Deck 14: How Do We Learn and Remember 

Question 1

_____ is a change in an organism's behavior as a result of experience.

A)Learning
B)Memory
C)Cognition
D)Connectivity

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to Hornickel and colleagues (2012), _____ enhanced reading skills and phonological awareness among individuals with dyslexia.

A)a musical training program
B)epidermal growth factor
C)the use of assistive listening devices
D)deep brain stimulation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When a tone stimulus triggers salivation because of a learned association with food, this illustrates a learning paradigm called:

A)Pavlovian conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)explicit conditioning.
D)eyeblink conditioning.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Last year, every time John watched a football game at his friend's house, he drank beer. Now, whenever John watches a football game, he finds himself craving beer. This is an example of:

A)Pavlovian (classical) conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)fear conditioning.
D)the successful use of beer commercials during football games.

Question 5

Implicit memory has been demonstrated in:

A)verbal tasks only.
B)motor tasks only.
C)neither verbal nor motor tasks.
D)both verbal and motor tasks.

Question 6

Fear conditioning is controlled by the _____, and Pavlovian conditioning is mediated by the _____.

A)hypothalamus; cerebellum
B)brainstem; basal ganglia
C)amygdala; basal ganglia
D)amygdala; cerebellum

Question 7

One day Melissa was trapped alone in an elevator for almost 3 hours when the power went out. Now, whenever she gets near an elevator, she freezes up and starts gasping for air as if she cannot breathe. This is an example of:

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)fear conditioning.
D)respondent conditioning.

Question 8

Brain imaging research has shown that activity in the _____ is reduced in individuals with dyslexia.

A)left temporoparietal cortex
B)left occipital cortex
C)right frontal cortex
D)right temporoparietal cortex

Question 9

Ms. Jones is a grade 3 teacher who is having some trouble with children misbehaving and disrupting class. Instead of punishing the students who misbehave, she decides to reward good behavior in class by allowing her students an extra recess each Friday if everyone in the class has been good all week. This is an example of:

A)classical conditioning.
B)respondent conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 10

Eyeblink conditioning is an example of:

A)classical conditioning.
B)instrumental conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)fear conditioning.

Question 11

Eyeblink conditioning involves neural circuits in the:

A)cerebellum.
B)amygdala.
C)orbital frontal cortex.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 12

Instrumental conditioning circuits are found:

A)in the amygdala.
B)in the cerebellum.
C)throughout the brain.
D)in the frontal cortex.

Question 13

Pavlovian conditioning is controlled by circuits in the:

A)frontal cortex.
B)thalamus.
C)brainstem.
D)cerebellum.

Question 14

_____ is probably the most common learning disability.

A)Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B)Autism
C)Dyslexia
D)Dyscalculia

Question 15

Pressing a bar to obtain food is an example of:

A)respondent conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)instrumental conditioning.
D)amygdala conditioning.

Question 16

_____ is the ability to recall or recognize previous experience.

A)Learning
B)Memory
C)Reasoning
D)Connectivity

Question 17

As opposed to viewing dyslexia as being the result of an auditory processing deficit only, in the past decade, researchers have begun to view the cause as being:

A)a speech production issue only.
B)multidimensional.
C)a vitamin deficiency.
D)centered in the visual cortex.

Question 18

You are in a crowded supermarket with your 4-year-old nephew. When you are in the candy aisle, he asks you for a chocolate bar. You initially refuse, saying that it is not good for him to eat candy. He begins to cry and whine loudly. Embarrassed by all the attention you are attracting, you buy him the chocolate bar to stop him from crying. Now every time you go to the store, your nephew whines until you buy him something. This is an example of:

A)operant conditioning.
B)fear conditioning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)respondent conditioning.

Question 19

In a conditioning experiment, Andrew hears a tone just prior to receiving a puff of air to his eye that causes an eyeblink response. In this experiment, the tone is the _____, the puff of air to the eye is the _____, and the eyeblink is the _____.

A)unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
B)conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
C)unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
D)conditioned response, conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

Fear conditioning involves neural circuits in the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)amygdala.
C)frontal lobe.
D)cerebellum.

Question 21

Research in individuals with highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM) has revealed that they are _____ to false memories.

