Deck 2: The Modification of Instinctive Behavior

Question 1

Susan is a skier and never worried about driving in the snow.One day on the way to the ski resort she skidded off the road after hitting some ice.Now every time that Susan has to drive in the snow she becomes very nervous and scared.This is an example of ______.

A)behavioral contrast
B)sensitization
C)habituation
D)higher-order conditioning

Answer 1

B

Question 2

McSweeney and Murphy demonstrated that ______ can cause a reward to lose its effectiveness.

A)sensitization
B)habituation
C)opponent process
D)behavioral contrast

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Maurice was walking down a street in a new city where he has never been before.At first,he was frightened from all the cars,noise,and the people.However,as time progressed,Maurice became less and less fearful.Maurice is experiencing ______.

A)behavioral contrast
B)sensitization
C)habituation
D)higher-order conditioning

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An increase in a response due to repeated exposures is called ______.

A)sensitization
B)habituation
C)higher-order conditioning
D)modeling

Question 5

The stronger the stimuli are,the more ______ you will experience.

A)behavioral contrast
B)opponent process
C)habituation
D)sensitization

Question 6

Steve cannot stand the smell of cigarette smoke.However,when he goes to a casino there is a lot of cigarette smoke.At first,Steve can barely stand it.However,as time goes on,Steve no longer smells the smoke.Steve is experiencing ______.

A)higher-order conditioning
B)habituation
C)sensitization
D)behavioral contrast

Question 7

Which of the following does not impact habituation?

A)more frequent stimulus presentations
B)changing characteristics of the stimulus
C)weaker stimuli
D)intense stimuli

Question 8

Mark is walking alone in the woods.At first,he was scared from all the sounds,but as time progressed his fear decreased.Mark is experiencing ______.

A)habituation
B)sensitization
C)behavioral contrast
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 9

McSweeney and Murphy demonstrated that ______ can cause a reward to increase its effectiveness.

A)sensitization
B)habituation
C)opponent process
D)behavioral contrast

Question 10

Sam goes to a new restaurant where the waitress recommends the Calamari.Although appetizing,Sam only consumed a small amount,relying instead on massive quantities of French Fries.The next time,however,Sam was enthusiastic and consumed a three servings of Calamari.This is an example of ______.

A)ingestional neophobia
B)sensitization
C)habituation
D)dishabituation

Question 11

Initially,Janice could not stand the smell of the neighbor's dog when she went to their house.After several times,Janice no longer smells the dog when she enters the house.Janice is experiencing ______.

A)habituation
B)higher-order conditioning
C)behavioral contrast
D)sensitization

Question 12

A decrease in a response due to repeated exposures is called ______.

A)sensitization
B)habituation
C)higher-order conditioning
D)modeling

Question 13

______ always has a temporary effect.

A)Sensitization
B)Dishabituation
C)Behavioral contrast
D)Habituation

Question 14

At a buffet restaurant I observe people eating lots and lots of food.Then they stop.After about 2 min they get up and go to the dessert area where they get large servings of ice cream and cake.They then return and eat these items.Which concepts explain why the individual would eat the dessert after eating a huge meal?

A)disinhibition
B)sensitization
C)higher-order conditioning
D)habituation

Question 15

Last night,when Janice was trying to go to sleep she heard a band playing music.At first it was just irritating.But over time,the band actually sounded like it was getting louder even though it was not.This is an example of ______.

A)higher-order conditioning
B)habituation
C)sensitization
D)behavioral contrast

Question 16

The weaker the stimulus,the more ______ you will experience.

A)higher-order conditioning
B)second-order conditioning
C)sensitization
D)habituation

Question 17

Marcus and Valerie go to a restaurant where he has a nice dinner.When the server arrives and asks for a dessert order Marcus declines.However,Valerie does not.When dessert arrives,Marcus has a sample of Valerie's dessert.Then orders a serving for himself.The reason Marcus consumes the dessert is due to ______.

A)habituation
B)sensitization
C)dishabituation
D)behavioral contrast

Question 18

The first time Frederick consumed raspberries he experienced some minor itchiness and tingling.Now every time Frederick consumes raspberries he breaks out in hives all over his body.Frederick is experiencing ______.

A)sensitization
B)habituation
C)higher-order conditioning
D)modeling

Question 19

Mark is walking alone in the woods.At first,he was scared from all the sounds.But as time passed his fear began to decrease.Then,a loud twig snapped behind him and Mark jumped.Now Mark is hearing twigs snapping all around him.Mark is experiencing ______.

A)habituation
B)sensitization
C)behavioral contrast
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 20

Which always has a temporary effect?

A)disinhibition
B)behavioral contrast
C)sensitization
D)habituation

Question 21

The tail of Aplysia is electrically shocked and elicits a strong defensive response.Following the electric shock the experimenter lightly touches the Aplysia.What type of response does Aplysia elicit?

A)no response
B)a mild response
C)an intense response
D)an intense response followed by a mild response

Question 22

Opponent process theory was developed by ______.

