Deck 7: Emotional Learning and Memory

Question 1

In general, one would be more likely to develop an intense fear of __________.

A) pencils
B) snakes
C) running shoes
D) frying pans

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The amygdala receives sensory input from the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Your psychology professor asks you to remember where you were when you found out about 9/11 and you easily remember many details of this event. This is an example of a ____________.

A) cued recall
B) flashbulb memory
C) contextual recall
D) quickflash memory

Answer 3

B

Question 4

David could not recognize his brother's face after the accident but he did not suffer from amnesia. This specific disorder is called ________.

A) flashbulb memory
B) contextual fear
C) prosopagnosia
D) phobia

Question 5

Rats were first trained to associate a light with the presence of water then they were placed in a new chamber where they were shaped to press a lever. If a light is paired with the left-hand lever they should press that more often than the right because of the protocol of _______________.

A) first-order conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) second-order conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 6

The cingulate cortex projects to the mamillary bodies.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a protocol for conditioning positive emotion in animals?

A) conditioned place preference
B) contextual place cueing
C) conditioned emotional preference
D) emotional place preference

Question 8

Most of the time when a person fears snakes they also fear spiders or something similar in size.

Question 9

Denise has a fear of heights although she has never fallen from something high. Her fear is called a ___________.

A) flashbulb memory
B) contextual fear
C) cued fear
D) phobia

Question 10

Fear conditioning is one of the most thoroughly studied examples of emotional memory.

Question 11

The recall for a flashbulb memory is detailed because it is like taking a picture of the event in your head.

Question 12

After reading a list of nonsense words, subjects had a preference for those words that __________.

A) had more vowels than consonants
B) appeared more often in the list
C) had more consonants than vowels
D) were more novel

Question 13

Subjects in a study were exposed to shapes for a brief time. Although they did not remember seeing anything but light flashes, they preferred the shapes they were briefly exposed to. What do these results suggest about memory?

A) Even briefly exposed material may leave a memory trace.
B) That memory for shapes is better than for words.
C) Preferences for shapes are dependent on the amount of time one views them.
D) Memory traces need time to form.

Question 14

The Papez circuit explains the main emotional pathway in which the hypothalamus is the central brain structure

Question 15

In the conditioned place preference task, the rat will spend more time in the arm that was previously associated with food.

Question 16

According to Zajonc and his colleagues, what kind of words do most people prefer?

A) long
B) novel
C) less common
D) more common

Question 17

Fear can be conditioned easily in rats through _________.

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) systematic desensitization
D) systematic conditioning

Question 18

The reptilian brain includes lower brain stem parts of the brain.

Question 19

When an animal is relaxed their startle reflex is smaller than if they were anxious.

Question 20

Klüver-Bucy syndrome was the result of the removal of the hippocampus in monkeys.

Question 21

An early anatomical explanation for the repetitive rumination of emotional experiences comes from ___________.

A) the circular nature of the feedback loop from the emotional center to the memory centers
B) the circular nature of the emotional communication system
C) the positioning of the limbic system on the limbus
D) the connection between the hypothalamus and the amygdala

Question 22

Results of several studies by McDonald & White (1993) support the idea that stimulus-response and stimulus-reward associations are __________.

A) supported by distinct brain systems
B) supported by similar brain systems
C) supported by similar brain systems when a similar stimulus is used
D) supported by the striatum but not the amygdala

Question 23

Who developed the first theoretical proposal of a brain system for the perception and integration of emotional feeling?

A) Walle Nauta
B) Joseph LeDoux
C) Paul MacLean
D) James Papez

Question 24

Which of the following is not directly regulated by the autonomic nervous system?

A) heart rate
B) vigilance
C) blood pressure
D) respiration

Question 25

During the "fight or flight" response, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland which in turn signals the _________ to release _________.

A) adrenal glands; glucocorticoids
B) amygdala; norepinephrine
C) adrenal glands; dopamine
D) amygdala; glucocorticoids

Question 26

Studies show that damage to the lateral amygdala results in _________.

A) impaired motor response following foot shock
B) impaired autonomic reactions
C) dramatically reduced reactions to an unconditioned stimulus
D) dramatically reduced reactions to a conditioned tone cue

Question 27

Which of the brain areas are not connected directly to the basolateral nucleus through a pathway originating in the amygdala?

A) thalamus
B) striatum
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 28

Researchers studying the accuracy of long-term emotional memories found that 32 months after the O.J. Simpson trial __________.

