Deck 11: Moral Development and Aggression

Question 1

According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg,which stage of moral reasoning views morality in terms of rigid rules and rewards and punishments?

A)conventional morality
B)postconventional morality
C)unconventional morality
D)preconventional morality

Answer 1

preconventional morality

Question 2

Which theorist proposed a three-stage theory of moral development for females?

A)Lawrence Kohlberg
B)Jean Piaget
C)Carol Gilligan
D)Albert Bandura

Answer 2

Carol Gilligan

Question 3

Which characteristic best describes the first of the three-stage process of women's morality,as theorized by Carol Gilligan?

A)goodness as self-sacrifice
B)orientation toward individual survival
C)morality of nonviolence
D)moral equivalence established between self and others

Answer 3

orientation toward individual survival

Question 4

Which psychologist proposed that people progress through a series of moral reasoning stages?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Elliot Aronson
C)Lawrence Kohlberg
D)Albert Bandura

Question 5

Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that moral development occurs in a fixed order,and that people are unable to reach the highest stage of moral reasoning until __________ due to __________.

A)middle childhood;lack of cognitive development
B)adolescence;lack of experience and peer pressure
C)young adulthood;lack of experience
D)adolescence;lack of cognitive development

Question 6

According to social learning theory,observing the behavior of others paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles in a process called __________.

A)empathy
B)abstract modeling
C)immanent justice
D)autonomous cooperation

Question 7

A second grade student is tempted to take candy from her friend's lunchbox,but decides not to because she is afraid she will get caught.This student is demonstrating __________.

A)conventional morality
B)preconventional morality
C)postconventional morality
D)a lack of morality

Question 8

Which stage of moral reasoning reflects a person's interest in pleasing others by acting as a good member of society?

A)conventional morality
B)postconventional morality
C)unconventional morality
D)preconventional morality

Question 9

Which characteristic best describes the third of the three-stage process of women's morality,as theorized by Carol Gilligan?

A)goodness as self-sacrifice
B)orientation toward individual survival
C)morality of nonviolence
D)moral equivalence established between self and others

Question 10

Which stage of moral reasoning reflects a person's use of moral principles,which are seen as broader than those of any particular society?

A)conventional morality
B)postconventional morality
C)compartmentalized morality
D)preconventional morality

Question 11

Which characteristic best describes the second of the three-stage process of women's morality,as theorized by Carol Gilligan?

A)goodness as self-sacrifice
B)orientation toward individual survival
C)morality of nonviolence
D)moral equivalence established between self and others

Question 12

Which term describes helping behavior that benefits others?

A)immanent justice
B)moral development
C)autonomous cooperation
D)prosocial behavior

Question 13

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg argued that attaining __________ is relatively rare.

A)preconventional morality
B)immorality
C)postconventional morality
D)conventional morality

Question 14

According to the social domain model,how should moral reasoning be evaluated?

A)Moral reasoning is based on objectively right or wrong decisions that apply universally.
B)There is only one principle: moral behavior should produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
C)Behavior is moral if a good outcome results,and immoral if a bad outcome results.
D)Moral reasoning needs to be considered in the context in which moral judgments are being made at a given time.

Question 15

According to developmentalists,what lies at the heart of moral behavior?

A)cognitive ability
B)empathy
C)social skills development
D)fear of punishment

Question 16

Whitney is a 5-year-old who is watching television and eating popcorn.Her 3-year-old brother wakes up from his nap and joins her.Whitney offers her brother some of her popcorn,and their mother praises her as a "good girl" for sharing.This is an example of __________.

A)morality
B)incipient cooperation
C)reinforcing prosocial behavior
D)modeling

Question 17

What kind of behavior is enacted to help others,but requires clear self-sacrifice?

A)selfish
B)altruistic
C)antisocial
D)cultural

Question 18

Why might negative emotions produce moral behavior,according to both contemporary and psychoanalytic explanations?

A)Acting badly produces a rebound effect,in which people then want to act morally.
B)The experience of both morality and contempt are closely linked in nearby brain structures.
C)Children may act in moral,prosocial ways to avoid feelings of personal distress or guilt.
D)Negative emotions spur the id to "challenge" the superego to enact moral behavior.

Question 19

The fourth stage of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning is __________.