A)relatively unsusceptible
B)relatively susceptible
C)as susceptible as most people
D)immune

Question 22

Patient Boswell's amnesia, unlike H. M.'s, also affected:

A)implicit memory.
B)explicit memory.
C)autobiographical memory.
D)memory for previously learned information.

Question 23

Which of the following terms is used instead of explicit memory?

A)skill
B)declarative memory
C)reference memory
D)habit memory

Question 24

Amnesics generally lose the ability to do:

A)explicit and implicit memory tasks.
B)explicit memory tasks.
C)implicit memory tasks.
D)any verbal-content tasks but not motor tasks.

Question 25

Explicit memory is to implicit memory as:

A)skill is to fact.
B)conscious is to unconscious.
C)semantic is to episodic.
D)reference is to working.

Question 26

In your textbook, the patient K. C. is described as someone who sustained serious traumatic brain injury in a motorcycle accident. Among his deficits was the fact that:

A)he could not play chess.
B)his short-term memory was impaired.
C)he could no longer remember his birthday.
D)he could not recall any personally experienced events.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory?

A)You have not been on a bicycle for almost 10 years, but you can still ride one.
B)You have learned to associate a tone with a puff of air to your eye that causes an eyeblink.
C)You figured out a word in your crossword puzzle more quickly because you overheard someone say the word this morning at work, even though you do not remember actually hearing it.
D)You remember the day that your coach taught you how to properly catch a baseball.

Question 28

Which of the following structures play an important role in short-term, or temporary, memory?

A)temporal lobes
B)frontal lobes
C)occipital lobes
D)parietal lobes

Question 29

Episodic autobiographical amnesias are thought to be linked to damage in the:

A)hippocampus.
B)temporal lobes.
C)frontal lobes.
D)parietal lobes.

Question 30

The temporal lobes are critical for _____ memory, and the frontal lobes are important for _____ memory.

A)short-term; long-term
B)verbal; visual
C)long-term; short-term
D)implicit; explicit

Question 31

Which of the following was largely unaffected after the memory patient H. M.'s surgery?

A)implicit memory
B)verbal memory
C)explicit memory
D)visuospatial memory

Question 32

H. M., the memory patient described in the textbook, underwent:

A)bilateral removal of the frontal lobes.
B)bilateral removal of the temporal lobes.
C)removal of the left temporal lobe.
D)removal of the left frontal lobe.

Question 33

Karl Lashley is remembered for his discovery:

A)of operant conditioning.
B)of the localized nature of memory.
C)that memory loss is a function of the size of a lesion on the brain, not the location.
D)that the temporal lobes are the location of memory.

Question 34

Explicit memory relies mainly on _____ processes, and implicit memory relies mainly on _____ processes.

A)bottom-up; top-down
B)automatic; voluntary
C)top-down; bottom-up
D)reflexive; cognitive

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of explicit learning?

A)Pavlov's classical conditioning
B)Thorndike's instrumental learning
C)Skinner's operant learning
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 36

A patient named Boswell is described in the textbook as having severe amnesia-for events both prior to and after his illness-while maintaining implicit memory. His brain damage included the:

A)medial temporal cortex.
B)basal ganglia.
C)sensory cortex.
D)motor cortex.

Question 37

The Gollin figure test and the pursuit rotor task are used to assess:

A)episodic memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)explicit memory.
D)declarative memory.

Question 38

Researchers asked study participants to repeat a list of random words from memory after a 1-minute wait. Participants were then asked to recite the Pledge of Allegiance to the U.S. flag. While participants were performing the tasks, positron emission tomography (PET) scans of their brains were recorded. The researchers most likely found greater activation in the _____ lobes when recalling the list of words and greater activation in the _____ lobes when reciting the Pledge of Allegiance.

A)temporal; occipital
B)frontal; temporal
C)temporal; parietal and frontal
D)temporal and frontal; parietal

Question 39

A patient who sustained a brain injury in a mountain biking accident has a peculiar memory deficit. He has normal working memory and good long-term memory. However, he is completely unable to remember any personal events in his life, such as his college graduation or his birthday party from less than a week ago. You suspect that he may have damage to his:

A)temporal lobes.
B)cerebellum.
C)frontal lobes.
D)parietal lobes.

Question 40

The patient J. K. had Parkinson disease. He showed a deficit in:

A)verbal memory.
B)visuospatial memory.
C)implicit memory.
D)explicit memory.

