Deck 18: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change

Question 1

Keynoters:

A) are the same as leaders.
B) exist only where there are no preexisting norms.
C) tend to be the people in charge.
D) can be anyone from whom other people take cues in a given context.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The main problem with ____________ theory is that it treats individuals as mindless individuals following the actions of others.

A) contagion
B) convergence
C) emergent norm
D) mass collective

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Convergence theory says that the role of planning in collective action:

A) isn't necessary; collective action can emerge from social circumstances.
B) is vital; collective action requires the definition of a problem and the planned strategies to solve it.
C) is important, but it can happen before or during the action.
D) can't happen; collective action by definition can't be planned.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An accident occurs on a busy street,and a pedestrian immediately starts pulling people from cars and instructing others on what to do.This person would be an example of which collective action theory?

A) convergence
B) contagion
C) emergent norm
D) mass collective

Question 5

The difference between collective action and deviance is:

A) the number of people acting.
B) the type of people involved.
C) whether you are acting alone or as part of a group.
D) the reaction of others to your actions.

Question 6

Participating in "the wave" at a baseball game is an example of ____________ theory.

A) contagion
B) convergence
C) mass collective
D) emergent norm

Question 7

Group behavior has to violate social norms in order to be classified as "collective action" because:

A) collective action strengthens social norms.
B) collective action seeks to highlight the reasons social norms should be changed.
C) collective action always leads to changes in social norms.
D) social norms govern individual behavior and not group behaviors.

Question 8

An example of collective action would be:

A) someone helping the homeless.
B) a student clapping in class.
C) everyone walking out on an exam.
D) a telephone marketing campaign in which a group made thousands of phone calls.

Question 9

Contagion effects often work through the influence of a leader with a lot of:

A) charisma.
B) power.
C) knowledge.
D) experience.

Question 10

Convergence theory doesn't necessarily require:

A) like-minded people.
B) planning.
C) everyone to be in the same place.
D) collective action.

Question 11

The collective action theory that emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms is ____________ theory.

A) contagion
B) emergent norm
C) convergence
D) mass collective

Question 12

A difference between crowd collective action and mass collective action is that:

A) crowd collective action involves fewer than 100 people, while mass collective action involves more than 100 people.
B) crowd collective action has clearly defined goals, while mass collective action makes them up is it goes along.
C) crowd collective action is violent, while mass collective action is peaceful.
D) crowd collective action involves face-to-face interactions with other group members, while mass collective action can use media to tie people together.

Question 13

Value-added theory was "borrowed" from the discipline of:

A) sociology.
B) economics.
C) history.
D) psychology.

Question 14

If one individual behaves in a socially inappropriate manner,he or she is considered deviant,but if several individuals behave this way,it is referred to as a:

A) collective action.
B) public rebellion.
C) demonstration.
D) nongovernmental organization.

Question 15

Ten thousand people writing the governor,asking him or her not to execute an individual is an example of:

A) crowd collective action.
B) political activism.
C) mass collective action.
D) social change.

Question 16

Convergence theory states that collective action occurs when:

A) people with similar ideas gather in the same place.
B) strategic planning is done.
C) the setting is right.
D) all of the above.

Question 17

A limitation of ____________ theory is that it does not explain why one individual becomes a leader while others do not.

A) convergence
B) contagion
C) mass collective
D) emergent norm

Question 18

Presbyterian,Green Bay Packers fan,Republican,and Italian are all group associations that help define you as a(n):

A) potential voter.
B) male.
C) citizen.
D) individual.

Question 19

A theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others is ____________ theory.

A) convergence
B) mass collective
C) emergent norm
D) contagion

Question 20

Crowds can spontaneously engage in collective action,but most times they do not.Such an inconsistency is not explained by ____________ theory.

A) emergent
B) contagion
C) convergence
D) mass collective

Question 21

You have identified yourself as a pet lover all your life,but your involvement with the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)has come and gone,depending on your workload at the time.The fact that you love pets would be a ____________ identity,but your on-again,off-again involvement with the ASPCA would be a ____________ identity.