A)authority and social-order-maintaining morality
B)the adoption of universal moral principles
C)obedience and punishment orientation
D)morality of democratically accepted law

Question 20

According to psychologist Carol Gilligan,females view morality in terms of __________.

A)broad principles of fairness
B)policing the actions of men
C)competition with others for moral superiority
D)a gradual transition from selfishness to responsibility

Question 21

Zhenya feels a strong sense of attachment to a sacred entity.This feeling is called __________.

A)closeness
B)morality
C)spirituality
D)value

Question 22

Children pass through three stages of religious development,the first of which is __________.

A)preoperational intuitive religious thought
B)sensorimotor religious thought
C)concrete operational religious thought
D)formal operational religious thought

Question 23

Billy is a 5-year-old child who does not have a regular bedtime,is permitted to neglect personal hygiene,and doesn't usually participate in any simple chores,such as picking up the toys in his room.It would appear that Billy parents' style of parenting is __________.

A)permissive
B)authoritarian
C)involved
D)authoritative

Question 24

According to James Fowler's model of faith development,how do young children perceive God or other major religious deities?

A)in an abstract sense
B)as a teacher or principal in an academic setting
C)as parental substitutes
D)in a literal sense

Question 25

Five-year-old Gustavo and his younger sister Alejandra were playing in the living room when Alejandra grabbed at the toy that Benjamin had.He lashed out and punched Alejandra in the arm,making her cry.Their mother immediately took Gustavo aside and,rather than punishing him,explained how his behavior made his sister cry,and that he needed to share his toys.This is an example of what type of parenting style?

A)authoritative
B)permissive
C)authoritarian
D)uninvolved

Question 26

Why does religion play an important role in the lives of people in middle adulthood?

A)Tax benefits result from making monetary contributions to a recognized religion.
B)Religion offers a way of explaining events in the world.
C)The fear of God is especially salient to people in middle adulthood.
D)Religious services are one of the few avenues available for socializing in middle adulthood.

Question 27

Surveys of colleges students demonstrate that __________ is the goal they value as most important in life.

A)helping others in need
B)securing a good job
C)being well off financially
D)raising a family

Question 28

What percent of Americans report having no religious affiliation?

A)3 percent
B)8 percent
C)16 percent
D)27 percent

Question 29

How is religious thinking characterized during the preoperational intuitive stage of religious development?

A)children rely on intuition to "feel" rather than "think about" the role of spirituality in society
B)thinking is unsystematic;children misinterpret the meaning of religious stories
C)thinking focuses on drawing inspiration from and inferences about religious stories
D)children focus on the tangible details of a religious story

Question 30

Which term describes parents who are firm,set clear and consistent limits,and try to reason with their children?

A)authoritarian
B)permissive
C)uninvolved
D)authoritative

Question 31

At what age are children in the concrete operational thought stage of religious development?

A)2 or 3 to 4 or 5
B)5 or 6 to 7 or 8
C)7 or 8 to 13 or 14
D)10 or 12 to 15 or16

Question 32

What type of parents show almost no interest in their children and demonstrate indifferent,rejecting behaviors?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)authoritarian
D)uninvolved

Question 33

Hispanic parents typically place a great deal of emphasis on __________ when parenting.

A)directing their children's activities and controlling their behavior
B)children respecting rules and the requests of elders
C)indifference to their children's needs
D)letting their children do whatever they want

Question 34

Which term describes parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback to their children?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)permissive

Question 35

Which term describes parents who are controlling,punitive,rigid,and cold?

A)authoritative
B)uninvolved
C)authoritarian
D)permissive

Question 36

Dorie lives in a household where her parents are gone most of the time.Even when they are home,Dorie goes to school wearing dirty clothes and having had no breakfast.What type of parents is Dorie likely to have?

A)uninvolved
B)permissive
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Question 37

Why would teenagers be likely to grapple with issues of religious identity?

A)growing older leads teenagers to start "cataloging" the elements of their lives,so they will be ready to transition to adulthood
B)the teenage years represent a time when,statistically,most people attend some kind of religious services or ceremonies
C)the teenage years are generally acknowledged as a time of severe anxiety and strained relationships;teenagers seek solace in religious doctrines
D)their increased ability to think critically and abstractly,coupled with a general search for identity,leads to questioning religious identity

Question 38

Children pass through three stages of religious development,the last of which is __________.

