Deck 13: The Age of Dissent and Division,1500–1564

Question 1

Luther believed that works of piety and charity were:

A) vital acts that determined a Christian's state before God.
B) not important in the life of a Christian.
C) visible signs of each person's invisible spiritual state.
D) unnecessary after Pope Sixtus IV more clearly defined the Treasury of Merits.
E) only necessary for unbelievers who wanted a chance at salvation.

Answer 1

visible signs of each person's invisible spiritual state.

Question 2

Luther was driven to post his Ninety-five Theses by:

A) the sale of three bishoprics to Albert of Hohenzollern.
B) Pope Leo X's statement that all people who wished salvation should buy indulgences.
C) the corruption of the Augustinian canons among whom he lived.
D) the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised less time in purgatory.
E) the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised automatic salvation.

Answer 2

the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised automatic salvation.

Question 3

Lutheranism would not have survived and flourished without the support of:

A) Luther's wife, Katharina von Bora.
B) some German princes.
C) the papacy.
D) the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.
E) the bishop of Magdeburg, Albert of Hohenzollern.

Answer 3

some German princes.

Question 4

Luther's religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT:

A) reducing the number of sacraments from seven to two.
B) denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper.
C) changing the language used for worship in Germany from Latin to German.
D) allowing priests to marry.
E) belief in the absolute authority of Scripture.

Question 5

One reason why Luther was able to win great public support for his position was the introduction of:

A) new sacraments into his religious worship.
B) printed pamphlets to disseminate his views.
C) married clergy.
D) additional feast days into the religious calendar.
E) redistribution of Church lands to the peasants.

Question 6

The Church taught that indulgences worked to reduce the penance that the individual owed to God:

A) through the prayers of the faithful paid for by the indulgence.
B) by the special blessing from the pope paid for by the indulgence.
C) by drawing on the good deeds of martyrs and saints from the Treasury of Merits.
D) through the buildings paid for by the indulgences of many people.
E) by the appeal made through the indulgence for Mary to intercede with God for the individual.

Question 7

Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith" meant that:

A) humans are only made worthy of salvation by their faith in God.
B) humans are only made worthy of salvation by the good works they do.
C) faith in God can be justified by reason.
D) everyone who participates faithfully in the services of the Church will be saved.
E) faith can be justified only by the good works an individual does during his or her life.

Question 8

Luther's Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to the:

A) building of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.
B) corruption of the late-medieval papacy.
C) Church's inability to appoint abbots and new bishops in the Holy Roman Empire.
D) doctrine of indulgences and the misunderstandings that arose from that doctrine.
E) sale of church offices by the papacy.

Question 9

Luther's doctrine of the "priesthood of all believers" argued that:

A) everyone, even priests, were equal before God.
B) all Christians should be monks or nuns.
C) devotion should no longer be communal but private.
D) whatever the majority of Christians believed should become Church doctrine.
E) church teachings and Scripture were unimportant in the formulation of doctrine.

Question 10

Although Luther's disputes with the Church generally dealt with matters of doctrine,he also had disputes with the papacy itself over:

A) the lifestyles of the popes themselves.
B) the means by which popes were chosen.
C) the pope's process for choosing bishops within the Germanic states.
D) his not being chosen for a bishopric in Mainz.
E) the pope's refusal to speak definitively for or against controversial doctrines.

Question 11

Theologically,Martin Luther was a follower of:

A) Saint Thomas Aquinas.
B) Saint Augustine of Hippo.
C) Peter Lombard.
D) Erasmus of Rotterdam.
E) Peter Abelard.

Question 12

In the year 1500,the social and economic prospects of Europe were:

A) on the rise, spurred by a controlled population shrinkage and movement from cities to the countryside.
B) on the rise, spurred by commercial expansion, increasing population, and strong governments.
C) on the decline, weakened by destabilized national monarchies and a falling population.
D) on the decline, weakened by an economic depression across Europe.
E) relatively unchanged from the two prior centuries.

Question 13

Aside from religious motivations,many free cities in the Holy Roman Empire found Lutheranism appealing because:

A) free cities possessed enough military power to ignore the dictates of local princes and the Holy Roman Emperor.
B) Lutherans supported the construction of new monasteries, which enhanced the wealth and prestige of the merchant class.
C) town councils and guild masters could use reforms as a way to oppose local aristocrats and bishops.
D) Catholic dogma had never been too appealing to educated urban elites.
E) Lutheranism taught the same basic beliefs as the merchants of the free cities did in their guilds.

