.
B) stereotyping.
C) discrimination.
D) displacement.

Question 11

______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry.

A) Ethnicity
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Race
D) Racism

Question 12

Which statement about Theodor Adorno's research would Adorno most agree with?

A) Authoritarianism is not a characteristic of personality but reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society.
B) Authoritarianism is a characteristic of personality and reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society.
C) Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general rather than a particular personality type.
D) Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general as well as the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society.

Question 13

Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages.Immigrants in this example can be considered a

A) stereotype.
B) scapegoat.
C) victim.
D) minority group.

Question 14

Ethan is a white man who has Scottish ancestry and wore a kilt to his wedding.In most aspects of his life,however,being Scottish American has no meaningful impact on his day-to-day life.This example illustrates that

A) ethnicity has become less important in the United States.
B) tension between racial and ethnic groups has declined over time.
C) ethnicity is a choice for whites in the United States.
D) pluralism is growing in the United States.

Question 15

Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminal than native-born Americans.He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants.Steve's attitude is an example of

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) segregation.
D) institutional racism.

Question 16

Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories,such as believing that all French people like to wear striped shirts,is best described as

A) stereotyping.
B) discriminating.
C) racializing.
D) projecting.

Question 17

Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people.She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application.This shows that

A) only prejudiced people will discriminate.
B) discrimination is unavoidable,but prejudicial attitudes are not.
C) patterns of discrimination are easily fixed by individuals.
D) people who are not prejudiced can discriminate.

Question 18

Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race?

A) The concept of race plays an important role in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality.
B) The concept of race is primarily based on cultural differences between groups.
C) The genetic diversity between races is greater than the genetic diversity within them.
D) The concept of race is no longer important.

Question 19

A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as

A) an ethnic group.
B) a racial group.
C) a minority group.
D) scapegoats.

Question 20

______ refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry (perceived or real)and cultural differences which become effective or active in certain contexts.

A) Ethnicity
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Race
D) Racism

Question 21

Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argues that

A) color blindness is a means of maintaining racial equality.
B) most whites are above racism and incapable of perpetuating discrimination.
C) color-blind racism,unlike overt racism,is not psychologically damaging to racial minorities.
D) by attempting to act as if race does not exist,whites perpetuate inequalities.

Question 22

Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from

A) Northwestern Europe.
B) Eastern Europe.
C) Southern Europe.
D) Latin America.

Question 23

In 1735,Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus published a modern classification scheme of human populations.Linnaeus assumed that each subgroup

A) had developed cultural differences but were essentially very similar.
B) had innate qualities that were different but that could be modified through socialization.
C) had different cultural practices that eventually produced physical differences.
D) had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered.

Question 24

More than three-quarters of the nearly 59 million immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from

A) Northwestern Europe.
B) Southern and Eastern Europe.
C) Africa.
D) Latin America or Asia.

Question 25

Between 1915 and 1923,more than a million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish government.This is an example of

A) genocide.
B) assimilation.
C) segregation.
D) pluralism.

Question 26

Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on assimilation is a survey?

A) A researcher sends two sets of Hispanic undergraduates out to interact with others and find out how people stigmatize one of two conditions: a student who speaks limited English or a student who is clearly fluent in English.
B) A researcher examines the differences in assimilation rates of new immigrants in the United States vs.Europe.
C) A researcher conducts a series of interviews with new immigrants to the United States who came from Central America.
D) A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to new immigrant children in high school.

Question 27

When a minority member experiences a microaggression,they

A) often misunderstand what was really an innocent comment.
B) often get angry,making a mountain out of a molehill.
C) often respond with silence,though they experience the interaction as an insult.
D) often understand it as a compliment,since it is often meant as a compliment.

Question 28

Black drivers are more than twice as likely as white drivers to be searched during a vehicle stop (even after controlling for variables such as the reason the car was stopped),but they are found in possession of contraband 26 percent less often than white drivers.This difference is an example of

A) interpersonal racism.
B) institutional racism.
C) racialization.
D) ethnicity.

Question 29

______ is the model of ethnic integration that exists in Switzerland.

A) Assimilation
B) Melting pot
C) Segregation
D) Multiculturalism

Question 30

More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from

A) immigrants.
B) Europeans.
C) Africans.
D) Native Americans.

Question 31

In apartheid-era South Africa,laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races.This is an example of

A) multiculturalism.
B) assimilation.
C) segregation.
D) pluralism.

Question 32

Which statement best characterizes the textbook's assessment of the Trump presidency?