Question 41

Alzheimer disease:

A)can be positively diagnosed only at autopsy.
B)is characterized by neuritic plaques.
C)is associated with a loss of cholinergic cells in the basal forebrain.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 42

Sherry and colleagues have found that given the size of a bird, the hippocampal formation of birds that cache food for the winter is _____ one would expect.

A)more than twice as large as
B)about the size
C)more than 10 times as large as
D)smaller than

Question 43

Loss of cholinergic cells in the basal forebrain and development of neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex are associated with:

A)Alzheimer disease.
B)multiple sclerosis.
C)Parkinson disease.
D)herpes encephalitis.

Question 44

Monkeys with perirhinal lesions are impaired at _____, and monkeys with hippocampal lesions are impaired at _____.

A)object position tasks; visual recognition tasks
B)visual recognition tasks; object position tasks
C)spatial learning; verbal learning
D)visual recognition; episodic memory

Question 45

The _____ receives input from the ventral visual stream and plays a role in object memory.

A)hippocampus
B)entorhinal cortex
C)perirhinal cortex
D)parahippocampal cortex

Question 46

Recent research has suggested that Alzheimer disease may be due to:

A)genetic defects.
B)poor diet.
C)a series of microbleeds in the brain.
D)exposure to carbon monoxide.

Question 47

If a monkey has to remember the position of a light for a delay period after the light goes out, neurons in the _____ fire to help the monkey retain a memory trace.

A)hippocampus
B)prefrontal cortex
C)inferior temporal cortex
D)occipital cortex

Question 48

Maguire and colleagues found that London taxi drivers had _____ than control subjects did.

A)larger frontal lobes
B)a larger anterior hippocampus
C)a larger posterior hippocampus
D)a larger parietal cortex

Question 49

Neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are often found in patients with:

A)herpes encephalitis.
B)Huntington disease.
C)Parkinson disease.
D)Alzheimer disease.

Question 50

_____ cells, in the _____, fire in many locations in the environment, helping to establish a spatial coordinate system.

A)Grid cells; entorhinal cortex
B)Head direction cells; entorhinal cortex
C)Grid cells; hippocampus
D)Place cells; parahippocampal cortex

Question 51

The three cortical regions, in addition to the hippocampus and amygdala, that take part in explicit memory are the:

A)entorhinal, parahippocampal, and occipital cortices.
B)entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices.
C)frontal, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortices.
D)parietal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices.

Question 52

Which of the following areas first shows cell death in Alzheimer disease?

A)hippocampus
B)entorhinal cortex
C)perirhinal cortex
D)parahippocampal cortex

Question 53

Which of the following areas is most likely to play a role in visual object memory?

A)parahippocampal region
B)limbic lobe
C)perirhinal region
D)basal ganglia

Question 54

Which of the following types of cells are NOT found in the hippocampus or entorhinal cortex?

A)grid cells
B)place cells
C)head direction cells
D)orientation cells

Question 55

Which of the following areas is most likely involved in visuospatial memory?

A)basal ganglia
B)parahippocampal region
C)perirhinal region
D)limbic region

Question 56

Shown a series of photographs in a specific order, patients with _____ damage would not be able to remember the photographs or their order, and patients with _____ damage would remember the photographs but not their order.

A)frontal lobe; medial temporal lobe
B)medial temporal lobe; parietal lobe
C)medial temporal lobe; frontal lobe
D)frontal lobe; parietal lobe

Question 57

In recent studies, the hippocampus has been implicated in:

A)memory for faces.
B)visual object memory.
C)memory for places.
D)verbal memory.

Question 58

The frontal lobe appears to participate in:

A)spatial memory.
B)memory for faces.
C)verbal memory.
D)memory for the temporal order of events.

Question 59

The _____ is the final stop in a major pathway leading from the cortex to the hippocampus.

A)perirhinal cortex
B)parahippocampal cortex
C)entorhinal cortex
D)orbitofrontal cortex

Question 60

_____ cells, in the _____, fire when an animal is in a specific location.

A)Grid cells; hippocampus
B)Head direction cells; entorhinal cortex
C)Place cells; hippocampus
D)Place cells; parahippocampal cortex

Question 61

Milo is dependent on alcohol. He has been consuming rum and beer on a daily basis for the past 20 years. Milo is most at risk for developing:

A)dyslexia.
B)Parkinson disease.
C)Alzheimer disease.
D)Korsakoff syndrome.