A) change; dynamic
B) static; dynamic
C) stable; dynamic
D) static; change

Question 22

Mothers Against Drunk Driving introduced the concept of the "designated driver" in order to combat drunk driving.Because it focused on a single issue and sought to change individual behavior,it is best described as:

A) redemptive.
B) alterative.
C) reformative.
D) revolutionary.

Question 23

An example of a(n)____________ social movement might be a group of individuals trying to stop unwed mothers from having abortions.

A) revolutionary
B) redemptive
C) reformative
D) alterative

Question 24

An example of a(n)____________ social movement occurred during the civil rights movement,when African Americans boycotted buses.

A) redemptive
B) revolutionary
C) reformative
D) alterative

Question 25

A group of conservationists encourages their community to save water by using low-flushing toilets or faucets that release more pressure but less water.Which social movement would this represent?

A) alterative
B) redemptive
C) reformative
D) revolutionary

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of resource mobilization theory?

A) Elites have the most to gain from a social movement.
B) Social movements are often led by powerless individuals.
C) Involvement of the elites often results in the demise of a social movement.
D) The grievance with resource mobilization theory is unclear.

Question 27

The ____________ is a group of present-day activists who attempt to create social movements through satire.

A) Anti-inflammatory League
B) NRA
C) Yes Men
D) Convergence Group

Question 28

Reformative social movements:

A) focus on individual behaviors.
B) target specific subgroups of society.
C) target almost everyone in a society.
D) solely focus on animals and the environment.

Question 29

The difference between a social movement and a ritual is that:

A) rituals don't aim to change something about society.
B) a ritual is something that is done only in a religious context.
C) social movements happen every other year.
D) rituals happen only during holidays.

Question 30

If your identity is a definition of who you are,then how does your affiliation with multiple groups affect it?

A) It doesn't; your identity comes from parental genes.
B) It doesn't; your identity comes from the socialization process between the ages of four and five.
C) If affects your identity only if you are the keynote leader.
D) Your unique identity comes from the collection of groups to which you belong.

Question 31

You want to raise awareness about domestic abuse in a way that is the most efficient and least expensive.You might:

A) go door to door in several local neighborhoods, hoping to spread the word.
B) start a website on the Internet.
C) visit churches and distribute flyers.
D) post flyers in every hospital in your state.

Question 32

What is the difference between alterative social movements and reformative movements?

A) Alterative social movements focus on public policies, while reformative movements focus on individual behaviors.
B) Alterative social movements focus on multiple related issues, while reformative movements focus on a single concern.
C) Alterative social movements focus on individual behaviors, while reformative movements focus on the entire society.
D) Alterative social movements focus on radical social changes, while reformative movements focus on limited social changes.

Question 33

The most limited social movement,focusing on a narrow group of people,would be a(n):

A) redemptive social movement, because it focuses on one person at a time.
B) alternative social movement, like Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD).
C) reformative social movement, because it tends to be limited to certain religious sects.
D) revolutionary social movement, like the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

Question 34

A homeless shelter for battered women,where they can learn how to care for themselves and their children,would be an example of a(n)____________ social movement.

A) reformative
B) redemptive
C) alterative
D) revolutionary

Question 35

An example of an emotional attachment that results from sharing a group affiliation with another could be:

A) two women who have children with disabilities.
B) going to the same school.
C) a person who has a learning disability.
D) living in the same house.

Question 36

The emergence of a social movement that is a collective response to structural strain that has a psychological effect on individuals is explained by:

A) the political process model.
B) revolutionary theory.
C) classical theory.
D) resource mobilization theory.

Question 37

Which social movement model suggests that discontent and the availability of resources are the key factors that determine if a social movement will coalesce?

A) classical
B) political process
C) revolutionary
D) resource mobilization

Question 38

You are a hunter and like to serve venison during deer season.Even though you enjoy your guns and the sport of hunting,you have rejected joining the National Rifle Association (NRA)because the association is known for its conservative voice.This is an example of:

A) static identity.
B) multiple identities.
C) dynamic identity.
D) multiple personalities.

