Deck 12: Family (in Core edition)

Question 1

Which of the following is true regarding motherhood in the Zambian culture?

A) Zambian mothers nurture daughters in similar ways to Western mothers.
B) Zambian mothers are far more nurturing than Western mothers.
C) Zambian mothers don't nurture their daughters in the way that Western mothers do.
D) There are no consistent observations of Zambian motherhood.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States,although most U.S.marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous.What factors might discourage exogamy?

A) having opportunities to interact with members of other racial/ethnic groups
B) living in a region where racial attitudes are more tolerant
C) facing ostracism from within one's tightly knit community
D) having parents and close friends who have few qualms about racial intermarrying

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true concerning the domestic world of Ozzie and Harriet portrayed in the 1950s television program?

A) The program was a good portrayal of how Americans lived, dressed, and spoke in the 1950s.
B) The program was popular because it portrayed the economic and emotional struggles of a bourgeois family.
C) The quality of family life today has declined significantly compared to the 1950s.
D) The program portrayed an idealized version of American family life in the 1950s.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

If Jerome is opposed to the idea of having a relationship with someone who lives in his dormitory,which he jokingly refers to as "dorm-cest," he is practicing the rule known as:

A) exogamy.
B) endogamy.
C) dormagamy.
D) the principle of least interest.

Question 5

Some people may have several spouses over their lifetimes,but in the United States they are legally allowed only one at a time.The legal institution is known as:

A) polygamy.
B) monogamy.
C) endogamy.
D) exogamy.

Question 6

The ____________ theory of the family argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers.

A) functionalist
B) necessity
C) requisite
D) traditional

Question 7

Grandparents,aunts,uncles,and cousins who live together in a multigenerational household are considered a(n)____________ family.

A) outer
B) extended
C) extra
D) intergenerational

Question 8

Which of the following nations practices a rigid adherence to endogamy?

A) China
B) Cuba
C) India
D) Saudi Arabia

Question 9

In much of the Western world,the choice of a marriage partner tends to be influenced by age,education,class,race,and religion.Which of the following explains this tendency?

A) Marriage from outside of one's social group in many Western nations, including several states within the United States, is against the law.
B) People are oftentimes attracted to others who are their complete opposite, for opposites attract.
C) Marrying someone who diverges a great deal from our age, race, social class, and religion is often met with overt or subtle disapproval from others.
D) We tend to prefer people who do not resemble our parents in terms of their social backgrounds.

Question 10

Formal or informal rules that require a person to marry outside of the group he or she belongs to are called:

A) endogamy.
B) exogamy.
C) monogamy.
D) polygamy.

Question 11

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father)in U.S.history?

A) The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.
B) The traditional family describes preindustrial family arrangements that culminated in the 1950s.
C) The traditional family is the family arrangement that best defines America's history.
D) The traditional family is a relatively old phenomenon that was the dominant family form until recently.

Question 12

In what year were laws prohibiting interracial marriage struck down in the United States?

A) 1865
B) 1915
C) 1937
D) 1967

Question 13

Talcott Parsons and other functionalists argued that the nuclear family was necessary in modern industrial society.Problems with the functionalist argument are highlighted in which of the research findings below?

A) A majority of single mothers on welfare get off of it in two years.
B) Cohabitants who eventually marry have increased divorce rates compared to non-cohabitants who marry.
C) Mundurucu mothers and fathers live in separate homes, eat separate meals, and sleep apart, yet this arrangement is functional for this culture.
D) Research shows that married parents provide better homes for their children than divorced ones.

Question 14

A family consisting of a mother,a father,and their biological children is known as a(n)____________ family.

A) polygamous
B) polyandrous
C) extended
D) nuclear

Question 15

When a society has rules that limit marital choices to people within their own social group,such as within their social class or religion,this is known as:

A) endogamy.
B) exogamy.
C) monogamy.
D) polygamy.

Question 16

In the 1950s,which of the following structural functionalists identified the traditional nuclear family model as a functional necessity in modern industrial society?

A) Malinowski
B) Coontz
C) Durkheim
D) Parsons

Question 17

Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1913)examined the family structure of nontraditional cultures and settled a long-standing debate when he concluded that:

A) tribal societies do not form ties indicative of familial arrangements.
B) the family was indeed a universal human institution.
C) families are universal institutions for the most part, but Australian Aboriginals were an exception to the rule.
D) many traditional tribal societies have familial structures, but quite a few do not, so the family cannot be seen in universal terms.