A) Donald Trump is the least racist president ever.
B) Donald Trump expresses the kind of racism that is typical in contemporary American politics.
C) Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of covert racism.
D) Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of overt racism.

Question 33

A white person tells an Asian American person that they "speak good English." This interaction best illustrates which of the following statements?

A) Whites regularly engage in overt racism against Asian Americans.
B) Well-meaning comments are never insulting.
C) There is no such thing as racial microaggressions.
D) Whites sometimes assume that the Asian American person they are speaking to is an immigrant.

Question 34

When speeding charges are made,Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer's visual assessment rather than radar or laser.This is an example of

A) interpersonal racism.
B) institutional racism.
C) multiculturalism.
D) scapegoating.

Question 35

What is a characteristic of white privilege?

A) Whites acknowledge they have privilege.
B) Whites have earned the privilege.
C) Few whites benefit from white privilege.
D) Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it.

Question 36

For most of the period of European expansion,Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered.This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism?

A) Racism is a form of prejudice focusing on cultural differences between people.
B) Racist views distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans became central to European racist attitudes.
C) Racist attitudes are found in all human societies because humans are designed to notice and dislike people who are different.
D) Racism resides in the individual conscience only.

Question 37

As a result of successive potato famines that produced widespread starvation,1.5 million people migrated to the United States from ______ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in ______ areas.

A) Germany;rural
B) Germany;urban
C) Ireland;rural
D) Ireland;urban

Question 38

Assimilation is when

A) new immigrant groups assume the attitudes and language of the dominant community.
B) ethnic differences are combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources.
C) all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship.
D) ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life.

Question 39

What were the "black codes"?

A) laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South after the Civil War
B) laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South during the Civil War
C) laws limiting the rights of blacks in South Africa under apartheid
D) laws granting relief from discrimination and segregation,beginning in the 1950s

Question 40

Chul Soo is Korean and currently lives in Seoul.He wants to move to Canada and become a permanent citizen.This is an example of

A) immigration.
B) emigration.
C) assimilation.
D) racialization.

Question 41

According to the U.S.Census,are people with origins in the Middle East and North Africa white?

A) Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are nonwhite.
B) Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are white.
C) Middle Easterners are white and North Africans are nonwhite.
D) Middle Easterners are nonwhite and North Africans are white.

Question 42

Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest?

A) Mexican Americans
B) Puerto Rican Americans
C) Cuban Americans
D) El Salvadoran Americans

Question 43

According to the textbook,what can we conclude about the patterns of segregation in the United States?

A) Neighborhood segregation has declined significantly over the past quarter century.
B) Studies show that discriminatory practices toward black clients in the housing market have disappeared.
C) Black children and white children still attend separate schools in most rural areas of the South.
D) Neighborhood segregation remains especially high in metropolitan areas.

Question 44

Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S.racial and ethnic groups.Which group has the highest rate of hypertension?

A) white men and women
B) Hispanic men
C) Asian women
D) Black men and women

Question 45

Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate?

A) non-Hispanic whites
B) African Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Hispanics

Question 46

Which group of Americans has the highest median household income?

A) whites
B) African Americans
C) Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
D) Hispanics

Question 47

Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups besides Anglo-Saxons,yet faces the segregation and poverty that was only a transitional phase for the other groups?

A) Eastern European Americans
B) Southern European Americans
C) Irish Americans
D) African Americans

Question 48

During which period were Mexican workers admitted without much restriction?

A) in the post-World War II period up to the early 1960s
B) from the middle 1960s to 1986
C) from 1986 to 2008
D) from 2008 to today

Question 49

Unlike other Latino immigrants,these immigrants were mainly educated people from white-collar and professional backgrounds.

A) Mexicans
B) Puerto Ricans
C) Cubans
D) El Salvadorians

Question 50

In 2017,among full-time workers,which group has the lowest weekly earnings?

A) Latina women
B) white women
C) Black men
D) white men

Question 51

Are Hispanics white or nonwhite?

A) All Hispanics are white.
B) All Hispanics are nonwhite.
C) Some Hispanics are white and some Hispanics are nonwhite.
D) Hispanics are neither white nor nonwhite.

Question 52

In 2016,what percent of families headed by Latina women lived in poverty?

A) 12 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 41 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 53

Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S.population and ______ of chief executives.

A) 13 percent;3 percent
B) 26 percent;6 percent
C) 13 percent;9 percent
D) 26 percent;18 percent

Question 54

Which of the following was a consequence of the U.S.policy of forcing Japanese families into "relocation centers" during World War II?