Question 14

Lutheranism was attractive to many princes in Germany because:

A) they shared Luther's religious beliefs absolutely.
B) they had a deep respect for Luther's bravery in the face of intense criticism from the papacy.
C) they believed that the new faith would give them more control over religious policies, personnel, and wealth in their territories.
D) they believed that economic production in their territories would increase due to the Protestant work ethic.
E) the Holy Roman Emperor had adopted the faith.

Question 15

Luther was a professor of theology at:

A) Vienna.
B) Rostock.
C) Cologne.
D) Wittenberg.
E) Leipzig.

Question 16

The term Protestant means:

A) dissenting.
B) reforming.
C) protecting.
D) witnessing.
E) worshiping.

Question 17

As a young monk,Luther:

A) was confident that he would be saved by God because he did so many good works.
B) believed that a corrupt Church could not save his soul.
C) was diligent in his duties and was not concerned with theology; that would come later.
D) avoided confession because he thought it was unnecessary for salvation.
E) was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation.

Question 18

Luther believed that people were saved by:

A) faith in God alone.
B) God's grace alone.
C) good works alone.
D) going to confession and receiving the Eucharist regularly.
E) receiving the sacrament of last rites.

Question 19

Many graduates of universities in Germany became supporters of Luther because:

A) they were taught Lutheran principles during their degree.
B) they wanted to support the religious movement of one of their countrymen.
C) their local lord had asked them to support Luther.
D) Luther had been their instructor during their training.
E) German graduates rarely found employment with the Catholic Church and so were not disposed to support it.

Question 20

Luther believed that priests could marry because:

A) Jesus had been married.
B) Augustine had argued priests should be married.
C) there was no spiritual distinction between the laity and the clergy.
D) God had said "be fruitful and multiply."
E) ancient canon law suggested that in the earliest days of the Church, priests had been married.

Question 21

The main function of the Calvinist Consistory of Geneva was to:

A) supervise the churches of Geneva.
B) supervise public and private morals.
C) enforce laws against crime.
D) organize the city's defenses against its enemies.
E) run the secular government while Calvin looked to the spiritual and moral needs of people.

Question 22

The most definitive statement of Protestant theology can be found in:

A) Luther's Ninety-five Theses.
B) Luther's To the Christian Nobility.
C) Erasmus's The Praise of Folly.
D) Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion.
E) Calvin's On the Christian Life.

Question 23

In contrast to Lutherans,Zwinglians,and Calvinists,Anabaptists:

A) believed that only adults should be baptized, not children.
B) believed that everyone should belong to a single, universal church.
C) supported religious revolution, through violence if necessary.
D) believed that all seven traditional sacraments of the Church should be maintained.
E) maintained a celibate priesthood.

Question 24

The Mennonites had their most immediate theological origins in:

A) Roman Catholicism.
B) Lutheranism.
C) Anabaptism.
D) Calvinism.
E) Zwinglism.

Question 25

With respect to salvation,Calvin argued:

A) God alone chose who was saved and who was damned and one's fate could not be changed.
B) good works could allow a person to merit salvation.
C) anyone who believed in God would be saved.
D) God determined who was saved and who was damned but one's fate could be changed.
E) all members of the Calvinist Church would be saved.

Question 26

The settlement reached via the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 was that:

A) Germany would remain Catholic as the Holy Roman Emperor was Catholic.
B) Germany would adopt the Lutheran faith against the Holy Roman Emperor's wishes.
C) the cities of Germany would have both Lutheran and Catholic churches.
D) each individual person in the Holy Roman Empire could choose to be either Lutheran or Catholic.
E) each German prince would rule a territory that was Catholic or Lutheran based on his own choice of faith.

Question 27

After 1525,Protestantism was "domesticated" by becoming more politically conservative and by focusing on:

A) the reform of monastic institutions.
B) educational opportunities for women and children.
C) the patriarchal family as the central institution of reformed life.
D) a compromise with Anabaptist leaders and believers.
E) doctrinal matters to ensure all denominations followed the same sacraments.

Question 28

In Switzerland,Protestant reforms were usually imposed by:

A) popular vote.
B) leading citizens.
C) territorial princes.
D) the lesser nobility.
E) the peasants threatening rebellion.

Question 29

Why would Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn?

