Deck 10: Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

Question 1

When elements are not allowed to be selected more than once, this is called:

A) Sampling without replacement
B) Sampling with replacement
C) Unrestricted sampling
D) Sampling Error

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?

A) Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
B) Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each ethnic group at random
C) Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick cases from the table
D) Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Explain the characteristics of one-stage and two-stage cluster sampling.

Answer 3

not answered

Question 4

Explain the difference between a sample and a census.

Question 5

Draw a systematic sample.

Question 6

Systematic sampling yields a representative sample when:

A) There is periodicity in the list
B) There is a random start point and periodicity is not present
C) The interval you choose is close to 10
D) There are identified clusters in the population

Question 7

Sample is to population as:

A) Statistic is to element
B) Population is to element
C) Statistic is to parameter
D) Random is to convenience

Question 8

List and explain the characteristics of the different nonrandom sampling techniques.

Question 9

A sampling frame is:

A) A type of statistic derived from sampling
B) A random sample
C) A nonrandom sample
D) A list of all the elements in a population

Question 10

Compare and contrast the different random sampling techniques.

Question 11

Discuss sampling in qualitative research and compare and contrast the different sampling techniques used in qualitative research.

Question 12

A study that examines the whole population is called:

A) A parametric study
B) A census
C) A cluster sample
D) A two-stage sample

Question 13

List the factors that you should consider when determining the appropriate sample size to be selected when using random sampling.

Question 14

Explain the difference between random selection and random assignment.

Question 15

Draw a simple random sample.

Question 16

Explain the difference between proportional and disproportional stratified sampling.

Question 17

Define the key terms used in sampling (representative sample, generalize, element, statistic, parameter, and so forth).

Question 18

Know which sampling techniques are equal probability of selection methods.

Question 19

Harold is drawing a sample so that each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected, this is called:

A) A nonrandom sampling method
B) A quota sample
C) A snowball sample
D) An equal probability of selection method

Question 20

Explain the two criteria that produce the eight methods of sampling in mixed research.

Question 21

A researcher wants to study adolescents who are homeless. He builds his sample by searching the streets, identifying an adolescent to interview, and then, asks the adolescent where the researcher can find another homeless adolescent to interview. What sampling method did this researcher use?

A) Convenience sample
B) Snowball sampling
C) Quota sample
D) Simple random

Question 22

In one-stage cluster sampling, the random selection is done at the level of the:

A) Individual subject
B) Cluster unit
C) Both individual and cluster unit
D) Neither the individual or cluster unit

Question 23

A researcher wants to study how children acquire a particular strategy to solve word problems. He chooses participants by screening children to determine if they already know the strategy. He chooses only those who have not learned the strategy yet. What sampling method did this researcher use?

A) Stratified random
B) Random sample
C) Convenience
D) Purposive

Question 24

A major disadvantage of convenience sampling is that:

A) It is difficult, if not impossible to determine the sampling bias
B) It is difficult to find convenience samples
C) Statistics cannot be calculated on convenience samples
D) They cannot be used in experimental research

Question 25

Snowball sampling is advantageous when one is:

A) Sampling from a hard to locate population
B) Doing an experiment
C) Looking for a useful random sampling technique
D) Working with clusters

Question 26

A researcher is interested in studying a nationwide representative sample of the United States. She randomly chooses places to study using census tracts. She then randomly samples within each census tract from among the households within those tracts. What sampling method did this researcher use?

A) Stratified random
B) One-stage cluster
C) Two-stage cluster
D) Purposive

Question 27

Snowball sampling occurs when:

A) The researcher does two-stage cluster sampling
B) The researcher uses probability proportionate to size
C) Members of a sample recommend other members to participate in the research
D) There are no clusters in the population

Question 28

In two-stage cluster sampling, random selection is done:

A) In the first stage only
B) In the second stage only
C) In the first and second stages
D) In neither stage

Question 29

Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling?

A) It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
B) Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions
C) Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done
D) Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample

Question 30

"Probability proportional to size" means:

A) A cluster's probability of selection is independent of size
B) All members of a cluster are chosen
C) Sample size depends upon the proportion of the population chosen
D) The probability of a cluster's selection is dependent upon its size

Question 31

When people with specific characteristics are recruited into a sample so that particular groups can be studied, this is called:

A) Random sampling
B) Sampling with replacement
C) Proportional stratified random sampling
D) Purposive sample

Question 32

When a researcher looks for a certain number of people with a particular characteristic to serve in her sample, and she recruits such individuals until she has the number she wants, this is known as:

A) Quota sampling
B) Cluster sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Snowball sampling

Question 33

An educational psychologist is interested in the effects of mnemonics on learning words lists. He asks for volunteers from a Psychology-101 class to find 50 volunteers to participate in his study. What sampling method did this researcher use?