Question 39

You are a deacon in a Southern Baptist church.The church condemns same-sex marriage; however,you personally believe same-sex marriage should be allowed,and in your free time you protest for equal rights for gays and lesbians.This would be an example of:

A) static identity.
B) dynamic identity.
C) identity dissonance.
D) conflicting identities.

Question 40

____________ social movements advocate the radical reorganization of society.

A) Revolutionary
B) Alterative
C) Redemptive
D) Reformative

Question 41

According to the textbook,a social movement tends to have three stages.Which is the most fragile stage,the one at which most movements just simply fade away?

A) emergence
B) coalescence
C) routinization
D) institutionalization

Question 42

Imagine you are a member of Critical Mass,the cycling organization that attempts to educate the public about carbon dioxide pollution from gas vehicles.Even though this lacks the organizational structure of a professional movement,it has high levels of member participation.This would be a ____________ organization.

A) grassroots
B) redemptive
C) premodern
D) mass protest

Question 43

Today,most women know that smoking during pregnancy is putting their babies in danger.The cause of this "social change" was probably mostly due to:

A) technology.
B) innovation.
C) new ideas.
D) conflict.

Question 44

In ____________ societies,tradition was important because the customs that were passed down through the generations helped guide everyday life.

A) early modern
B) modern
C) premodern
D) postmodern

Question 45

By the ____________ stage,a social movement has become effective in some sense and its membership base has expanded.

A) coalescence
B) resolution
C) routinization
D) emergence

Question 46

Which stage of a social movement is the period when a few people try to draw attention to a particular social issue that is not in the public consciousness?

A) emergence
B) resolution
C) coalescence
D) routinization

Question 47

A mass protest organization and a grassroots organization both rely on high levels of membership,but a grassroots organization:

A) uses letter-writing campaigns to achieve its goals.
B) tends to focus on local issues.
C) works through existing political structures to promote change.
D) all of the above.

Question 48

Even though it has some structural biases and downplays emotional components,the ____________ social movement model is the most widely accepted today.

A) classical
B) political process
C) mobilization
D) strategic thinking

Question 49

The time period that is characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation is the period of:

A) modern societies.
B) premodern societies.
C) postmodern societies.
D) early modern societies.

Question 50

The stage of a social movement when people start organizing,donating money,and lobbying political officials is:

A) emergence.
B) routinization.
C) coalescence.
D) resolution.

Question 51

One reason for the decline in the number of Americans joining associations is:

A) the individualistic culture of Americans.
B) the rise of online associations.
C) the fast-paced lifestyle of Americans.
D) all of the above.

Question 52

The 1930s Townsend Plan movement,which organized elderly Americans to demand a pension from the government,is an example of:

A) how millions of people can make a change.
B) how social movements succeed.
C) how apparent failures can create conditions for success.
D) Roosevelt's Social Security legislation.

Question 53

What did Tocqueville mean by "land of joiners"?

A) Democratic citizens easily change what they set their minds to.
B) Citizens in democracies have less equality than citizens in aristocratic societies.
C) Americans are politically powerless without voluntary organizations.
D) American citizens are forced to join "voluntary" associations.

Question 54

Which of the following is a reason why some social movements fade away during the coalescence stage?

A) lack of funds and time commitment
B) not enough members
C) lack of political support
D) no interest by the general population

Question 55

A focus on science,universal truths,and objectivity was a characteristic of which period?

A) postmodern
B) premodern
C) early modern
D) modern

Question 56

During the modern period,science competed with ____________ as the primary source for knowledge.

A) religion
B) theory
C) capitalism
D) philosophy

Question 57

What was one of the largest American social movements that effected major social change?

A) the women's movement
B) the civil rights movement
C) the anti-Vietnam War movement
D) the abolition of slavery

Question 58

What does a mass protest organization do?