A) Because the Catholic Church does not permit divorce and remarriage under any circumstance whatsoever.
B) Because the pope believed Henry's marriage to Catherine was valid.
C) Because the pope wanted the Tudor dynasty to come to an end.
D) Because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry's request for an annulment.
E) Because the pope believed such a union would be sinful as Anne was Catherine's sister.

Question 30

For Zwingli,the Eucharist:

A) offered Christ's real presence through the communion elements.
B) was an important commemoration of Christ's historical sacrifice on the cross.
C) was the one Roman Catholic sacrament that did not need to be reformed.
D) was a corrupt rite that no longer needed to be celebrated in Christian churches.
E) was a sacrament that had no basis in Scripture.

Question 31

Protestantism began as a dissent against the Church and had many radical manifestations,but it eventually became "domesticated" due to:

A) the fact that all radical movements eventually lose their radicalism and moderate.
B) the changing character of its leadership when the initial leaders died.
C) a dependence of Protestant leaders on local political leaders.
D) the teachings of John Knox, the Scottish Calvinist leader.
E) the co-option of the movement by the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Question 32

The German Peasants' Revolt of 1525:

A) was initially supported by Martin Luther, until it became too violent.
B) was supported by Martin Luther thoroughly until its successful conclusion in November 1525.
C) did not have any impact on the religious evolution of Germany because it was not motivated by religious issues.
D) was ruthlessly suppressed by the emperor Charles V.
E) cemented the alliance of Lutheranism with state power.

Question 33

Protestantism introduced a new exemplar of female holiness,the:

A) goodwife.
B) nurse.
C) nun.
D) mystic.
E) missionary.

Question 34

Under Calvin's guidance,Geneva's government can best be described as a(n):

A) theocracy.
B) democracy.
C) dictatorship.
D) republic.
E) oligarchy.

Question 35

Protestant authority figures from fathers to secular rulers had a responsibility to discipline those under their control because Protestant belief taught that:

A) those in positions of authority were directly responsible for the salvation of others.
B) obedience to authority had to be taught from an early age.
C) regular discipline was required to open one's mind to God's will.
D) undisciplined people tended toward doing evil and could thus destroy human society.
E) undisciplined people failed to respect the natural social hierarchy.

Question 36

After 1534,Anabaptists were greatly feared by secular authorities in Europe because they:

A) were associated with extremist groups that threatened the social order.
B) converted to Catholicism and joined in the persecution of Protestants.
C) adopted the pacifism of Menno Simons.
D) emphasized personal faith over good works.
E) were closely allied with the orthodox Byzantines.

Question 37

By the sixteenth century,both Protestant and Catholic cities were:

A) instituting policies that encouraged late marriages.
B) instituting strict governmental supervision of morality.
C) founding brothels that were administered by city officials.
D) instituting rules that required believers to attend at least one church service a week.
E) founding churches of both faiths within their walls.

Question 38

Calvin's theology emphasized first and foremost:

A) the absolute obedience owed to the Consistory.
B) membership in the Calvinist church.
C) the importance of proper conduct in the world.
D) the paradox that some are predestined to heaven and others to hell.
E) the sovereignty and omnipotence of God.

Question 39

By insisting marriage was not a sacrament and could be regulated by secular authorities,Protestantism allowed for:

A) increased parental control over marriages.
B) decreased parental control over marriages.
C) increased taxation on marriage ceremonies.
D) more elopements.
E) more marriages based on the mutual consent of bride and groom.

Question 40

In comparison to Lutheranism,Calvinism was much more:

A) hierarchical in its structures of church government.
B) emotional in its piety.
C) passive toward the world and its problems.
D) authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality.
E) relaxed in its imposition of morality on individuals.

Question 41

The popes of the Counter-Reformation period were noted for their:

A) ability to administer the Church ably.
B) ineffectiveness against Protestantism.
C) inability to find able administrators.
D) self-indulgent lifestyles.
E) austere withdrawal from worldly affairs.

Question 42

In Calvinist Geneva,inns were the only places citizens were allowed to eat or drink without saying grace or to stay up after nine o'clock in the evening.

Question 43

The first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology in the English church was:

A) King Henry VIII.
B) King Edward VI.
C) Lady Jane Grey.
D) Queen Mary.
E) Queen Elizabeth I.

Question 44

Protestants believed that people were naturally good.

Question 45

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's holdings were so vast that he was willing to let local officials decide whether a particular territory would practice Catholicism or Lutheranism.