A) Convenience sample
B) Snowball sampling
C) Quota sample
D) Simple random

Question 34

Carly drew a sample by first identifying a comprehensive set of subgroups based on one or more variables, and then individuals were randomly selected from each of those subgroups. Carly used the technique known as:

A) Stratified random sampling
B) Cluster sampling
C) Simple random sampling
D) Convenience sampling

Question 35

When a researcher uses a participant group primarily because of availability, this is called:

A) Proportional stratified sampling
B) Purposive sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Quota sampling

Question 36

One advantage of cluster sampling is that:

A) It does not require randomization
B) It can be done from the phone book
C) It makes it easier to compare groups
D) It can be done without a listing of all population members

Question 37

An environmental action group is interested in how many people will participate in a recycling program in a particular town. They obtain the entire list of households in the town, and they assign each household a number from 1 to 3000 (the number of households in the town). They then use a computer to generate a list of 500 random numbers ranging from 1 to 3000. Using the list of random numbers, they draw a sample of 500 people to question about their use of the recycling program. What sampling method did this group use?

A) Quota sample
B) Simple random
C) Systematic
D) Stratified random

Question 38

A researcher is interested in surveying physicians from a local medical society to examine their continuing education needs. He decides that she will draw a sample that contains physicians from a variety of different subspecialties. He divides the list of the population up by specialty, and then he randomly selects the number of physicians within each specialty in proportion to their percentage in the population. What is this type of sampling?

A) Simple random
B) Systematic
C) Stratified random
D) One-stage cluster

Question 39

For her thesis, Kathryn recruited individuals who were easily available. This is known as:

A) Convenience sampling
B) Cluster sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Two-stage sampling

Question 40

Disproportionate stratified random sampling:

A) Produces stratified samples that are not random
B) Helps increase the ability of the researcher to make meaningful statistical comparisons between groups, especially when one of the groups is relatively small in the population
C) Is easier to do than proportionate random sampling
D) Involves more cluster units

Question 41

When looking at a fairly homogeneous population, the sample size required is usually ________ than the sample size needed in a fairly heterogeneous one.

A) Somewhat greater
B) About the same
C) Somewhat smaller
D) Much greater

Question 42

Paul is conducting a mixed research study. He will interact with the participants on two occasions. During the first interaction, participants will complete a questionnaire. During the second, Paul will interview them about the topic he is studying. This study uses:

A) Identical sequential sampling design.
B) Identical concurrent sampling design.
C) parallel sequential sampling design
D) parallel sequential sampling design

Question 43

For her qualitative research study, Polly selected a small group of people who were very similar. This is called:

A) Maximum-variation sampling
B) Extreme-case sampling
C) Homogeneous sample selection
D) Typical-case sampling

Question 44

When a qualitative researcher uses more than one sampling technique, this is called:

A) Typical-case sampling
B) Critical-case sampling
C) Mixed purposeful sampling
D) Random sampling

Question 45

When looking at a fairly heterogeneous population, the sample size required is usually _______ than the sample size needed in a fairly homogeneous one.

A) Somewhat greater
B) About the same
C) Somewhat smaller
D) Much smaller

Question 46

A researcher has developed a new mathematics program and wants to study how it is implemented. She is particularly interested in how those most resistant to change will use the program. Hence, she selects two teachers who are known to have very little interest in changing their mathematics teaching. In this case, the researcher has used:

A) Negative-case sampling
B) Opportunistic sampling
C) Typical-case sampling
D) Critical-case sampling

Question 47

Picking a case to study that can falsify a theory or hypothesis is called:

A) Negative-case sampling
B) Opportunistic sampling
C) Typical-case sampling
D) Critical-case sampling

Question 48

In comparison to simple random sampling, proportional stratified random sampling tends to be:

A) A little more efficient
B) A little less efficient
C) Just as efficient
D) Efficiency is unrelated to sampling techniques

Question 49

A sample is:

A) A subset of the larger population
B) Systematically different from the population
C) A study based on the population
D) A numerical characteristic of a population

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The larger the sample size, the greater the sampling error
B) The more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample needed
C) The fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample needed
D) As sample size decreases, so does the width of the confidence interval

Question 51

When one selects a wide range of cases in a qualitative study, this is called:

A) Maximum-variation sampling
B) Extreme-case sampling
C) Homogeneous sample selection
D) Typical-case sampling

Question 52

A researcher is studying underachievement of gifted children in a qualitative study. She samples two children who are achieving beyond expectations and two children who are achieving well below expectations in her sample. What sampling technique did she use?

A) Maximum-variation sampling
B) Extreme-case sampling
C) Homogeneous sample selection
D) Typical-case sampling

Question 53

When a researcher decides to include someone in a study, even though he or she had not planned to do so, this is called:

A) Negative-case sampling
B) Opportunistic sampling
C) Typical-case sampling
D) Critical-case sampling

Question 54

When cases are chosen because they represent the average individual in a context, this is called:

A) Maximum variation sampling
B) Extreme-case sampling
C) Homogeneous sampling selection
D) Typical-case sampling

Question 55

Which of the following formulae is used (because not all who are sampled will agree to participate) to determine how many people to include in your original sample?

