Deck 3: Culture

Question 1

A/an ________ is a group of people within a single society who possess certain distinctive elements that set them apart.

A) business
B) subculture
C) contraculture
D) folkway
E) material culture

Answer 1

B

Question 2

________ is the view that cultural practices can be explained by showing how they contribute to the survival of the society in which they are found.

Answer 2

functionalism

Question 3

Cultural ________ are elements of culture that exist in every single known society.

Answer 3

universals

Question 4

In many ________ societies prior to the nineteenth century, it was common for biological mothers to send their newborns to care and feeding to a "wet nurse."

A) Asian
B) African
C) Middle Eastern
D) European
E) South American

Question 5

Cultural materialism de-emphasizes ________ as a determinant of culture, and instead sees culture as an adaptation to the needs dictated by the physical environment.

Question 6

The expectations placed upon criminal conspirators to be loyal, tough and smart defines for them:

A) a cultural universal.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) a social role.
D) cultural variation
E) role conflict

Question 7

A/an ________ is a cluster of expectations about the behaviour that is appropriate for a given individual in a given situation.

Question 8

________ is the sum total of all cultural elements associated with a particular group.

Question 9

Edward Said coined the term ________ to refer to the sum total of all the theories, analyses, and interpretations developed in the nineteenth century by Western scholars to understand Arab societies in the Middle East.

Question 10

________ refers to the tendency to see things from the point of view of the observer's culture rather than that of the observed.

Question 11

The distinction between "folkways" and "mores" rests upon the fact that:

A) folkways are always part of popular culture; mores are not
B) the violation of mores generally provokes a severe social reaction; the violation of folkways does not
C) folkways are associated with a specific subculture; mores are not
D) mores have a sociobiological basis; folkways do not
E) folkways have a sociobiological basis; mores do not

Question 12

Norms that do not evoke severe moral condemnation when violated are called ________.

Question 13

A belief that homicide is wrong and a preference for impressionist paintings are both examples of ________.

Question 14

Anthropologist Margaret Mead claimed that among the Tchambuli, ________ had been reversed.

Question 15

The four main theoretical perspectives on culture are functionalism, cultural materialism, feminism, and ________.

Question 16

Lipset maintained that the origin of the cultural differences between Canada and the United States was the same historical event, the ________.

Question 17

________ are norms whose violation provokes strong moral condemnation.

Question 18

When one member of a group breaks a group norm by engaging in prohibited behaviour, the other group members will typically ________ the group member.

A) value
B) normalize
C) socialize
D) institutionalize
E) sanction

Question 19

Cultural ________ refers to the observation that the elements found in a given culture are often interrelated.

Question 20

A/an ________ is a group of people within a single society who possess certain distinctive traits that set them apart.

Question 21

Many of the elements that comprise a given culture are interrelated, so a change in one element can produce changes in other elements. This interrelationship is known as ________.

A) incest taboo
B) correlative behaviour
C) cohesive integration
D) behavioural integration
E) cultural integration

Question 22

________ de-emphasizes ideas and ideology as determinants of cultures, and instead sees cultures as adaptations to the needs forced upon social groups by their special environments.

A) Cultural materialism
B) Feminist Theory
C) Structuralism
D) Conflict Theory
E) Sociology

Question 23

Suppose you were travelling in a foreign country and observed some women doing household work such as hanging laundry and taking care of children. If you concluded from these observations that in that country it was believed that women's working outside the home was harmful to family life, then you would be guilty of:

A) cultural integration
B) ethnocentrism
C) subcultural variation
D) assuming sociobiological thinking
E) gender roles

Question 24

Malinowski used a functionalist argument to explain:

A) mating among the Yir Yoront
B) the eating behaviour of the Hindu of India
C) the fishing rites of Trobrianders
D) the honouring of Mother Teresa
E) the idea of a fertility goddess

Question 25

While studying a society in the Trobriand Islands Malinowski observed that the Trobrianders used magic to ensure success ________.

A) when fishing
B) when fishing on the ocean
C) when hunting
D) with reproduction
E) in spiritual rituals

Question 26

According to Harris, India cannot convert to a more mechanized system of agriculture. Which of the following is not one of Harris's reasons?

A) India does not have the capital to purchase machinery
B) India cannot afford a system for the distribution of petrochemical products
C) India cannot absorb a massive influx from the rural areas to the cities
D) India wishes to remain independent from Western countries
E) Tractors would not be as cost effective as oxen in India

Question 27

Which of the following is the best example of androcentrism?