A) After the war,Japanese families joined many Chinese immigrants in segregated Chinatowns.
B) Children of Japanese immigrants were unable to learn English,putting them at an educational disadvantage.
C) Many Japanese immigrants went on to become activists in the desegregation movement.
D) The Japanese families' assimilation into U.S.society accelerated after the war.

Question 55

In understanding the racial disparity in maternal health care between Black and white women,what factor is most directly associated with the cumulative effects of institutional and everyday racial discrimination that Black women face?

A) stress
B) higher rates of known health risks
C) poverty
D) poor diet

Question 56

Which group of Americans has the lowest median household income?

A) whites
B) African Americans
C) Hispanics
D) Asian Americans

Question 57

Over the past half-century,the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954-the year of the ______ decision.

A) Dred Scott v.Sandford
B) The State of Tennessee v.John Thomas Scopes
C) Brown v.Board of Education
D) Roe v.Wade

Question 58

During World War II,_______ were made to report to "relocation centers," which were effectively concentration camps.

A) German Americans
B) Americans
C) Japanese Americans
D) Mexican Americans

Question 59

Of the choices listed,which is a commonwealth of the United States?

A) Puerto Rico
B) Mexico
C) Cuba
D) El Salvador

Question 60

Industrial development in the North of the United States,combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South,produced a progressive movement of _______ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century.

A) whites
B) African Americans
C) Latin Americans
D) Native Americans

Question 61

Which statement is most consistent with the textbook's conclusions about race?

A) Racism is no longer a significant problem for Blacks.
B) In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites,gender disadvantages are more significant than racism.
C) In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites,class disadvantages are more significant than racism.
D) Perhaps the single most significant race-based explanation of Black-white inequality is the restriction or segregation of Blacks in physical space known as the ghetto.

Question 62

What is a minority group and what are the key characteristics that define a minority group in the field of social science? Why might the term minority cause confusion? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

Question 63

Who argued that by the 1980s the economic conditions of Blacks had become central to their life chances?

A) Lawrence Bobo
B) Joe Feagin
C) William Julius Wilson
D) Elijah Anderson

Question 64

Using examples,compare overt racism with colorblind racism.Which do you think is more prevalent today? Which do you think is more damaging? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

Question 65

According to the textbook,Cuban Americans are relatively more successful than Mexican Americans.How can this difference be explained sociologically? Please answer in a few sentences.

Question 66

In a short paragraph,please explain the four models of ethnic integration mentioned in your textbook: assimilation,melting pot,pluralism,and multiculturalism.What model (or models)characterize ethnic integration in the United States,past and present?

Question 67

Which factor is LEAST likely to explain IQ differences between Blacks and whites?

A) genetic factors
B) cultural factors
C) economic factors
D) discrimination

Question 68

Mexicans in cities like Los Angeles and San Antonio end up living in segregated,high-poverty communities in which institutions,such as schools,have inferior resources and foster low expectations of their students;this situation may facilitate the categorization of Mexicans as a race.This process of categorization is known as

A) racialization.
B) nationalism.
C) ethnicity.
D) prejudice.

Question 69

In a couple of sentences,please define institutional racism and explain how it differs from racial discrimination at the individual level.Give examples of each (individual and institutional racism),specifying how your examples illustrate the difference between individual-level and institutional racism.

Question 70

Over the history of the census,how have racial categories changed? Provide examples.What does this suggest about the socially constructed nature of race? Your answer should be three to five sentences in length.

Question 71

Who would MOST likely believe that strengthening the Black family is the solution to racial inequality?

A) Daniel Patrick Moynihan
B) Martin Luther King Jr.
C) William Julius Wilson
D) Jennifer Lee

Question 72

What is group closure? Using an example from history or current times,describe how group closure is used to maintain racial inequality.Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

Question 73

Your textbook notes that racial discrimination can occur at the individual behavioral level but also at the institutional/societal level.One context in which both forms of racial discrimination might occur is in hiring for employment.Consider a scenario in which two job candidates are being considered for a position and the racial and/or ethnic identity of each candidate is known.Construct a hypothetical scenario in which racism is occurring at the individual level and at the institutional level (institutional racism),giving specific examples of each type of racism.Explain how each example of racism illustrates either individual or institutional racism.Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

Question 74

William Julius Wilson has argued that for the United States to bridge the Black-white gap in inequality,the federal government would need to

A) create massive numbers of jobs.
B) require welfare recipients to work.
C) increase tax breaks to Black churches.
D) integrate schools.

Question 75

Those who view the Mexican American population as stagnating argue that Mexicans are going through a process called

A) aggregation.
B) eugenics.
C) racialization.
D) generalization.