Deck 11: Memory Consolidation

Question 1

Bob got hit by a baseball and has memory loss for the last month. Bob suffers from _________ amnesia.

A) retrograde
B) anterograde
C) selective
D) inconvenient

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When memories from the distant past are retained but memory loss from just prior to an injury are lost it is specifically referred to as ___________.

A) recent anterograde amnesia
B) recent retrograde amnesia
C) temporally graded anterograde amnesia
D) temporally graded retrograde amnesia

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In a study by Muller and Pilzecker, subjects tended to think about the training pairs during a delay between training and testing. This failure to suppress the rehearsal is called ___________.

A) perseveration
B) persistence
C) tenacity
D) repeat training

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Jim was trying to remember the phone number for his colleague at work so he repeated it until he was able to call him. Later that day when he telephoned his mother he dialed his colleague again. This misdial is referred to as a(n) __________ error.

A) implicit
B) purposeful
C) misfire
D) intrusion

Question 5

According to Ribot's Law, the likelihood that a memory will be lost due to an injury is _________ the time elapsed between the event to be remembered and the injury.

A) positively related to
B) inversely related to
C) dependent upon
D) strongly related to

Question 6

Theodore Ribot provided the first review of many cases of retrograde amnesia associated with _________.

A) syphilis
B) encephalitis
C) brain damage and head trauma
D) genetic disorders

Question 7

Ribot's Law was also known as the __________.

A) Law of Digression
B) Law of Cessation
C) Law of Regression
D) Law of Progression

Question 8

Following hippocampal damage, participants show temporally graded retrograde amnesia for episodic but not for semantic memories.

Question 9

One technique that has been used to test retrograde amnesia is the ___________ test.

A) Cratchett personal consolidation
B) Cravitz single memory
C) Cronin graded memory
D) Crovitz personal remote memory

Question 10

Retrograde amnesia following medial temporal lobe damage often affects memory for personal episodes more severely than semantic memory.

Question 11

__________ is considered to be a bridge between initial learning and permanent memory storage.

A) Conservation
B) Consolidation
C) Contraindication
D) Collection

Question 12

H.M.'s memory was best for events that occurred in the 1940s.

Question 13

Consolidation is an active process that can either be enhanced or impaired.

Question 14

Zubin and Barrera performed the first experimental studies confirming that ECT was not directly related to graded retrograde amnesia.

Question 15

Animals tend to retain their conditioned fear response to a stimulus if the hippocampus is damaged right after being conditioned.

Question 16

Animal research is beneficial for memory research because it allows for more control of the anatomical structures being observed and the learning experiences before brain damage.

Question 17

Animals with lesioned parietal lobes tend to show graded temporal amnesia on spatial tasks.

Question 18

The time required for consolidation generally depends on the type of information being encoded as well as other supporting information to be remembered.

Question 19

Protein is not essential for permanent memory fixation.

Question 20

Sarah worked all afternoon training her dog to fetch a stick and bring it to her but then her brother taught the dog to sit later that same day. When Sarah wanted to show her parents how she taught the dog to fetch all it could do was sit. This failure to fetch was most likely due to _________.

A) progressive interference
B) projective interference
C) proactive interference
D) retroactive interference

Question 21

Hebb proposed that memories initially activated in the cerebral cortex were sustained in cell assemblies that _________.

A) repeatedly recycle information
B) connect to more complex systems
C) were related to memory
D) processed explicit memories

Question 22

H.M. showed _______ recognition for events from the 1950s.

A) highly successful
B) normal
C) high impairment
D) borderline-successful

Question 23

Zola-Morgan and Squire (1990) found that monkeys with hippocampal damage performed poorest on ________.

A) discrimination problems
B) learning trials
C) problems presented at the shortest interval before surgery
D) problems presented at the longest interval before surgery

Question 24

Damage to the hippocampal region results in retrograde amnesia for __________ information.

A) episodic non-spatial but not episodic spatial
B) both episodic non-spatial and episodic spatial
C) semantic spatial but not semantic non-spatial
D) both episodic and semantic and both spatial and non-spatial

Question 25

Consolidation that involves a stabilization of molecular structure within cells and synapses is referred to as ________.

A) reorganization
B) fixation
C) redevelopment
D) prominence

Question 26

A memory consolidation process where alterations of our knowledge networks occur through complex interactions between brain structures is called _________.

A) redevelopment
B) prominence
C) fixation
D) reorganization

Question 27

During a study of inhibitory avoidance, rats were injected with stimulants after learning to avoid a shock. The stimulant seemed to _________.