A) Desired sample size/Desired sample size + 1
B) Proportion likely to respond/desired sample size
C) Proportion likely to respond/population size
D) Desired sample size/Proportion likely to respond

Question 56

Random assignment refers to:

A) The same thing as random sampling because it is a synonym.
B) Using a randomization technique to place participants into experimental and control conditions.
C) Randomly choosing the stratification involved in the study.
D) The same thing as randomized stratified sampling.

Question 57

In general, as sample size increases, sampling error does what?

A) Increases
B) Decreases
C) Stays the same
D) You cannot tell because they are not related

Question 58

Comprehensive sampling in qualitative research involves:

A) Sampling with maximum variation among the cases
B) Sampling a homogeneous group
C) Sampling typical cases
D) Sampling all the cases, groups, settings, or other phenomena (much like a census)

Question 59

Another term for criterion-based selection is:

A) Random sampling
B) Response rate sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Typical-case sampling

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true?

A) To find large differences between groups or strong correlations the sample size required is smaller than if you want to find small differences or weak correlations
B) Sample size that is required is unrelated to the size of correlations or the strength of differences
C) As sample size increases, the size of the confidence interval increases
D) Small differences or correlations are likely to be found with small samples

Question 61

The book crossed the time orientation criterion with the sample relationship criterion in mixed research. How many mixed sampling designs results?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Question 62

In comparison to national statistics, the sample in a researcher's study was composed of twice as many Hispanic students as in the population. This sample is considered to be a:

A) Biased sample.
B) Representative sample.
C) Proportional stratified sample
D) Stratified sample

Question 63

If you wanted an equal number of African-Americans, European Americans, and Hispanics, which sampling method would be superior?

A) Disproportional stratified
B) Quota sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Snowball sampling

Question 64

The population size divided by the desired sample size is known as the:

A) Starting point
B) Sample size
C) Sampling interval
D) Sample relationship criterion

Question 65

Dr. Berry wanted to draw a sample of 20 students from the 200 graduate students in education at his university. He developed a list of the graduate students who were education majors and beginning at the sixth student on the list he selects every tenth student from the list to be in the sample. Dr. Berry has created a:

A) Proportional stratified sample
B) Cluster sample
C) Systematic sample
D) Convenience sample

Question 66

In which type of mixed research sampling is this true: "quantitative and qualitative data are collected one after the other on different participants who are selected to represent the same population under investigation".

A) Identical concurrent
B) Parallel concurrent
C) Parallel sequential
D) Nested sequential

Question 67

The purpose of _____ is to generate a set of groups that are similar on all possible factors at the beginning of an experiment.

A) Random sampling
B) Random assignment
C) Cluster sampling
D) Typical-case sampling

Question 68

An example of an element is a:

A) Population from which a sample is drawn
B) Sample participating in the study
C) Lapse in time between completing two measures
D) Participant in the sample

Question 69

Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number between 1 and k, and then including every k^th element in your sample are the steps for which type of sampling?

A) Simple random sampling
B) Three-stage cluster sampling
C) Stratified sampling
D) Systematic sampling

Question 70

Which type of stratified sampling is an equal probability of selection method?

A) Proportional
B) Disproportional
C) Cluster
D) Systematic

Question 71

Which of the following is a type of mixed research sampling?

A) Typical-case sampling
B) Maximum variation sampling
C) Nested sequential sampling
D) Mixed purposeful sampling

Question 72

A _____ is a subset of a population.

A) Statistic
B) Parameter
C) Sample
D) Census

Question 73

Luke was looking at his sampling frame. He noticed that every 8^th element in the sampling frame was in a particular income group. This finding is evidence of:

A) Random sampling
B) Periodicity
C) Generalization
D) Stratification

Question 74

A type of sampling in which the researcher determines the appropriate sample sizes for the groups identified as important and takes convenience samples from those groups.

A) Convenience sampling
B) Quota sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Snowball sampling

Question 75

A principal was interested in how the paraeducators in her school thought the school year had gone. As a result, he interviewed all of them to find out their perceptions. She used

A) Convenience sampling
B) Comprehensive sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Snowball sampling

Question 76

In what type of sampling does the researcher divide the population into mutually exclusive groups and then select a random sample of individuals from each group?

A) Stratified sampling
B) Systematic sampling
C) Simple random sampling
D) Quota sampling

Question 77

Extreme-case sampling and maximum variation sampling are more likely to be used in what kind of research?

A) Quantitative
B) Qualitative
C) Confirmatory
D) Close-ended questionnaires

Question 78

A research team is conducting a national study of the percentage of household income that is spent on health care. Using national data, they divide the population based on household income data. In this example, household income is a:

A) Stratification variable
B) Cluster variable
C) Quota variable
D) Grouping variable

Question 79

Which of the following is an equal probability of selection method of sampling?

A) Snowball sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Quota sampling
D) Cluster sampling

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT an equal probability of selection method of sampling:

A) Systematic sampling
B) Proportional stratified sampling
C) Cluster random sampling
D) Convenience sampling