A) assuming all societies do not eat insects because ours does not
B) a white person refusing to interact with black people
C) an anthropologist who discusses other cultures with references only to male practices in that culture
D) a wealthy person who scorns horror movies because they are popular culture
E) the use of the word "native" to describe the indigenous people of a specific geographic region

Question 28

________'s theories are an example of conflict theory.

A) Malinowsky
B) Davis
C) Conkey
D) Darwin
E) Marx

Question 29

Urban legends:

A) are often true
B) involve a local hero
C) are often written about in publications of popular culture
D) are associated with a validated historical event
E) are generally oral in nature

Question 30

A process called ________ happens when investigators systematically associate people from other cultures with childlike traits.

A) generalization
B) stratification
C) convergence
D) infantilization
E) inferiority

Question 31

Define the terms "value" and "norm" and give one example of each.

Question 32

In the nineteenth century, the medical term ________ was used to refer to excessive sexual desire in men.

A) dyskinesia
B) paraphilia
C) nymphomania
D) frotteurism
E) satyriasis

Question 33

Foucault argued that the cultural invention of the ________ was an attempt at social control.

A) police
B) family
C) athlete
D) functionalist model
E) homosexual

Question 34

According to Smith, the influence of European theorists in Canada has led to a greater interest in:

A) personality
B) cultural studies
C) the nature versus nurture debate
D) institutionalism
E) analytic induction

Question 35

Lipset, an American sociologist argued that American cultural traditions have given greater emphasis to rebellion against authority, and egalitarianism while Canadian cultural traditions have emphasized ________, ________, and ________-

A) nature, socialism, and urban growth
B) aboriginal rights, authority, and universal health care
C) the parliamentary system, the welfare system, and the health care system
D) respect for authority, collectivism, and elitism
E) respect for authority, collectivism, and social welfare

Question 36

Elements of popular culture can be described as:

A) relatively expensive
B) enjoyed and understood mainly by those of higher socioeconomic status
C) enjoyed and understood mainly by those of lower socioeconomic status
D) widely distributed across all social classes in a society
E) global in nature

Question 37

With respect to the study of culture, which of the following is not an important goal of feminism?

A) uncovering androcentric biases
B) searching for the causes of female subordination
C) encouraging a great emphasis upon women in cultural research
D) asserting the superiority of women
E) studying sexual assault and gendered violence

Question 38

A theory is said to be ________ when it has been shaped by the values or experiences of the white middle class in Western industrialized countries.

A) androcentric
B) ethnocentric
C) Eurocentric
D) americanist
E) phallocentric

Question 39

As a popular icon, Urla and Swedland suggest that Barbie contributes to a cultural climate in which women:

A) can succeed in life
B) are inevitably considered inferior
C) will be more equal to men
D) no longer worry about their physical appearance
E) are empowered in choosing a variety of careers

Question 40

According to the text, the great value of the conflict perspective on culture is that it

A) offers a corrective to functionalist thought
B) challenges attitudes and beliefs
C) is politically correct
D) diverts our attention from prevailing injustices
E) puts social change in historical perspective

Question 41

A belief that homicide is wrong and a preference for impressionist paintings are both examples of norms.

Question 42

Cultural integration refers to the observation that the elements found in a given culture are often interrelated.

Question 43

Give an example of a belief characteristic of each of the following: ethnocentrism; Eurocentrism; androcentrism.

Question 44

Ethnocentrism means "male-centredness."

Question 45

The requirement to wear shoes and the belief that beetles should not be eaten are both examples of folkways.

Question 46

A role is a cluster of expectations about the behaviour that is appropriate for a given individual in a given situation.

Question 47

Anthropologist Margaret Mead claimed that among the Tchambuli, gender roles had been reversed.

Question 48

The four main theoretical perspectives on culture are functionalism, conflict theory, cultural materialism and androcentrism.

Question 49

Cultural universals are elements of culture that exist in every known society.

Question 50

How might homosexuality be considered a "cultural invention" according to Foucault?

Question 51

An example of a role conflict is a wife and husband arguing over how they are parenting their children.

Question 52

Is globalization reducing or enhancing cultural differences between countries? Discuss using examples.

Question 53

Lipset argued that the origin of the cultural differences between Canada and the United States was the same historical event, the War of 1812.

Question 54

Mores are norms whose violation provokes strong moral condemnation.

Question 55

Culture is the sum total of all cultural elements associated with a particular group.

Question 56

Describe cultural materialism and provide an example.

Question 57

Feminism is a very diverse movement using a variety of theoretical approaches, rather than just one set of beliefs.

Question 58

How would a functionalist explanation of Barbie's popular appeal differ from a conflict theory explanation? A feminist one?

Question 59

A subculture is a group of people within a single society who possess certain distinctive traits that set them apart.

Question 60

Conflict theorists regard cultural beliefs as ideology.