A) inhibit the learned response
B) have little effect on learning
C) enhance learning
D) delay the learned response

Question 28

Gary recalls the statistics for the prevalence rates of autism and that it is increasing in his state but he can't remember where he read it or when he read it. Gary is making a(n) ________ error.

A) dubious
B) source memory
C) autobiographical memory
D) self-monitoring

Question 29

McClelland and his colleagues (1995) used the context of the __________ to explain how cortical representations involved parallel multidimensional hierarchies.

A) two-stage model
B) multiphase model
C) simple network model
D) distributed network model

Question 30

Evidence suggests that the _________ does not seem to be involved in memory consolidation.

A) parietal cortex
B) hippocampus
C) entorhinal cortex
D) parahippocampal region

Question 31

In the fixation process, cAMP activates ________ which makes the receptors more sensitive to glutamate.

A) calcium
B) protein
C) potassium
D) sodium

Question 32

After rabbits exhibited conditioned eyeblinks they were given hippocampal lesions either one day or one month later. The rabbits that had the lesions one month later were ________.

A) impaired on the eyeblink savings
B) able to retain the eyeblink conditioning
C) unable to exhibit the eyeblink condition
D) delayed on the eyeblink condition

Question 33

Some individuals show memory loss for events prior to the onset of amnesia and for memories extending back into childhood. This pattern of memory loss has a _______ gradient etiology.

A) flat
B) graded
C) complex
D) long-term

Question 34

In people with hippocampal region damage, it has been suggested that the extent of the temporal gradient retrograde amnesia is correlated with _________.

A) the event to be remembered
B) the person's emotional state
C) the number of events to be remembered
D) the extent of brain damage

Question 35

When memory loss after an accident is for material just prior to the trauma it is generally explained by a disruption in the ___________.

A) fixation process of the cerebral cortex
B) final processing stages of memory
C) reverberatory activity
D) connection of simple and complex neural networks

Question 36

Alvarez and Squires (1994) proposed a _______ explaining how the hippocampal system interacts with neocortical processors to store and consolidate memories.

A) two-stage model
B) multiphase model
C) simple network model
D) complex network model

Question 37

The timescales of events involved in systems-level consolidation are ________ than those of cellular fixation mechanisms

A) less complex
B) many times less
C) many times greater
D) more easily impaired

Question 38

Nader and colleagues found that a delayed infusion of protein into the amygdala after a fear conditioning task resulted in ________.

A) no impairment of fear conditioning
B) a drastic decrease in fear conditioning
C) a slight decrease in fear conditioning
D) confusion of the emotion to be displayed

Question 39

If one was to take a drug that blocked protein synthesis within minutes after learning a song the effect would be _________.

A) increased memory for that song
B) decreased memory for that song
C) a delay in memory for that song of about three hours
D) a delay in memory for that song of about 24 hours

Question 40

Research suggests that the consolidation period for maze learning in mice is between __________.

A) one to two hours
B) one to two days
C) two to four days
D) two to four weeks

Question 41

Once a set of hierarchical organizations is established and stabilized within a model it is difficult to add new items smoothly because these changes in the network result in ______.

A) retroactive interference
B) catastrophic interference
C) proactive interference
D) nonproductive interference

Question 42

Discuss the differences between the two types of memory consolidation and how each explains retrograde amnesia.

Question 43

Compare the two models explaining how the hippocampus might mediate a slow reorganization process.

Question 44

When we experience something that shares information with something we have had previous experience with, the hippocampus works to ________.

A) encode each memory in different areas
B) integrate the new memory into the memory system
C) elicit the memories of the related experiences
D) prevent interference between the two events

Question 45

The hippocampus represents a series of discrete events, with some cells encoding connected stimuli and actions for highly specific events occurring in a few learning episodes and other cells encoding ________.

A) common features of similar experiences
B) spatial information for simple events
C) similar complex events
D) episodic information that matched episodic memories

Question 46

Connections between relevant cortical areas could be strengthened by _________.

A) simultaneous activation of several related memories
B) increased hippocampal activation
C) inhibiting the influence of the hippocampus during learning
D) increased parahippocampal activation

Question 47

What is known about how sleep helps with consolidation of memory?

Question 48

Discuss how temporally graded retrograde amnesia is related to memory consolidation.

Question 49

Research findings confirm that the hippocampus is key during early consolidation but the cortical areas are more important during _________.

A) spatial encoding
B) retrieval during consolidation
C) non-spatial encoding
D) complex memory interpretations

Question 50

Discuss why the interval between conditional learning and damage to the hippocampus is important for understanding memory. Discuss the research that supports this.