Question 18

As discussed in Chapter 12,in which cultures would it be acceptable for a man to marry his 14-year-old cousin?

A) no cultures would accept this practice
B) in the United States and Kenya
C) in 1960s Japan
D) in Victorian England and in some modern-day Muslim tribes

Question 19

In the Na culture of China,children grow up with which of the following as male role models?

A) fathers
B) uncles
C) grandfathers
D) celebrities

Question 20

In terms of cross-cultural family forms,which of the following statements is true?

A) The traditional family is only dominant in the United States.
B) The traditional family is universal cross-culturally.
C) The traditional family is not the dominant form anywhere.
D) The traditional family has never existed anywhere.

Question 21

Approximately what percentage of U.S.marriages ends in divorce?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 22

Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:

A) thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing.
B) treated in the same manner as contemporary children.
C) sent to work by the age of 12, although before then, they were treated as children are today.
D) ideally seen and not heard.

Question 23

According to research in Chapter 12,what percentage of today's U.S.families consists of a male breadwinner,a female housewife,and their children?

A) 7 percent
B) 23 percent
C) 33 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 24

Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanisms that explains these consequences?

A) It forced families to tighten their budgets.
B) It created new wealth and a variety of new consumer products.
C) It separated work and home and created new roles for men and women.
D) Women and children were expected to make and use their own food, clothes, and goods.

Question 25

Who wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)?

A) Conley
B) Friedan
C) Aries
D) Coontz

Question 26

Approximately what percentage of Americans marries at some point in their lives?

A) 30 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 27

In some rural areas of Asia,women can have several husbands at one time.This practice is known as:

A) monogamy.
B) endogamy.
C) polyandry.
D) polygyny.

Question 28

Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family?

A) Husbands and wives were partners, not only in making a home but also in making a living.
B) There were distinct differences between public and private spheres.
C) The division of labor between the sexes was substantial, as men worked the fields and women labored in the house.
D) The nuclear family was isolated from extended kin.

Question 29

Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning.This arrangement is known by sociologists as:

A) a nuclear family.
B) polyandry.
C) cohabitation.
D) living in sin.

Question 30

Which of the following trends is true in the Western world today?

A) The number of people choosing to cohabitate is on the decline.
B) The proportion of women who choose not to have children is on the rise.
C) The number of single-parent families is declining.
D) The number of multiple births among professional white women has declined.

Question 31

Some societies allow a person to have several spouses at the same time in an arrangement known as:

A) polygamy.
B) monogamy.
C) endogamy.
D) exogamy.

Question 32

Sarah Fenstermaker Berk has characterized the American family by examining how women and men learn to take on distinct roles paralleling the divide between public and private spheres.She calls the family a:

A) "cult of domesticity."
B) "gender factory."
C) "pecking order."
D) "biological destiny."

Question 33

It is commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s,but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:

A) decreasing since an all-time high in the 1970s.
B) holding steady.
C) at a relatively constant level since 1900.
D) increasing steadily since 1900.

Question 34

Which of the following is true regarding single-parent families in the United States and worldwide?

A) They are on the rise in the United States only.
B) They are on the rise in the United States and worldwide.
C) They are on the decline in the United States only.
D) They are on the decline in the United States and worldwide.

Question 35

Structural changes brought on by industrialization in the United States meant that families changed from "grapevine" forms to:

A) "roots."
B) "petals."
C) "beanpoles."
D) "weeds."

Question 36

The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?

A) the pre-Depression era
B) World War I
C) World War II
D) the post-World War II economic boom

Question 37

John and Monique are married.Both of their parents live with them,as does John's sister and brother-in-law and some nieces and nephews.This is known as a ____________ network.

A) social
B) kinship
C) functionalist
D) family

Question 38

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:

A) the cult of domesticity.
B) gender factory.
C) nurturing conformity.
D) biological destiny.

Question 39

Which of the following factors contributed to the development of the ideal of the traditional family (male breadwinner and female homemaker)in post-World War II America?

A) all family members working together to accomplish family tasks
B) an increase in real wages
C) the creation of the public and private spheres
D) higher education levels

Question 40

According to the text's discussion,cohabitation:

A) provides a good testing ground for marriage and curtails divorce.
B) increases the rate of divorce because people who cohabitate are difficult to live with.
C) increases the rate of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce.
D) decreases the rate of divorce because cohabitants know their partners better than those who do not cohabitate prior to marriage.

