Deck 2: Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Question 1

Marissa and Melissa are twins and are genetically identical.Which term would a geneticist use to describe them?

A)gamete-deprived twins
B)dizygotic twins
C)monozygotic twins
D)replicated twins

Answer 1

monozygotic twins

Question 2

Which process accounts for the replication of most types of cells,resulting in nearly all the cells in the body containing the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote?

A)meiosis
B)constriction
C)mitosis
D)reproduction

Answer 2

mitosis

Question 3

Tera has a disorder that is untreatable and produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death.What disorder does Tera have?

A)fragile X syndrome
B)Tay-Sachs disease
C)Klinefelter's syndrome
D)hemophilia

Answer 3

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 4

Kevin has a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of his malformed red blood cells.What disorder does Kevin have?

A)sickle-cell anemia
B)hemophilia
C)Klinefelter's syndrome
D)fragile X syndrome

Question 5

Which chromosome pairing is found on the 23rd pair of chromosomes in males?

A)XX
B)XY
C)yX
D)YY

Question 6

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in each of the non-sex cells?

A)23
B)46
C)52
D)54

Question 7

What is the fundamental factor that determines the sex of a child?

A)a woman's ovum
B)a man's sperm
C)chromosome variety
D)chromosome division

Question 8

What is the term used for the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present?

A)recessive
B)genotypic
C)dominant
D)phenotypic

Question 9

Which profession focuses on helping people deal with issues related to inherited disorders?

A)psychological counseling
B)retroactive counseling
C)genetic counseling
D)family counseling

Question 10

What kind of inheritance results in a combination of multiple gene pairs contributing to the production of a particular trait?

A)X-linked
B)interstitial
C)polygenic
D)homozygous

Question 11

Which term refers to studying the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and behavior?

A)gene sequence
B)mapping
C)behavioral genetics
D)human genome

Question 12

When a child receives different forms of a certain gene from her or his parents,how would a geneticist describe that child?

A)monozygous
B)phenozygous
C)homozygous
D)heterozygous

Question 13

What term is used to describe twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time?

A)dizygotic
B)monozygotic
C)gamete-specific
D)zygote-enriched

Question 14

Which term is used to refer to an observable trait?

A)karyotype
B)prototype
C)genotype
D)phenotype

Question 15

What is the substance that genes are composed of,that determines the nature of each cell in the body and how it will function?

A)chromosomes
B)gametes
C)zygotes
D)deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 16

What is the name of the new cell formed by the process of fertilization?

A)fetus
B)zygote
C)ovum
D)gamete

Question 17

About an hour or so after a sperm enters the ovum,these two cells suddenly fuse,becoming one cell called __________.

A)a chromosome
B)DNA
C)a zygote
D)a gene

Question 18

What type of gene is considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome?

A)heterozygous
B)X-linked
C)homozygous
D)recessive

Question 19

What is the basic unit of genetic information?

A)zygote
B)sperm
C)gene
D)gamete

Question 20

Gametes are formed in the human body through a process called __________.

A)replication
B)meiosis
C)mitosis
D)neurogenesis

Question 21

Which organ provides nourishment and oxygen to a developing fetus via the umbilical cord?

A)amniotic sac
B)ectoderm
C)placenta
D)endoderm

Question 22

Monozygotic twins who are raised in different adoptive households would provide an opportunity to disentangle the relative effects of which two developmental factors?

A)genotypes and phenotypes
B)heredity and the environment
C)monozygotic and dizygotic influences
D)isolation and sociability

Question 23

During the time between puberty and menopause,females will ovulate in periods of approximately how many days?

A)15
B)28
C)37
D)60

Question 24

What do developmentalists call patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual?

A)genetics
B)personality
C)temperament
D)phenotype

Question 25

Which process identifies genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid?

A)amniocentesis
B)karyotype
C)ultrasound sonography
D)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 26

Which "Big Five" personality trait refers to the degree of emotional stability an individual characteristically displays?

A)openness to experience
B)neuroticism
C)shyness
D)extroversion

Question 27

Bitsy is pregnant,but continues to consumes substantial quantities of alcohol.What risk is she imposing on her unborn child?

A)fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
B)Moebius syndrome
C)Down syndrome
D)Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 28

Laurel has had difficult pregnancies and has also developed a rare form of cervical cancer.Which drug might have been prescribed to Laurel's mother when she herself was pregnant?

A)thalidomide
B)AZT
C)amphetamines
D)diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Question 29

Which developmental psychologist endorsed the idea that genetic endowment provided to children by their parents not only determines their genetic characteristics,but also actively influences their environment?

A)Gregor Mendel
B)Sandra Scarr
C)Edie Sedgwick
D)Fernand Lamaze

Question 30

Which term refers to the determination of an individual's traits through a combination of both genetic and environmental factors?

A)multifactorial transmission
B)inheritance
C)natural selection
D)unifactorial transmission

Question 31

What is the term for the procedure in which a woman's ova are removed from her ovaries,and a man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory?