A) advocates for social change through protest
B) recruits only young people
C) relies on only individual levels of membership participation to promote social change
D) solicits medical professionals

Question 59

All of the following are characteristics of professional movement organizations EXCEPT when:

A) they have professional leaders who speak for their constituency.
B) the membership base plays a major role.
C) they attempt to influence public policy.
D) they have full-time leadership staff.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a reason why the egalitarian nature of American democracy has made Americans more likely than Europeans to enlist in voluntary organizations?

A) Joining organizations creates individuality, something that Americans value.
B) Early American gatherings in town squares created a culture of voluntary association.
C) Americans need organizations to gain political power.
D) Immigrants formed organizations to unite with other immigrants with similar values.

Question 61

Which sociologist suggested that modernity was a time when each person was a unique combination of overlapping group affiliations?

A) Pierre-Charles L'Enfant
B) Karl Marx
C) Max Weber
D) Georg Simmel

Question 62

What is the difference between a social movement and a ritual? Give examples of each.

Question 63

What are the two types of collective action? Give examples of membership.

Question 64

The aftermath of war demonstrates how ____________ can be a major force in social change.

A) conflict
B) technology
C) social identities
D) politics

Question 65

A building that breaks the traditional rules of architecture and borrows liberally from several genres in order to create a new and unique style is an example of:

A) early modernism.
B) premodernism.
C) modernism.
D) postmodernism.

Question 66

Social change:

A) is usually caused by social movements.
B) can be caused by a variety of factors, like new ideas and technologies.
C) usually takes centuries to happen.
D) arises only through conflict.

Question 67

Max Weber believed that modernity emerged from what movement?

A) Protestant Reformation
B) Enlightenment
C) agricultural revolution
D) Renaissance

Question 68

How does a dialectic work?

A) Experts discover new ideas and popularize them with the general public.
B) Activist groups engage in discourse with policy makers to change social policies.
C) Social activists expose the irrationality of social norms and people agree to change them.
D) The process of conflict and resolution leads to social change.

Question 69

Research discovering the link between smoking and cancer has led to decreases in cigarette smoking in the past several decades.This demonstrates the role that ____________ can play in social change.

A) new ideas
B) technology
C) economic development
D) conflict

Question 70

A society that relies purely on tradition to choose its leaders would be classified as:

A) postmodern
B) premodern
C) early modern
D) modern

Question 71

Rap music,the Seagram Building in New York City,and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris are cultural examples from which time period?

A) early modern
B) premodern
C) modern
D) postmodern

Question 72

New technologies like the Internet and social media are major contributors to rapid social:

A) unrest.
B) change.
C) deviance.
D) coalescence.

Question 73

Discuss the theories of collective action: convergence theory,contagion theory,and emergent norm theory.

Question 74

In the 1830s,Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States from France and called the United States a "land of joiners." What did he mean by this and how did this affect people's individual identities?

Question 75

How does the dialectic theory assume social change occurs?

A) linearly
B) slowly
C) out of conflict
D) peacefully

Question 76

Environmental activists who wish to ban all carbon emissions spur a counter movement by manufacturers whose factories must emit some pollutants to operate at a profit.When these two groups come together to formulate new environmental policies,it is an example of:

A) crowd collective action.
B) a dialectic.
C) a revolutionary social movement.
D) mass collective action.

Question 77

Which is one of the major breaks characterizing the postmoderm period and differentiating it from the modern period?

A) an uncritical faith in technology's ability to solve problems
B) an appreciation of many different ways of knowing and understanding
C) an appreciation of the steady progress of human society
D) a resurgence of religiosity

Question 78

What is a social movement? Describe the four types of social movements and give examples.

Question 79

The Yes Men activists have been very successful at "culture jamming." They have impersonated the U.S.Chamber of Commerce,the leadership of the World Trade Organization,and several other government officials.They are attempting to create social change through impersonation and satire.Discuss your personal impressions of this method of social movement.Do you feel this is ethical behavior? Is unethical behavior ever a necessary component of a social movement? At what stage of a social movement do you feel this type of behavior fits?

Question 80

In what ways does collective action affect the development of individual identity? Write a couple of paragraphs defining who you are in terms of the effects of collective action.Using examples,what are the benefits of group affiliation?