Question 41

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1980)has found that many women who would traditionally be expected to take care of the home and children also try to have a career.She calls this the:

A) supermom strategy.
B) cult of domesticity.
C) gender factory.
D) pecking order.

Question 42

Who of the following has argued that African American female-headed families are the outcome,rather than the cause,of racial oppression and poverty?

A) Hochschild
B) Moynihan
C) Marx
D) Du Bois

Question 43

According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research,time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time women spend on housework.What explanation is given for her finding?

A) These devices just take longer than a human being to get the job done.
B) These devices break so frequently that time gets wasted on repairs.
C) Standards of cleanliness have also risen, so even more cleaning is expected.
D) Ease of use and availability have led to women cleaning more frequently.

Question 44

Sociologist Barbara Risman calls families in which both men and women genuinely share the paid and unpaid labor equally ____________ families.

A) happy
B) fair
C) egalitarian
D) feminist

Question 45

In families where both spouses work for wages,the second shift can best be described as:

A) the domestic tasks that couples share in order to keep their households running smoothly.
B) the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.
C) a second job that either spouse may take in order to help make ends meet.
D) the time one or both parents spend on child-rearing duties after getting home from work.

Question 46

It is it difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the United States because:

A) there are fewer Latinos than other minority groups.
B) of their diverse origins and geography.
C) families are unimportant to Latinos.
D) Latinos are reluctant to share family information with sociologists.

Question 47

Neoclassical economists typically look at a member's power in the family as a direct expression of that member's utility to the family unit.This measure of power tends to be based on gender and:

A) physical size.
B) intelligence.
C) vocational skills.
D) income.

Question 48

According to research in Conley's The Pecking Order,how does the average income of daughters raised by stay-at-home mothers compare to that of daughters of working moms?

A) They are less likely to earn as much as their brothers.
B) They are likely to earn more than their brothers.
C) They are more likely to earn a salary-based income.
D) They are less likely to earn a salary-based income.

Question 49

Recent trends indicate that weekly hours of housework done by men and women are converging.Which of the following statements indicates how household labor is divided by gender?

A) Men do the housework and women help out.
B) Men, as breadwinners, consider housework to be a second shift.
C) Women do the housework and men help out.
D) Men and women tend to divide chores equally.

Question 50

According to data in Chapter 12,U.S.women earn about how much for every dollar earned by U.S.men?

A) $0.77
B) $0.81
C) $0.91
D) $0.98

Question 51

Why was the traditional family depicted in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet never a reality for African American families?

A) African American women have always had to combine work and family.
B) African Americans divided work and family responsibilities earlier than their white counterparts.
C) African American fathers have historically been more heavily involved in child care than white fathers.
D) The patriarchal tradition of the African American family made it easy for black women to separate work and home.

Question 52

In the 1960s many social scientists,including Daniel Patrick Moynihan,viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as:

A) the inevitable result of poverty and discrimination that emasculated husbands and fathers.
B) a detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems.
C) a positive characteristic that would eventually strengthen the African American family.
D) an anomaly that resulted from increased job opportunities for black women but not black men after World War II.

Question 53

The largest minority group in the United States is:

A) African American.
B) Asian.
C) American Indian.
D) Latino.

Question 54

The domestic duties that still fall disproportionately on working women's shoulders are labeled by Hochschild (1989)as the:

A) "cult of domesticity."
B) "gender factory."
C) "second shift."
D) "night shift."

Question 55

According to research presented in Chapter 12,if the typical American mother has two shifts,then the typical black American mother has how many?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) five or more

Question 56

On most weekends you can find the Smiths,who have one son and two daughters,doing their assigned chores around the house.Typically,the son mows the lawn and helps his dad with automobile maintenance,while the girls help clean the house and prepare the meals.This distribution of chores reflects:

A) the importance of being gender-flexible.
B) children bearing a proportion of the second shift.
C) the natural division of labor between boys and girls.
D) how gender roles are learned at home.

Question 57

Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands.This is known as:

A) separate spheres.
B) the gender factory.
C) the cult of domesticity.
D) the leisure gap.

Question 58

Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?

A) government-sponsored day care programs
B) their immediate families
C) the day care institutions in their places of employment
D) their extrafamilial female networks

Question 59

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund.Ultimately,after feminist groups lobbied the U.S.government,what happened?