A)preoperational intuitive religious thought
B)sensorimotor religious thought
C)concrete operational religious thought
D)formal operational religious thought

Question 39

What kind of moral reasoning do people in the United States tend to use?

A)duty-based reasoning
B)communal reasoning
C)reciprocal obligation reasoning
D)rights-based reasoning

Question 40

Meredith's 5-year-old friends at the playground run from the rides to the slides,but Meredith's mother told her she had to stay on the swings and not move to another place.When Meredith complained that the other children were allowed to play where they wanted,Meredith's mother told her to stay on the swings "because I said so!" This is an example of __________.

A)uninvolved parenting
B)authoritarian parenting
C)permissive parenting
D)authoritative parenting

Question 41

About what percentage of women physically abuse their husbands?

A)8 percent
B)10 percent
C)15 percent
D)20 percent

Question 42

Which term refers to the physical or psychological mistreatment or neglect of elderly individuals?

A)elder ignorance
B)ageism
C)elder abuse
D)age discrimination

Question 43

Cindy wants to get to the front of the snack line in her kindergarten cafeteria,but Wanda is blocking her path.Cindy pushes Wanda out of the way to get closer to the snacks she covets.Cindy's behavior is an example of __________.

A)relational aggression
B)emotional aggression
C)regulated aggression
D)instrumental aggression

Question 44

Some research evidence indicates that higher rates of prayer are associated with __________.

A)self-reports of greater happiness
B)extended life expectancy
C)more financial difficulties
D)symptoms of psychological disturbance

Question 45

The theory that the abuse and neglect of children leads them to be predisposed to abusiveness as adults is called the __________.

A)midlife crisis resolution
B)cycle of violence hypothesis
C)normative-crisis proposal
D)circumnavigation explanation

Question 46

Albert Bandura's research indicates that when children watch adults modeling aggressive behavior,they are likely to __________.

A)be frustrated
B)get frightened and angry
C)be as or more aggressive than the model
D)be less aggressive than the model

Question 47

During recess,Dawn calls Lalana names,refuses to include her in a game of hopscotch,and makes fun of her.Dawn's behavior is an example of __________.

A)relational aggression
B)emotional aggression
C)regulated aggression
D)instrumental aggression

Question 48

Which term refers to nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person's psychological well-being?

A)psychological aggression
B)instrumental aggression
C)relational aggression
D)emotional aggression

Question 49

Which factor contributes to the decline of aggression in preschool children?

A)greater access to high-quality child care
B)personality development of the child
C)a greater amount of authoritarian parenting
D)exposure to permissive parenting

Question 50

Statistically,which of the following people is most likely to find meaning in religion?

A)Marlo,a 15-year-old African American girl
B)Ruthie,a 32-year-old Caucasian woman
C)Rufus,a 72-year-old African American man
D)Marco,a 73-year-old Caucasian man

Question 51

Overwhelming evidence indicates that children's observation of televised violence leads to __________.

A)no significant increase in aggressive behavior
B)increases in aggressive behaviors that can extend into adulthood
C)increases in aggression only for the male population
D)increases in aggression only for children who also play violent video games

Question 52

Ethologist Konrad Lorenz,evolutionary theorists,and sociobiologists agree that aggression represents __________.

A)a primitive fighting instinct shared across the animal kingdom
B)a learned behavior
C)the product of psychological dysfunction
D)a distinctly human approach to conflict resolution

Question 53

Which term refers to intentional injury or harm to another person?

A)anger
B)retaliation
C)aggression
D)abuse

Question 54

Globally,one in __________ women experience some form of violent victimization during their lives.

A)two
B)three
C)five
D)ten

Question 55

Which of the following is a stage of marital aggression a spouse-abusing husband might go through?

A)chronic battering incident
B)loving contrition stage
C)tension-reduction stage
D)fight-or-flight stage

Question 56

Which stage of James Fowler's model of faith development are people in during middle adulthood?

A)conjunctive stage
B)preoperational intuitive stage
C)individuative-reflective stage
D)literal-interpretive stage

Question 57

Which term refers to the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity?

A)instrumental aggression
B)relational aggression
C)emotional self-regulation
D)autonomous cooperation

Question 58

Which term describes aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal?