A)in vitro fertilization
B)intrafallopian transfer
C)artificial insemination
D)germinal insemination

Question 32

Which hormone in males do some scientists speculate may lead to differences in male and female brain structure,and later variations in gender-related behavior?

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)androgen
D)oxytocin

Question 33

Which invasive test can be used if blood tests and ultrasound have identified a potential problem with the developing child,or if there is a family history of inherited disorders?

A)amniocentesis
B)chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
C)ultrasound sonography
D)first-trimester screen

Question 34

What is a teratogen?

A)a segment of DNA crucial to reproduction
B)the source of nutrients for a developing fetus
C)an environmental factor that produces birth defects
D)another term for "fallopian tube"

Question 35

What is the name of the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization,during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems?

A)embryonic stage
B)fetal stage
C)celerity stage
D)fertilization stage

Question 36

Which term describes a pregnancy that ends before the developing child is able to survive outside of the mother's womb?

A)artificial remission
B)spontaneous abortion
C)in vitro fertilization
D)polygenic rejection

Question 37

Huela talks to her physician about assessing the health of her unborn child.The physician recommends a test that combines a blood test and ultrasound sonography.Which procedure did the physician recommend?

A)amniocentesis
B)sonogram
C)first-trimester screen
D)embryoscopy

Question 38

During the embryonic stage of prenatal development,which term refers to the layer of cells that forms the muscles,bones,blood,and circulatory system?

A)mesoderm
B)ectoderm
C)endoderm
D)placenta

Question 39

During which stage of prenatal development does the child become easily recognizable?

A)embryonic
B)germinal
C)fetal
D)marginal

Question 40

Which stage of prenatal development formally starts when the differentiation of the major organs has occurred?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)germinal
D)tonsorial

Question 41

Which definition best describes the "age of viability?"

A)the point at which an infant can survive prematurely,approximately 22 weeks
B)the point at which an infant can survive prematurely,approximately 6 months
C)the point at which an infant can survive prematurely,approximately 3½ months
D)when an infant is born earlier than 25 weeks

Question 42

A newborn has been categorized as a very-low-birthweight infant.Which situation best describes the infant's weight?

A)90 percent (or less)of average infant weight
B)3,400 grams (around 7½ pounds)
C)2,500 grams (around 5½ pounds)
D)1,250 grams (around 2¼ pounds)

Question 43

During which stage of labor does the neonate's head emerge from the birth canal?

A)second stage
B)third stage
C)first stage
D)birth

Question 44

Which medication used during the birth process produces numbness in the mother from the waist down?

A)morphine
B)epidural anesthesia
C)transient epidural
D)walking epidural

Question 45

What is a doula?

A)a midwife who delivers the child
B)an obstetrician who delivers the child
C)a person well versed in birthing alternatives who provides support to the mother
D)a hypnotist who prepares the mother for childbirth

Question 46

Which condition is considered the most extreme case of prematurity?

A)small-for-gestational-age infants
B)very-low-birthweight infants
C)preterm infants
D)low-birthweight infants

Question 47

How can a father's habits affect the health of an unborn child during prenatal development?

A)A father's nicotine intake produces DNA changes that are passed to the fetus on chromosome 23.
B)A father's use of barbiturates interacts with a mother's use of marijuana,resulting in missing chromosomes on a child's 8th pair.
C)A father's use of alcohol or illegal drugs can affect his sperm,which in turn may lead to chromosomal damage that affects the fetus.
D)A father's use of crack cocaine causes sperm mutations,such that two sperm are capable of fertilizing a single ovum.

Question 48

What is the major reason why very-low-birthweight babies are in grave danger from the moment they are born?

A)exposure to toxic chemicals in the womb
B)babies are developing outside the womb
C)immaturity of their organ systems
D)rejection by the mother

Question 49

Which childbirth attendant stays with a mother throughout labor and delivery,and has become an increasingly popular option during the past few decades?

A)gynecologist
B)midwife
C)obstetrician
D)ophthalmologist

Question 50

Which term is used to describe a birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus,rather than traveling through the birth canal?

A)stillborn delivery
B)fetal displacement
C)cesarean delivery
D)postmature delivery

Question 51

Which childbirth method is occasionally known as "husband-coached childbirth"?

A)Lamaze technique
B)hypnobirthing
C)Bradley method
D)water birthing

Question 52

Which warning sign indicates that a cesarean delivery is appropriate?

A)The mother is under 40.
B)The labor is taking over two hours.
C)The fetus has a sudden change in heart rate.
D)The Lamaze techniques are no longer effective.

Question 53

Abner and Deidre's baby was considered preterm.What must be true to warrant this classification?

A)The baby was born prior to 38 weeks after conception.
B)The baby weighed 3,700 grams.
C)The baby weighed less than 2,500 grams.
D)The baby was born a week earlier than anticipated.

Question 54

As the age of viability gets pushed earlier and earlier,due to advancements in medical technology,what ethical issue must be addressed?

A)Should women with a history of many successful deliveries be discouraged from becoming pregnant?
B)Should limits be placed on advancements in medical technology?
C)Is it defensible to expend vast sums of money caring for infants who may have a very low chance of survival?
D)Would caring for very-low-birthweight infants be more effective in the home than in a hospital?