A)Kandel
B)McSweeney
C)Solomon and Corbit
D)Creighton

Question 23

The fact that dishabituation occur so readily suggests that ______.

A)learning theorists have ignored important instinctive sources of motivation and behavior
B)there must be some innate tendency to ignore stimuli that are unimportant
C)evolutionary theory cannot explain the wide said nature of habituation
D)all animals have common evolutionary ancestor

Question 24

In Aplysia,______ results from an increase in neurotransmitter release in a neural circuit that produces the withdrawal response.

A)habituation
B)dishabituation
C)sensitization
D)both dishabituation and sensitization are correct

Question 25

While trying to study,your roommate turns on the television.At first you are annoyed and distracted but soon you are able to concentrate on studying.Your roommate then suddenly sneezes,interrupts your concentration and the TV again annoys you.This exemplifies ______.

A)a reduced B state
B)a reduced A state
C)dishabituation
D)sensitization.

Question 26

Taking a comprehensive final would cause you to experience a strong ______.

A)A state
B)B state
C)C state
D)D state

Question 27

Having three drinks of alcohol would cause you to ______.

A)experience a strong A state
B)experience a week A state
C)experience a strong B state
D)have no impact on either the A state or B state

Question 28

Mark was taking a comprehensive final in biochemistry.After completing the exam,Mark feels relaxed.This is an example of ______.

A)disinhibition
B)dishabituation
C)opponent process
D)enteric withdraw

Question 29

In Aplysia,______ results from a decrease in neurotransmitter release in a neural circuit that produces the withdrawal response.

A)sensitization
B)habituation
C)dishabituation
D)the A state

Question 30

Which of the following statements describes the properties of the B state?

A)It is opposite of the A state.
B)It is the same as the A state but more intense.
C)It is the same as the A state but less intense.
D)It is not impacted by the A state.

Question 31

According to Groves and Thompson,drugs that stimulate the central nervous system are more likely to produce ______.

A)habituation to a stimulus
B)emotional distress to a stimulus
C)sensitization to a stimulus
D)a fixed action pattern

Question 32

Cellular modification theory suggests that ______.

A)neural changes can only change existing neural circuits
B)neural changes can only change new neural circuits
C)neural changes can change existing neural circuits or establish new neural circuits
D)neural changes have no impacts on any neural circuits

Question 33

While trying to sleep,the people next door turn on some rock "n" roll stereo.At first you are annoyed and distracted but soon you start to relax.Then,just when you are about to go to sleep,a hip-hop song begins and you again become annoyed and distracted.This is an example of ______.

A)dishabituation
B)sensitization
C)a reduced B state
D)a reduced A state

Question 34

Aplysia Californica is a ______.

A)rat
B)sea snail
C)fish
D)way of analyzing a particular response

Question 35

You are listening to some quiet music when some people outside play some heavy metal music on their car stereo.At first you are annoyed and upset,but then you tune out the heavy metal music and begin again to enjoy the quiet music you are listening to.Then the stereo begins to play a country song and you become annoyed and upset again.This is an example of ______.

A)sensitization
B)habituation
C)dishabituation
D)a reduced A state

Question 36

Cellular modification theory ______.

A)suggests that learning is temporary and changes as a result of experience
B)suggests that learning is permanent and does not change as a result of experience
C)suggests that learning permanently alters the functioning of specific neural systems
D)suggests that learning temporarily alters the functioning of specific neural systems

Question 37

Having three drinks of alcohol would cause you to experience a strong ______.

A)A state
B)B state
C)C state
D)D state

Question 38

All responses create some type of initial reaction.This reaction is called ______.

A)the A state
B)the B state
C)the C state
D)the D state

Question 39

Habituation allows us to ______,while ______ reinstates the response in case the stimuli become important.

A)disinhibition; sensitization
B)disinhibition; dishabilitation
C)habituation; sensitization
D)sensitization; dishabilitation

Question 40

When Joe had his first Big Mac,he experienced a strong salivary response to the visual and olfactory cues of the Big Mac.After he has consumed Big Macs every day for the past 10 days,he no longer salivates as much to the Big Mac,but does salivate to the McDonald's apple pie.This is an example of ______.

A)sensitization
B)disinhibition
C)behavioral contrast
D)dishabituation

Question 41

Mary has a job or on Mondays and Wednesdays that is high pressure and high stress.On Tuesdays and Thursdays there is little pressure and stress.You would expect Susan's mood to generally be ______.

A)more positive on stress filled days
B)more positive on stress free days
C)more depressed on stress filled days
D)more depressed on stress free days

Question 42

Choose the best answer.Susan has been parachute jumping weekly for 10 years.Today however,her jump was canceled due to bad weather.Susan will probably ______.

A)be happy
B)be happy,then depressed
C)be depressed
D)do something else

Question 43

Experienced parachutists often exhibit ______ B states.

A)prolonged
B)short
C)relief after landing
D)short and extreme relief

Question 44

Marissa is about to take a comprehensive exam in learning.As she enters the exam she was nervous and tense.This is an example of ______.