A)relational aggression
B)instrumental aggression
C)hostile aggression
D)regulated aggression

Question 59

As people enter late adulthood,they may progress to the __________ of faith development.

A)conjunctive stage
B)preoperational intuitive stage
C)individuative-reflective stage
D)literal-interpretive stage

Question 60

Which of the following factors contributes to child abuse?

A)middle-income socioeconomic status
B)multigenerational families living in the same house
C)families with only one child
D)families living in stressful conditions

Question 61

__________ is the sense of attachment to some higher power,such as God,nature,or a sacred entity.

A)Cosmology
B)Belief
C)Spirituality
D)Purpose

Question 62

Which of the following is a predictor of spousal abuse?

A)a couple's sexual orientation
B)a high level of verbal aggression
C)brief economic difficulties
D)growing up in an urban setting

Question 63

Borrowing from Piaget's approach to cognitive development,__________ is the stage in which children are able to think more abstractly,allowing them to understand the meaning of Bible stories and pictures,and to draw inferences from them.

A)post-cognitive religious faith
B)formal operational religious thought
C)spiritual inference religious belief
D)interpretive symbolic religious tenet

Question 64

The relationship between religious meaning and __________ is stronger for African Americans than Caucasians.

A)life expectancy
B)power of prayer
C)prosocial behavior
D)life satisfaction

Question 65

In Kohlberg's __________,moral reasoning follows rigid rules based on punishments or rewards.

A)developmental morality
B)prosocial morality
C)abstract morality
D)preconventional morality

Question 66

Summarize criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.

Question 67

Explain the major points regarding psychologist Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development for females.

Question 68

Statistically,which older person is most likely to experience elder abuse?

A)a patient with a hip fracture in a nursing home
B)a person who is relatively independent and does not require an intense level of care
C)a person with Alzheimer's disease living in a caretaker's home
D)a person who resides in assisted living

Question 69

Which of the following explains the factor that could explain why children raised in cultures in which children are taught to cooperate with other family members to do chores or to help in the upbringing of younger children (such as in Kenya,Mexico,and the Philippines)show relatively high levels of prosocial behavior?

A)genetic influences
B)heterogeneous practices
C)sibling and peer influences
D)childrearing styles

Question 70

Erica is envious of Sara's new sparkly red shoes.On the playground,she tells Sara she can't play with Erica and her friends because she's too fat.This is an example of __________.

A)developmental aggression
B)relational aggression
C)disordered aggression
D)instrumental aggression

Question 71

Describe how religion and spirituality are related,and summarize the processes adolescents go through when contemplating each.What changes in these areas take place in the post-adolescent years?

Question 72

Summarize the reasons why parents physically abuse children,and explain how social conventions might indirectly contribute to this behavior.

Question 73

In Fowler's __________ stage of faith development,people in early and middle adulthood come to understand that their views are one of many and that multiple views of God are possible.

A)individuative-reflective
B)collective-redemptive
C)hopeful-connective
D)global-spiritual

Question 74

___________ approaches to aggression suggest that examining preschoolers' interpretations of others' behavior and the environmental context in which a behavior occurs is key to understanding moral development.

A)Social learning
B)Relational
C)Instrumental
D)Cognitive

Question 75

Explain the results of Albert Bandura's experiment involving a Bobo doll,and note how it illustrates the social learning approach to understanding aggression.

Question 76

Which of these is a benefit of religion?

A)scientific empiricism
B)insight into future events
C)a perspective on one's personal misfortunes
D)a way to prevent natural disasters

Question 77

Six-year-old Lida's offer to share her lunch with a classmate who has forgotten to bring a lunch is an example of __________.

A)immanent justice
B)prosocial behavior
C)model learning
D)conventional morality

Question 78

According to __________,moral reasoning needs to be considered in the context in which judgments are being made at a given time.

A)social justice theory
B)the abstract modeling approach
C)heterogeneous moral theory
D)the social domain approach

Question 79

Children tend to act less aggressively as they mature and develop __________.

A)relational self-control
B)instrumental non-aggression
C)social self-limitation
D)emotional self-regulation

Question 80

Kohlberg's theory has proven problematic in explaining __________.

A)girls' moral development
B)postconventional morality
C)adolescents' moral judgments
D)abstract social behavior