Deck 12: The Storage of Our Experiences

Question 1

Which are the characteristics of short-term memory?

A)It has a rehearsal function.
B)Its main function is to organize and analyze information.
C)It has a brief storage span.
D)All of these are characteristics of short-term memory.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which is not a way to measure memory?

A)free recall task
B)cued recall task
C)recognition task
D)all our ways to measure memory

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Chunking ______.

A)allows you to retain more information in short-term memory
B)creates interference in short-term memory
C)does not assist in the recall of short-term memory but does in long-term memory
D)has no impact on short-term memory

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Factors that impact the accuracy of flashbulb memory include ______.

A)emotional arousal experienced with the event
B)knowledge of the event
C)close personal experience with the event
D)all of these impact the accuracy of flashbulb memory

Question 5

An initial impression of a stimulus is stored in ______.

A)the sensory register
B)working memory
C)short-term storage
D)It is not stored.

Question 6

Which is the shortest type of sensory memory?

A)iconic memory
B)echoic memory
C)haptic memory
D)olfactory memory

Question 7

Participants are required to learn a list of 30 words.They are then asked to recall the words in order.Which words will the participants recall the best?

A)words at the beginning of the list only
B)words at the end of the list only
C)words in the middle of the list
D)words at the beginning and end of the list

Question 8

Ways to enhance sensory memory do not include ______.

A)easy visual search tasks
B)attracting the subject's attention
C)cues associated with reward
D)all of these enhance sensory memory

Question 9

Duration of storage and short-term memory depends on ______.

A)the time in sensory register
B)if the items are large or small
C)if the items are rehearsed or repeated
D)if the items make an impression

Question 10

You see the letters A I R P L A N E and you encode the visual experience into a sound.This sound is called ______.

A)situational awareness responding
B)a transformational representation
C)acoustic code
D)none of these are correct

Question 11

The person who developed the concept 7 ± 2 was ______.

A)Morrison
B)Miller
C)Atkinson
D)Peterson

Question 12

Information remains in sensory register for approximately ______ s.

A)0.25-2
B)2-4
C)4-8
D)15 or longer

Question 13

Which is not a stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory?

A)sensory register
B)short-term storage
C)long-term storage
D)working memory

Question 14

Individuals can hold approximately ______ items of information in short-term memory.

A)1-3
B)5-9
C)10-15
D)There is unlimited capacity in short-term memory.

Question 15

Which is not an element that makes up flashbulb memory?

A)Information stored is central to the event.
B)Peripheral details are associated with the event.
C)Personal circumstances surrounding the event are stored as part of memory.
D)Memories only occur when there are no consequences for the person.

Question 16

John is trying to memorize the following phone number (1-80805-606-423-1981)that a friend told him on the telephone.According to Miller,how well will John do at recalling the phone number?

A)He will be able to recall it perfectly.
B)He will be able to recall approximately nine numbers but no more.
C)He will mix the numbers up,but recall them all.
D)He will remember none of the numbers.

Question 17

A visual copy of a sensory item is stored in ______.

A)iconic memory
B)episodic memory
C)procedural memory
D)semantic memory

Question 18

When a person says the word 'Day' and you think of the word 'Night,' or when a person says the word 'Black' and you think the word 'White,' these are examples of ______.

A)episodic associations
B)declarative associations
C)semantic associations
D)lexical associations

Question 19

Memories of what you were doing and where you were when a traumatic event (death of a famous person or a terrorist incident)occurred is called ______.

A)an episodic memory
B)an enhanced experience
C)a flashbulb memory
D)a dissociative memory

Question 20

Which is not a characteristic of short-term memory?

A)It has a brief storage span.
B)Its storage capacity is limited.
C)Memories are not disrupted by new experiences.
D)It has a rehearsal function.

Question 21

The phonological loop evolved to facilitate ______.

A)movement
B)touch
C)language
D)thought

Question 22

Michael is using a rehearsal strategy where he is repeating pairs of words over and over.Michael is using ______.

A)complex rehearsal
B)systematic rehearsal
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)elaborative rehearsal

Question 23

Collins and Loftus revised the main aspects of the Collins and Quillian hierarchical model.What are the aspects of this model?