A)the A state
B)the B state
C)the C state
D)the D state

Question 45

A retrieving behavior is an example of a fixed action pattern.

Question 46

Jack is a chronic cocaine user.He reports that he feels really good when he was using cocaine that when coming down he experiences extreme cravings and withdrawal.What could Jack do to help himself with the cravings and withdrawal?

A)Jack could use greater amounts of cocaine.
B)Jack could substitute cocaine with a barbiturate.
C)Jack could drink alcohol while he was using cocaine.
D)Jack could just drink less alcohol and use more cocaine.

Question 47

An instinctive behavior that results from specific environmental cue is called ______.

A)a sign stimulus
B)a fixed action pattern
C)an action specific energy
D)none of these

Question 48

Instinctive behaviors in many animals ______.

A)cannot change as a result of experience
B)are preprogrammed and can never be changed
C)can be changed using a conditioning experience
D)none of these

Question 49

As the intensity of the A state increases,the intensity of the B state ______.

A)also increases
B)decreases
C)decreases then increases
D)remains the same

Question 50

The opponent process theory is especially helpful in understanding ______.

A)how humans learn to be afraid of specific objects
B)schizophrenia
C)manic-depressive psychosis
D)addiction

Question 51

Every 3 months,Steve goes to a party and snorts some cocaine.However,he never uses cocaine at any other time.According to opponent process model,what should happen to Steve?

A)Steve will show a weak B state.
B)Steve will begin to become addicted.
C)Steve will never become addicted.
D)Steve will become addicted and then stop.

Question 52

A person is an alcoholic who is trying to stop drinking.When an aversive A state occurs,what happens?

A)There is an increased A state and that increases the likelihood a person will drink.
B)There is an increased B state that decreases the likelihood a person will drink.
C)There is a decreased A state that increases the likelihood a person will drink.
D)There is a decreased B state that decreases the likelihood a person will drink.

Question 53

Maurice is about to run 5 miles.As he begins the run he experiences a ______.

A)mild B state
B)aversive A state
C)mild C state
D)aversive B state

Question 54

One way to terminate an aversive B state is to ______.

A)have a weak A state
B)experience an event to produce a positive A state
C)provide a C state
D)provide an alternative D state

Question 55

According to Solomon,what must happen for a person to become addicted to a drug?

A)They must recognize that abstinence causes the withdrawal symptoms.
B)They must vary the amount of drug they take.
C)They must have a long time each time they use the drug.
D)none of these

Question 56

According to opponent process theory,as the intensity of the B state increases ______.

A)the intensity of the A state also increases
B)the intensity of the A state decreases
C)a C state occurs
D)the A state becomes more resistant to extinction

Question 57

George,after years of smoking cigarettes,finds it difficult to quit.Opponent process theory explains his difficulty by stating ______.

A)his action specific energy is too high
B)he encounters too many stimuli for smoking
C)his B state is so strong he needs cigarettes
D)his A state has grown so strong that the B state has been eliminated

Question 58

Repeated experience with certain events often increases the strength of ______.

A)the A state
B)the B state
C)the C state
D)the D state

Question 59

When Johnny first graduated from law school,he was extremely nervous during his first trial.When it was over he was quite relieved.He found that as he worked on more and more cases,his initial nervousness disappeared,yet his sense of relief when it was over increased.This is best explained by ______.

A)habituation
B)risk avoidance theory
C)sensitization
D)opponent process theory

Question 60

Strengthening of the B state would be responsible for ______.

A)strengthening the C state
B)strengthening the A state
C)withdrawal
D)tolerance

Question 61

Can experience alter instinctive behavior?

Question 62

Experienced parachutists are less elated after their jobs than parachutists who have just jumped only once or twice.

Question 63

Instinctive processes of many animals are programmed to change as a result of experience.

Question 64

Cellular modification theory indicates that learning changes the functioning of neural circuits and new connections.

Question 65

Habituation and sensitization are relatively fixed and not transient.

Question 66

Decreased anxiety due to giving several speeches is called habituation.

Question 67

Sensitization reflects an increase readiness to react to ALL stimuli.

Question 68

What is a fixed action pattern? Why is it important?

Question 69

What is dishabituation? Why is it so important?

Question 70

Eating small amounts of food in a novel situation is called dehabituation.

Question 71

Stimulus intensity has no impact on the rate of sensitization and habituation.

Question 72

Increased anxiety due to giving several speeches is called habituation.

Question 73

Time has no impact on sensitization.

Question 74

Compare and contrast sensitization and habituation.

Question 75

Habituation can cause a reward to lose its effectiveness.

Question 76

If a test like this makes you feel nervous and worried,after you are finished with the test you should feel relaxed and relieved.

Question 77

According to opponent process theory,you should be more fearful on your first bungee jump than on your 10th bungee jump.

Question 78

According to opponent process theory,addiction develops in two ways.What are they?

Question 79

Dishabituation and can restore the effectiveness of a reward produced by habituation.