Deck 16: Demography and Urbanization

Question 1

Age-specific death rates can be used to construct what demographers call a ________ table, a statistical model that estimates the number of years persons of a given age can expect to live.

Answer 1

life

Question 2

In Thomas Malthus' view, human nature is marked by two basic needs or drives: the need to eat, and what he termed "the passion between the sexes." As a result, he argued an increase in the supply of food can produce only a temporary improvement in the standard of living, because it also produces an increase in population size, which then eats up any increase in food. The growth of population can only be stopped by what he termed ________ checks to the population, e.g. war, famine, and disease.

A) negative
B) positive
C) preventive
D) devastating
E) random

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Marriage patterns, breastfeeding practices, contraceptive use, and abortion are four very important and measurable factors explaining variations in fertility across time and among societies. Demographers commonly refer to them as ________ determinants because they act directly on fertility.

Answer 3

proximate

Question 4

The ________ hypothesis contends that the difference between the married and unmarried may be a result not of what happens after marriage, but a result of differences in the characteristics of those who marry and stay married versus those who do not.

Question 5

The crude birth rate in the world today is approximately twenty-four per thousand, while the crude death rate is only nine per thousand. The fifteen persons per thousand difference between these two rates is a measure of how fast the population is growing per year, and is known as the rate of:

A) mortality
B) immortality
C) demographic stability
D) variable transition
E) natural increase

Question 6

Demography is the study of ________; it examines how the size, structure, and rate of growth are affected by rates of fertility, mortality, and migration.

Question 7

The ________ transition theory suggests that societies pass through a three-stage process of change.

Question 8

Factors such as maternal level of education and income ________ affect the number of children families have.

Question 9

Despite Canada's large territory, our population is largely urban and quite concentrated, and more than ________ percent of the population live in the Windsor-Quebec City corridor.

Question 10

The approach that tracks groups of individuals based upon the period or year in which a person was born is known as the ________ approach.

Question 11

Thomas Malthus contended that human society could avoid the punishing effects (disease, famine) to population growth by taking steps to limit the number of births. He advised people to postpone marriage until they could provide for the children that would be born to them. For Malthus, this was an example of a:

A) negative check
B) positive check
C) preventive check
D) devastating check
E) random check

Question 12

The crude birth rate, age-specific fertility rates, and the total fertility rate are all based on information gathered at one point in time. Such measures are referred to as ________ measures.

Question 13

Since the late 1990s, the Canadian fertility rate has hovered around 1.5 children per woman while the fertility rate has increased, and in 2008 stood at 2.1, one of the highest total fertility rates in the Western world.

Question 14

The lowest levels of life expectancy tend to be found in the less developed societies of sub-Saharan Africa, where life expectancies below age ________ years are not uncommon. This is partially attributable to the AIDS epidemic.

Question 15

The term ________ refers to the biological potential to bear children.

Question 16

The ________ rate describes average number of births that a woman will have in her lifetime if she experiences the current age-specific rates of fertility.

Question 17

Which of the following statements regarding demography is NOT true?

A) Demography is the study of population
B) Demography is affected by fertility rates
C) Demography is affected by mortality rates
D) Demography is affected by migration
E) Demographic trends operate independently from other social, cultural and economic variables

Question 18

The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate is a measure of how fast the population is growing per year, and is known as the rate of ________.

Question 19

The ________ rate is calculated by dividing the number of deaths occurring in a population in a given period of time (usually one year) by the total size of the population, and expressed per thousand population.

Question 20

Two simple measures, the ________ and the ________, have been devised by demographers to help us understand the rate of population growth.

A) crude fertility rate; crude death rate
B) crude birth rate; crude migration rate
C) crude birth rate; crude death rate
D) crude fertility rate; crude migration rate
E) crude fecundity rate; crude death rate

Question 21

The approach which tracks groups of individual based upon their year or period of birth is known as the:

A) generational approach
B) age-specific approach
C) fecundity approach
D) cohort approach
E) timeline approach

Question 22

Of great importance to demographers is the estimate of the average number of children a woman will bear in her lifetime. This measure is called the:

A) total fertility rate
B) age-specific rate
C) crude birth rate
D) cohort approach rate
E) none of the above

Question 23

The ________ is a picture or graphic representation of the composition of a population at a particular point in time.

A) population pyramid
B) bar graph
C) demographic pyramid
D) categoric pyramid
E) demographic bar

Question 24

Which of the following statements regarding urbanization is NOT true?

A) Overall, city-dwellers in developing nations enjoy better lives than their rural counterparts
B) In 2007 more than 50% of the world population will live in an urban area, a major turning point in the world population history
C) In Canada, greater than 75% of the population report that an urban area is their usual place of residence
D) Urbanization refers to the growth of cities
E) Providing adequate urban transit, water, and sanitization are major concerns for most large cities in the developing world

Question 25

An economist, Easterlin argued that it is an advantage to be born into a:

A) small cohort
B) large cohort
C) disadvantaged cohort
D) advantaged cohort
E) none of the above

Question 26

Demographic Transition Theory predicts that as developing societies continue to develop they will pass into stage 3, in which population growth declines. Discuss: 1) how Western societies have deviated from the demographic transition theory model, and 2) the reasons why this model may not apply to current developing societies.