Question 46

Loyola's Spiritual Exercises offers an interesting contrast to Luther's writings because in Loyola's work:

A) it is not possible to discern sinful behavior from moral behavior.
B) the pope, not Jesus Christ, is the central focus of meditation.
C) Christians must accept their limited abilities and rely on God's grace.
D) Christians can master their will and work toward their salvation.
E) Christians should remove themselves completely from the world and devote their lives to meditation.

Question 47

One of the most famous mystics who aided in the reform of the Church in the sixteenth century was:

A) Teresa of Avila.
B) Hildegard of Bingen.
C) Francis Xavier.
D) Teresa of the Andes.
E) Katharina von Bora.

Question 48

In attempting to restore Catholicism in England,Queen Mary did all of the following EXCEPT:

A) burn Protestant leaders at the stake.
B) prohibit priests from marrying.
C) restore the Latin Mass.
D) convince Parliament to accept papal authority over the Church of England.
E) restore the property of monasteries and convents.

Question 49

Although Elizabeth I began her reign by striking a balance between Catholic and Protestant doctrines and practices,England became more Protestant during her rule because:

A) Elizabeth herself became more convinced of the truth of Protestant doctrines.
B) the few Catholics who had remained in England after Mary's death left England.
C) Protestant belief became an integral part of English national identity.
D) an important center for Protestant theology was founded at Oxford.
E) Elizabeth allowed Protestant Huguenots exiled from France to take refuge in England.

Question 50

The Counter-Reformation drew its inspiration primarily from:

A) the Society of Jesus.
B) Christian humanism.
C) monastic reformers.
D) laypeople.
E) the papacy.

Question 51

Luther allegedly believed that nunneries should be closed because they were places where illicit sexual behavior was inevitable.

Question 52

The primary activities of the new Jesuit Order were:

A) studying theology and preaching in the cities of Europe.
B) learning canon law and staffing the Inquisitions in the New World.
C) founding schools and being missionaries.
D) private devotion and prayers for the common good.
E) being parish priests and hearing confessions.

Question 53

Luther believed every Christian should be able to read the Bible in his or her language.

Question 54

Protestantism emphasized the necessity of obedience to authority figures.

Question 55

Luther wrote in his On Temporal Authority that all rulers must be obeyed,even tyrants.

Question 56

The term Reformation is a misleading one for the religious movement begun by Luther.

Question 57

In Calvinism,the Eucharist rather than the sermon was the center of worship.

Question 58

At the Council of Trent,the Catholic Church:

A) modified many of its doctrines to make them more difficult for Protestants to attack.
B) reaffirmed almost all of the doctrinal claims that Protestants criticized.
C) condemned the doctrine of indulgences.
D) declared the supremacy of a general council over even the pope.
E) reaffirmed the doctrines of indulgences and papal supremacy, but rejected most of the doctrines to which Protestants had objected.

Question 59

Prior to founding the Society of Jesus,Ignatius Loyola was:

A) a Benedictine monk.
B) a lawyer.
C) a merchant.
D) a mercenary soldier.
E) the bishop of Granada.

Question 60

The Peace of Augsburg (1555)created both tolerance and intolerance of religion.

Question 61

Is the term Reformation a suitable one to describe the religious movement led by Luther?

Question 62

Why were Luther's ideas particularly appealing to Germany?

Question 63

In what ways was the relationship between Luther and the German princes a symbiotic one?

Question 64

What was the role of predestination in Calvinism?

Question 65

At the Council of Trent,Church prelates confirmed that the Bible was the only source of Christian truth.

Question 66

What roles were available to women of the Protestant faith?

Question 67

England became a Protestant country under Henry VIII.

Question 68

How was the question of national religion in England resolved?

Question 69

Why was Queen Mary's attempt at a Counter-Reformation unsuccessful?

Question 70

How were the Jesuits used as a tool for fighting Protestantism?

Question 71

Although most Christian humanists remained Catholic,humanist thought fell out of favor with most Catholic thinkers during the Catholic Reformation.

Question 72

What was the outcome of the confrontation with Tetzel,and what was the impact on Luther's ideals of reformation?

Question 73

The Jesuits were not only missionaries but also soldiers who fought secular wars on behalf of the papacy.

Question 74

What were the outcomes of the Council of Trent?

Question 75

The Index of Prohibited Books included works by the Catholic humanist Erasmus.