A) almost 90% of subjects could still remember key events
B) nearly 50% of the subjects had perfect memory for the events
C) about 15% of subjects had nearly perfect memory for the events
D) almost nobody could clearly remember

Question 29

Results of a case study of a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis, showing damage to the hippocampus and the amygdala, indicated a problem with ____________.

A) unconditioned responses
B) being conditioned to a boat horn
C) remembering the unconditioned stimulus
D) inhibiting their conditioned fear response

Question 30

LeDoux and his colleagues found that damage to the hippocampus resulted in _________.

A) impaired freezing response to tone cues
B) blocked contextual fear conditioning
C) increased fear to a conditioned stimulus
D) blocked conditioned fear response to a cue

Question 31

Someone diagnosed with Urbach-Wiethe disease has damage to the _________ while the _______ remains intact.

A) hippocampus; amygdala
B) amygdala; hypothalamus
C) hippocampus; hypothalamus
D) amygdala; hippocampus

Question 32

Klüver-Bucy syndrome is characterized by __________.

A) intense aggression
B) unpredictable anger
C) psychic blindness
D) emotional blindness

Question 33

According to Paul MacLean, the neomammalian brain mediates:

A) complex thinking.
B) complex motor abilities.
C) instinctive behaviors.
D) conscious experience of feelings.

Question 34

What is not part of the limbic lobe?

A) cingulate cortex
B) parahippocampal gyrus
C) cerebellar gyrus
D) orbital prefrontal cortex

Question 35

During emotional arousal and attention, the superior colliculus controls _________.

A) fear conditioning
B) emotional intensity
C) motor response to emotional content
D) orienting behavior

Question 36

In a paired associative learning task, Kleinsmith & Kaplan (1963) found that after one week, subjects had better recall for ___________.

A) provocative words
B) ordinary words
C) both provocative and ordinary words depending on their moods
D) both provocative and ordinary words depending on how they were presented

Question 37

Cahill & McGaugh (1995) found that a subject's memory for the middle of a story was better when _____________.

A) they were in a good mood
B) they were in a bad mood
C) the story was emotionally arousing
D) the story was neutral

Question 38

It was suggested by Paul MacLean that the visceral part of the limbic system was responsible for __________.

A) regulating the limbic system feedback
B) regulating the limbic system connection to the cerebral cortex
C) regulating the internal organs
D) connecting the internal organs to the each other

Question 39

The reptilian brain mediates _________.

A) complex thinking and emotion
B) complex motor abilities
C) instinctive behaviors
D) conscious experience of feelings

Question 40

More recent studies of the neurobiology of emotion have focused on the _________ system.

A) limbic
B) hippocampal
C) neomammalian
D) cerebral

Question 41

Why would a company want to spend a great deal of money on a commercial spot during the Super Bowl or American Idol? Why would companies want to come up with short names for their products with catchy phrases? How did researchers measure this?

Question 42

When the woman diagnosed with Urbach-Wiethe disease read an emotional part to a story and a neutral part to a story, her memory _____________.

A) was better for the emotional part than the neutral part
B) was better for the neutral part over the emotional part
C) was similar for both the emotional and neutral parts of the story
D) was impaired on both parts of the story

Question 43

Which hormone has been shown to improve memory for inhibitory avoidance?

A) glucocorticoids
B) epinephrine
C) estrogen
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 44

Subjects who were given a beta blocker had ___________.

A) better recall for an emotional story over a neutral story
B) better recall for a neutral story over an emotional story
C) had equal recall for the emotional and neutral parts of a story
D) no memory for an emotional story

Question 45

Explain how phobias could be an example of fear conditioning. Use an example to support your view.

Question 46

Discuss how researchers use individuals with prosopagnosia to test whether there were differences for memory of faces compared to emotional responses to faces. Indicate the results of the study.

Question 47

Discuss the differences between the visceral brain, the reptilian brain, the paleomammalian brain, and the neomammalian brain.

Question 48

How is a flashbulb memory an example of how emotions and memories can be closely tied together? How can researchers study flashbulb memories?

Question 49

Which of the following provides evidence that fear conditioning is rapid and long lasting?

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) PTSD
C) Urbach-Wiethe disease
D) people taking beta blockers

Question 50

When amphetamines are injected into the amygdala after training on either a spatial or cued maze task, performance ____________.

A) is enhanced on the spatial task but impaired on the cued maze task
B) is enhanced on the cued maze task but impaired on the spatial task
C) is enhanced on both tasks
D) is impaired on both tasks