Question 27

As the ________ epidemic enters the third decade of its history, the demographic impact of this disease is taking on unprecedented proportions.

A) tuberculosis
B) SARS
C) West Nile
D) HIV/AIDS
E) smallpox

Question 28

How is the pattern of urbanization in Canada different from that observed in developing countries?

Question 29

Three Canadian cities -Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver - account for approximately ________ of the national population.

A) 15 %
B) 35 %
C) 55 %
D) 75 %
E) 95 %

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding demographic transition theory is NOT true?

A) In stage 1, high birth rates are balanced by high death rates
B) Stage 2 is characterized by high birth rates and declining death rates
C) Changes in population growth are associated with industrialization and the resultant higher standard of living
D) Transition theory dictates that birth rates often decline prior to the decline in mortality rates
E) Birth rates decline significantly in stage 3, and the cost of raising children becomes high

Question 31

What is the dependency ratio? Why will dependency become a serious issue in Canada in the next few decades?

Question 32

Using examples show the difference between the total fertility rate, and the age-specific fertility rate.

Question 33

Today, about two-thirds of the world's urban population lives in:

A) rural Africa, Asia, and Latin America
B) European and North American cities
C) Latin American cities
D) cities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
E) the Windsor-Quebec border

Question 34

Which of the following statements regarding fertility rates in Canada is NOT true?

A) Fertility rates in Canada are relatively low
B) In Canada, as with other industrialized societies, the low total fertility rate has resulted in a natural decrease of population
C) Canada's total fertility rate in 2006 was 2.04
D) In the absence of immigration the total population of Canada would decline
E) During the millennial decades, Canadian society has seen an increasing long delay between marriage and the birth of the first child

Question 35

The most significant difference in life expectancy is that between ________.

A) males and females
B) single and married persons
C) different social classes
D) married and divorced persons
E) none of the above

Question 36

The essential prerequisite for the growth of cities is society's:

A) ability to create an urban infrastructure
B) growth in industry and technology
C) desire to urbanize
D) ability to cope with the issue of waste and sanitation
E) ability to produce food surpluses allowing city-dwellers to spend their time on other types of work

Question 37

One tool demographers use to understand the effects of population age structures is the ________ ratio, which relates the number of persons in what are considered the dependent-age categories to the number in the independent or working-age categories.

A) independent
B) dependency
C) worker
D) demography
E) none of the above

Question 38

________ provides the most outstanding example of a society that has experienced both rapid economic growth and rapid fertility decline in recent years.

A) The United States
B) China
C) Brazil
D) Chile
E) South Korea

Question 39

Discuss how AIDS has affected life expectancy.

Question 40

Which of the following statements regarding mortality rates in Canada is NOT true?

A) The most important factor that contributed to decreasing mortality rates during the 19^th century was growth in quality health care
B) Differences in life expectancies between social groups continue to persist in Canada and other industrialized nations
C) Better nutrition, increased public health, and sanitation were factors that contributed to decreasing mortality rates in Western societies
D) Life expectancy for men has been growing faster for women in recent years
E) Native peoples in Canada suffer significantly higher mortality rates than the rest of the country

Question 41

Crude death rates are calculated by dividing the number of deaths to persons of a given age by the total number of persons in that age cohort.

Question 42

The world's rate of natural increase is about 1.2 percent and has remained relatively constant across countries.

Question 43

The crude birth rate, age-specific fertility rates, and the total fertility rate, are all based on information gathered at one point in time. Such measures are referred to as period measures.

Question 44

Marriage patterns, breastfeeding practices, contraceptive use, and abortion are four very important and measurable factors explaining variations in fertility across time and among societies. Demographers commonly refer to them as proximate determinants because they act directly on fertility.

Question 45

Age-specific death rates can be used to construct what demographers call a life table, a statistical model that estimates the number of years persons of a given age can expect to live.

Question 46

The exodus of young men from Newfoundland to find work in the oil sands in Alberta is an example of external migration.

Question 47

Malthus believed that population growth was a major problem and could only be contained by negative checks like war, famine and disease.

Question 48

Undoubtedly the most significant factor in differential mortality is the difference in expectation of life between those who are married and those who are not.

Question 49

The crude birth rate can be obtained by dividing the number of births to women of a given age by the total number of women of that age in the population.

Question 50

The term fecundity refers to the biological potential to bear children.

Question 51

Approximately 60% of recent (2001) immigrants to Canada report that they hope to settle in Vancouver, Toronto or Montreal despite government initiatives to attract immigrants to less-populated regions of the country.

Question 52

The demographic transition theory suggests that societies pass through a two-stage process of change.

Question 53

Lack of access to contraception and cultural factors contribute to the persistence of high fertility.

Question 54

Demography is the study of population; it examines how the size, structure, and rate of growth are affected by rates of fertility, mortality, and migration.

Question 55

The crude birth rate is calculated by dividing the number of deaths occurring in a population in a given period of time (usually one year) by the total size of the population, and expressed per thousand population.