A)Properties can be associated with more than one concept.
B)A particular property can be more closely associated with some concepts more than others.
C)Once a concept is activated,activation spreads to associated concepts.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 24

Where is knowledge located in the parallel distributed processing model?

A)in a few specific nodes
B)in nodes related to the specific concept
C)knowledge is distributed throughout the entire system
D)knowledge is not a stored or distributed system but follows a serial process

Question 25

When we alter information to create more meaningful memory,we are using ______.

A)maintenance rehearsal
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)complex rehearsal
D)systematic rehearsal

Question 26

Speech-based information and subvocal speech are two components of ______.

A)visuospatial sketchpad
B)the rehearsal sub-system
C)the phonological loop
D)none of these

Question 27

The model that contends that a memory consists of different connections that are simultaneously active is called the ______.

A)spreading activation model
B)hierarchical modeling model
C)parallel distributed processing model
D)semantic network model

Question 28

An individual insults you and you associate that person with verbal abuse.This is an example of a ______.

A)episodic association
B)declarative association
C)semantic association
D)lexical association

Question 29

How is semantic memory organized?

A)hierarchically
B)general concepts to general concepts
C)specific concepts to specific concepts
D)specific concepts to general concepts

Question 30

Joe is trying to remember some information.He uses a strategy where he tries to take the information he is trying to remember and form a mental image of the experience.Joe is using ______.

A)complex rehearsal
B)systematic rehearsal
C)elaborative rehearsal
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 31

When you're using rehearsal to recall information,it is best to use which of the following strategies?

A)repeat the words over and over
B)organize the information during rehearsal
C)add additional information to memorize
D)none of these are correct

Question 32

Michelle is trying to remember information for her anatomy exam.She uses a strategy where she tries to remember anatomical parts with numbers.Michelle is using ______.

A)complex rehearsal
B)systematic rehearsal
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)elaborative rehearsal

Question 33

Issues with the Collins and Quillian hierarchical approach does not include ______.

A)that concepts are stored in semantic memory in a logical hierarchy
B)information is stored in only one node
C)all subordinates of a concept are equally representative of that concept
D)all of these are issues with the approach

Question 34

In general,information remains in short-term store for ______ s.

A)0.5
B)5-10
C)15-20
D)25-30

Question 35

Spreading activation theory can explain ______.

A)flashbulb memory
B)visual encoding
C)the priming phenomenon
D)acoustic codes

Question 36

The Atkinson and Shiffrin model contends we have ______,while the rehearsal systems approach contends memories are processed by ______.

A)short-term memory; visuospatial sketchpad
B)long-term memory; phonological loop
C)short-term memory; working memory
D)working memory; short-term memory

Question 37

When we simply repeat material we have experienced,we use ______.

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)simple rehearsal
D)systematic rehearsal

Question 38

The visuospatial sketchpad ______.

A)contains subvocal speech
B)acts to rehearse visual or spatial experiences
C)places information into the phonological loop
D)helps you to learn a foreign language

Question 39

Who conducted research supporting the parallel distributed processing model 30 years prior to its development?

A)Skinner
B)Hull
C)Lashley
D)Loftus

Question 40

The parallel distributed processing model contends memory consists of a wide range of different connections that are simultaneously active.How many connections are possible?

A)one
B)two
C)hundreds
D)thousands

Question 41

Recollection of memories from the ______ system is deliberate and requires conscious effort,while information from the ______ system is automatic and can occur without conscious knowledge.

A)semantic; episodic
B)episodic; procedural
C)reflexive; intuitive
D)episodic; semantic

Question 42

One brain structure important for procedural memory is ______.

A)the thalamus
B)the hippocampus
C)the prefrontal cortex
D)the basal ganglia

Question 43

Failure to recall specific memory because of the presence of other memories is called interference.

Question 44

Several brain structures play a central role in working memory.Which is not one of these?

A)the temporal lobe
B)the prefrontal cortex
C)the hippocampus
D)the uncus

Question 45

Baddeley has postulated that the ______ regulates the functions of rehearsal systems.