Question 55

Which hormone do newborns need to have in their bloodstreams to avoid compromising situations,such as breathing problems?

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)catecholamines
D)testosterone

Question 56

Which birthing approach uses breathing techniques and relaxation,involves a coach,and provides training that allows women to cope with painful contractions?

A)Lamaze technique
B)Apgar approach
C)Bradley method
D)hypnobirthing

Question 57

A baby is considered small-for-gestational-age based on which characteristics?

A)The baby was born 40 weeks after conception.
B)The baby weighs less than 4,500 grams.
C)The baby weighs 90 percent or less of the average weight of other infants the same gestational age.
D)The baby weighs less than 1,250 grams.

Question 58

During the final part of the first stage of labor,contractions increase to their greatest intensity.What is this period known as?

A)birth
B)false delivery
C)transition
D)episiotomy

Question 59

How do premature babies compare to full-term babies by the time both reach adulthood?

A)There are usually few differences between the two groups.
B)Premature infants usually develop into physically handicapped adults.
C)Full-term infants,on average,score 20 points higher on intelligence tests.
D)Premature babies ironically surpass full-term babies in size and weight in adulthood.

Question 60

Which factor may cause preterm births?

A)a mother working during pregnancy
B)a father's age
C)genetic abnormalities
D)the mother's second pregnancy

Question 61

Because the genetic makeup of __________ twins is nearly identical,researchers can conclude that variations in their behavior is probably due to environmental factors.

A)dizygotic
B)homozygous
C)monozygotic
D)heterozygous

Question 62

Other countries do significantly better than the United States in preventing infant mortality by providing which of the following social programs?

A)better nutrition for pregnant mothers
B)paid maternity leave for pregnant mothers
C)up to five years of paid leave for fathers and co-parents
D)birth control

Question 63

Which of the following can be seen as an indication that intelligence has a strong genetic basis?

A)Camilla enjoys reading the same sorts of books as her mother.
B)Alec excels at academics,while his fraternal twin Zack is better at sports.
C)Though reared in a book-free environment,Jason loves reading and is an excellent student.
D)Brianna's IQ scores are nearly the same as those of her identical twin Suzanna.

Question 64

Which term is used to describe the death of a child within the first year of life?

A)stillbirth
B)infant mortality
C)compromised mortality
D)sudden infant death syndrome

Question 65

How are sperm and ova alike?

A)They both enter the fallopian tube.
B)There are about the same number of both.
C)They are created at about the same time.
D)They are about the same size.

Question 66

Sara's newborn has died.While obviously suffering from depression,she may also develop which of the following disorders?

A)dysthymia
B)cyclothymia
C)bipolar disorder
D)post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 67

Connie is days away from giving birth,and she wants to review what to expect during the labor process.Describe the hallmarks of each of the three stages of labor and the advice you'd give to Connie at each stage.

Question 68

A pediatrician learns that a child has a limited appetite and a yellowish hue to the eyes.Blood tests show that the child's blood cells are shaped differently than is typical.Which inherited disorder is the child most likely to have?

A)Down syndrome
B)fragile X syndrome
C)sickle-cell anemia
D)Tay-Sachs disease

Question 69

What term is used for a delivery of a child who is not alive?

A)cesarean
B)postmature delivery
C)breech birth
D)stillbirth

Question 70

Explain how adoption,twin,and family studies shed light on the contributions of genetics and the environment to a person's development.

Question 71

Why are males more likely to have red-green color blindness?

A)They have a Y chromosome.
B)They have two X chromosomes.
C)They have only one X chromosome.
D)They do not have any X chromosomes.

Question 72

One major personality trait that has been linked to genetic factors is __________,defined as the degree to which a person is outgoing and seeks contact with others.

A)neuroticism
B)introversion
C)friendliness
D)extroversion

Question 73

Explain the contribution of the woman's ovum and the man's sperm in determining the sex of a child.

Question 74

The prenatal procedure by which a sample of fetal cells is drawn from the fluid surrounding the fetus is called __________.

A)sonogram
B)ultrasound
C)embryoscopy
D)amniocentesis

Question 75

The human genetic code,transmitted at the moment of conception and stored in our genes,is composed of specific sequences of ________??__.

A)chromosomes
B)DNA
C)membranes
D)cells

Question 76

The fact that many human traits are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors is referred to as __________.

A)natural selection
B)multifactorial transmission
C)joint evolution
D)binary influence

Question 77

Explain why the role of genetics is to produce a tendency toward a future course of development.

Question 78

Explain how a father's behavior may influence prenatal development.

Question 79

Theresa has been described as a "natural athlete." Her room at home is full of soccer balls,basketball nets,softball bats,and similar sports items.This is an example of how __________ can influence __________.

A)genes;the environment
B)the phenotype;the genotype
C)the environment;genetics
D)nurture;nature

Question 80

The field of __________ studies the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics such as personality and habits.

A)behavioral genetics
B)child development
C)genetic counseling
D)genome sequencing