Question 62

Emotional memory is the:

A)long-lasting increase in affective response after high-frequency stimulation.
B)linkage of two unrelated stimuli to produce an emotion.
C)mental storage of affective properties of stimuli or events.
D)ability to recall a traumatic memory.

Question 63

Xenon gas has been shown to _____ in rats.

A)increase spatial learning
B)decrease implicit memory
C)reduce reconsolidation
D)improve spatial memory

Question 64

Last week Jack kissed a girl for the first time. The _____ subdivision of the amygdala was critical in forming Jack's memory of that kiss.

A)lateral
B)central
C)basolateral
D)basomedial

Question 65

Reconsolidation is:

A)a long-lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after high-frequency stimulation.
B)the linkage of two unrelated stimuli to produce a behavior.
C)the process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning.
D)the process of restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited.

Question 66

Long-term depression (LTD) involves repeated _____ electrical stimulation that results in a _____ in synaptic effectiveness.

A)high-frequency; long-lasting increase
B)low-frequency; long-lasting decrease
C)high-frequency; short-term decrease
D)high-frequency; long-lasting decrease

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT part of your neural circuit for emotional memories?

A)amygdala
B)basal ganglia
C)hypothalamus
D)cerebellum

Question 68

In monkeys, cells in the prefrontal cortex will fire during a:

A)delayed-alternation task.
B)delayed matching-to-sample task.
C)delayed-response task.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 69

Which neurotransmitter is needed to activate NMDA and AMPA receptors?

A)GABA
B)glutamate
C)acetylcholine
D)dopamine

Question 70

Consolidation is:

A)a long-lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after high-frequency stimulation.
B)the linkage of two unrelated stimuli to produce a behavior.
C)the process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning.
D)the process of restabilizing a memory trace after the memory is revisited.

Question 71

According to Mishkin and colleagues, which patient group would most likely have the worst implicit memory performance?

A)patients with Parkinson disease
B)patients with damage to the hippocampus
C)patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex
D)patients with Alzheimer disease

Question 72

_____ occurs when two or more previously unrelated stimuli are linked to produce a behavioral response.

A)Associative learning
B)Short-term memory loss
C)Basal ganglia dysfunction
D)Epigenetic change

Question 73

The notion that memory storage might involve changes in the structure of synapses was first put forward by:

A)Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
B)Camillo Golgi.
C)Donald Hebb.
D)Wilder Penfield.

Question 74

Early research with patient H. M. demonstrated that the hippocampus:

A)is the storage site for all long-term memories.
B)is the storage site for all short-term memories.
C)plays a critical role in memory consolidation.
D)plays no important role in memory.

Question 75

Retrograde amnesia refers to information learned _____, while anterograde amnesia refers to information learned _____.

A)before the onset of memory loss; after the onset of memory loss
B)after the onset of memory loss; before the onset of memory loss
C)implicitly; explicitly
D)explicitly; implicitly

Question 76

Korsakoff syndrome results from a deficiency of:

A)neuritic plaques.
B)cholinergic cells.
C)thiamine.
D)glia cells.

Question 77

Mishkin and his colleagues have hypothesized that the _____ is (are) central to implicit memory.

A)hippocampus
B)basal ganglia
C)frontal lobes
D)medial temporal cortex

Question 78

Long-term potentiation (LTP) involves repeated _____ electrical stimulation that results in a _____ in synaptic effectiveness.

A)high-frequency; long-lasting increase
B)low-frequency; long-lasting decrease
C)high-frequency; short-term decrease
D)high-frequency; long-lasting decrease

Question 79

A monkey is trained to remember the position of a light after it goes out. The activity of neurons in the prefrontal cortex will:

A)increase if the monkey forgets the position of the target.
B)decrease if the monkey correctly remembers the position of the target.
C)decrease if the monkey forgets the position of the target.
D)not fire differentially to correct or incorrect responses.

Question 80

During LTP, _____ enters postsynaptic NMDA receptors to begin a chain of events that leads to an increase in the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors.

A)Ca²⁺
B)Na⁺
C)Cl^-
D)K⁺