A)phonological loop
B)visuospatial sketchpad
C)mnemonic replicator
D)central executive

Question 46

A person is driving their car on the freeway with cars all around them.The system that is helping them drive is ______.

A)the visuospatial sketchpad
B)the episodic buffer
C)the central executive
D)none of these are correct

Question 47

The structure that binds visual,spatial,and auditory information into a coherent unitary multidimensional representation of diverse events is ______.

A)the cognitive rehearsal system
B)visuospatial sketchpad
C)the episodic buffer
D)long-term memory

Question 48

A person recently goes to a restaurant where they have steak,a baked potato,salad,and a glass of red wine.Recalling this information is an example of a ______ memory.

A)procedural
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)elaborative

Question 49

Sensory register holds information for approximately 5-10 s and longer with rehearsal.

Question 50

The child is riding his bike to school.While doing so,he knows exactly which route to take.Which type of memory is the child using?

A)procedural only
B)episodic and declarative
C)declarative only
D)procedural and declarative

Question 51

The ______ facilitates the acquisition of language,while the ______ helps you to create mental images of an experience.

A)rehearsal systems; visuospatial sketchpad
B)mnemonic replicator; rehearsal systems
C)phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad
D)rehearsal systems; phonological loop

Question 52

Which is incorrect about the central executive?

A)It coordinates the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.
B)It can transfer information between permanent memory and rehearsal systems.
C)It determines in which rehearsal system a specific event is placed.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 53

Tulving contends there are two types of long-term memory: Memory for personal events called ______ memory and memory for knowledge requiring language,which is called ______

A)elaborative; procedural
B)reflexive; intuitive
C)episodic; semantic
D)semantic; elaborative

Question 54

A person has recently fallen down the stairs.Now they cannot recall anything that happened to them prior to the fall,but can recall information after the fall.This is an example of ______.

A)retrograde amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)procedural amnesia
D)declarative amnesia

Question 55

Ralph knows what the word 'temerity' means,but he does not remember when or where he learned the word.It appears that the word is in Ralph's ______ memory,but not in his ______ memory.

A)episodic; procedural
B)semantic; episodic
C)semantic; procedural
D)procedural; episodic

Question 56

A person is having extreme difficulty with their working memory.Which part of the brain might be involved with this issue?

A)the hippocampus
B)the hypothalamus
C)the posterior temporal lobe
D)the occipital lobe

Question 57

A person riding a bike is using ______ memory.

A)episodic
B)declarative
C)procedural
D)semantic

Question 58

While riding my bike I fell down,hit my head and hurt my brain.Now I can no longer recall events that have occurred since my fall.This is an example of ______.

A)retrograde amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)declarative amnesia
D)procedural amnesia

Question 59

The ______ plays a major role in the executive function of working memory.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)uncus
C)mediodorsal thalamus
D)the hypothalamus

Question 60

Which areas of the brain appear to be the most important for long-term memory storage?

A)the frontal lobe
B)the hypothalamus
C)the frontal lobes and the hippocampus
D)the medial temporal lobe and the mediodorsal thalamus

Question 61

Describe the three-stage model of memory storage.

Question 62

Short-term memory has a limited capacity of seven plus or minus two items.

Question 63

Iconic memories last longer than echoic memories.

Question 64

The episodic buffer requires the central executive in order to function.

Question 65

What is a flashbulb memory? What are some elements that make up flashbulb memories?

Question 66

Rehearsal enhances recall only if the subject organizes information during rehearsal.

Question 67

The phonological loop facilitates the acquisition of language.

Question 68

Riding a bike is an example of procedural memory.

Question 69

Current research indicates that sensory memory is an exact replica of an event.

Question 70

Semantic memory contains knowledge associated with the use of language.

Question 71

Remembering a telephone number is an example of chunking.

Question 72

When we simply repeat material we have experienced,we use elaborative rehearsal.

Question 73

Vivid,detailed,and long-lasting memories of very emotional experiences are called episodic memories.

Question 74

The inability to recall events that have occurred since brain damage occurred is called retrograde amnesia.

Question 75

Compare and contrast the Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage model with Baddeley's rehearsal systems approach.

Question 76

Describe the differences between procedural memories and declarative memories.

Question 77

The central executive coordinates the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.