A) Only the deceased's future earnings were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.
B) Only the deceased's economic status at the time of death was measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.
C) Neither the deceased's future earnings nor his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.
D) Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

Question 60

Marital rates among blacks in the United States have declined since:

A) the twenty-first century began.
B) 1865.
C) 1915.
D) the 1960s.

Question 61

Recent trends in marriages between people from different races or ethnic groups indicate a:

A) growing acceptance of exogamy.
B) growing acceptance of endogamy.
C) declining acceptance of exogamy.
D) declining acceptance of endogamy.

Question 62

Distinguish between monogamy,polygamy,polyandry,and polygyny as covered in Chapter 12.Which do we have as a U.S.cultural norm?

Question 63

As your text points out,single mothers and poverty often go hand in hand.What is the primary reason their employment opportunities typically limit them to low-wage work?

A) Single mothers always lack the connections needed to obtain higher-paying work.
B) Many single mothers lack the motivation required for higher-paying work.
C) Single mothers are often unskilled and have less education than the average American.
D) Their only other higher-paying option is criminal activity such as prostitution or drug dealing.

Question 64

When compared to the 1990s,views regarding gay and lesbian marriage are becoming increasingly

A) positive.
B) negative.
C) divided between positive and negative.
D) indifferent.

Question 65

Define endogamy and exogamy as family forms and give an example of each.

Question 66

As discussed in Chapter 12,which group of women is least likely to get an abortion?

A) white women
B) Asian women
C) Latino women
D) black women

Question 67

According to your text,the most frequent form of domestic violence is:

A) husband on wife.
B) wife on husband.
C) parents on kids.
D) sibling on sibling.

Question 68

About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?

A) 2 years
B) 5 years
C) 10 years
D) more than 15 years

Question 69

Cole's parents divorced when he was six,but now both of them are remarried.He has two stepsisters on his mother's side and a new stepbrother on his father's side.These families are examples of which of the following type of family?

A) an extended family
B) a nuclear family
C) a kinship network
D) a blended family

Question 70

Sociologists generally concur that the effect of divorce on children:

A) is negative because it affects their ability to form lasting relationships as adults.
B) varies widely, but high levels of parental conflict are bad regardless of marriage or divorce.
C) is damaging because children of divorced parents fare worse than those from intact families in terms of self-esteem.
D) is too difficult to ascertain because all families differ in their responses to divorce.

Question 71

In 2007,intimate partner violence accounted for more than 2,300 deaths.What percentage of these deaths occurred among males?

A) 0 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 72

Which of the following was a motivation of the welfare reforms of 1996?

A) to provide unlimited aid to families with dependent children
B) to promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility
C) to combat conservative views of "welfare queens"
D) to provide assistance to those who are "unemployable"

Question 73

Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs.All of the following are true about her experiences EXCEPT:

A) with only herself to support and juggling two or more jobs, she could not afford to live off her wages.
B) she felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."
C) she sunk deeper into debt, regardless of how much effort and time she put into her work.
D) she was surprised at how difficult her work was and was relieved to be able to go back to her old lifestyle.

Question 74

Family life during the preindustrial period differed quite a bit from family life during the Industrial Revolution.Discuss some of these differences.

Question 75

Most Latino families in the United States are shaped by which of the following?

A) a devout tradition of Catholicism
B) a devout tradition of Protestantism
C) U.S. history books
D) the U.S. media

Question 76

At any given point in the past few decades,about how many mothers raising children by themselves have had to go on welfare to get by in the United States?

A) about half
B) about one-third
C) about one-fourth
D) about one-fifth

Question 77

In his book The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today (2009),sociologist Andrew Cherlin proposes that America's "love-hate" relationship with marriage stems from the:

A) secularization of major American social institutions, including marriage.
B) fact that Americans are individualistic and evaluate their marriages in personal terms.
C) declining occupational status of men.
D) fact that Americans are polyamorous by nature and have difficulty committing themselves to one person for a lifetime.

Question 78

Legally recognized unions of gay and lesbian couples that are explicitly intended to offer similar state-mandated legal rights and benefits of marriage as are given to heterosexual couples are known as:

A) civil unions.
B) domestic partnerships.
C) civil cohabitations.
D) monogamous partnerships.

Question 79

Which 1996 legislation led to national welfare reform during the Clinton administration?

A) the Civil Rights Act
B) the Americans with Disabilities Act
C) the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
D) the Violence Against Women Act

Question 80

Define nuclear family and elaborate on its evolution.Is this still the traditional family form in the United States?