Deck 9: How Do We Sense, Perceive, and See the World 

Question 1

_____ is caused by weakening of the elasticity of the lens in people older than 50 years.

A)Hyperopia
B)Myopia
C)Presbyopia
D)Macular degeneration

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Photoreceptors for black and white light are _____ than photoreceptors for color.

A)less sensitive
B)more sensitive
C)smaller
D)more densely packed

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sensory receptor neurons convert environmental energy into:

A)hormonal activity.
B)neural activity.
C)vision.
D)sensations.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A _____ is a neural-spatial representation of areas of the sensory world perceived by a sensory organ.

A)sensory blueprint
B)sensory layout
C)receptor grid
D)topographic map

Question 5

A condition in which a person hears in color or experiences different tastes when touching different textures would likely be diagnosed as:

A)schizophrenia.
B)synesthesia.
C)sensory crossing disorder.
D)a damaged thalamus.

Question 6

Light is bent by the _____ before entering the pupil.

A)lens
B)cornea
C)sclera
D)fovea

Question 7

Difficulty seeing things that are not close to you (i.e., nearsightedness) is called:

A)hyperopia.
B)myopia.
C)presbyopia.
D)maculitis.

Question 8

In the _____ system, mechanical energy activates receptors sensitive to touch, pressure, or pain.

A)auditory
B)visual
C)somatosensory
D)olfactory

Question 9

The information from each of our two eyes is combined in the:

A)photoreceptors.
B)retina.
C)thalamus.
D)hippocampus.

Question 10

The light-sensitive surface in the back of the eye is called the:

A)sclera.
B)lens.
C)iris.
D)retina.

Question 11

The clinical term for farsightedness is:

A)hyperopia.
B)myopia.
C)fovea.
D)maculitis.

Question 12

The patient D. B. became blind in the left half of his visual field after surgery but:

A)regained his sight after a long recovery.
B)could tell you where a flashing light was located in his blind area.
C)was only blind to the right half of the midline and never showed recovery.
D)filled in the scotoma left by the surgery at the cortical level.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT true of rates of myopia in children?

A)Children spend more time doing schoolwork, which encourages the use of short-range vision and strains the eye muscles.
B)Children who watch more than 2 hours of television a day have higher rates of myopia.
C)Children who live in sunnier climates have lower rates of myopia.
D)Spending too much time indoors increases rates of myopia.

Question 14

_____ is the subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain; _____ is the registration of events from the environment on the sensory receptors.

A)Perception; sensation
B)Sensation; perception
C)Transduction; sensation
D)Perception; transduction

Question 15

The retina:

A)has receptors that face the incoming light.
B)receives an image that is upside down but not backward.
C)receives an image that is upside down and backward.
D)has receptors that face the incoming light and receives an image that is upside down but not backward.

Question 16

Visible light is:

A)100 to 700 nanometers.
B)400 to 700 nanometers.
C)300 to 800 nanometers.
D)500 to 1000 nanometers.

Question 17

The part of the sensory world that stimulates a neuron is called the neuron's:

A)target zone.
B)response region.
C)receptive field.
D)active region.

Question 18

If we wear glasses that turn the image of the world upside down, the brain:

A)will immediately compensate and turn the world right side up again.
B)after some time will correct the distortion and turn the world so it is right side up again.
C)will be unable to function until the glasses are taken off.
D)cannot compensate, but while the world is upside down we very rapidly adapt our behavior.

Question 19

The white part that forms the eyeball is called the:

A)cornea.
B)sclera.
C)retina.
D)choroid layer.

Question 20

Which of the following describes the relationship between body language, such as facial gestures, and speech?

A)A speaker's facial gestures influence the perception of speech for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing, but not for those who do not have hearing difficulties.
B)A speaker's facial gestures influence the perception of speech sounds.
C)A speaker's facial gestures influence the perception of speech, but only when listening to a foreign language.
D)A speaker's facial gestures do not influence the perception of speech.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a type of retinal neuron?

A)bipolar cells
B)horizontal cells
C)amacrine cells
D)stellate cells

Question 22

Photoreceptors are mostly densely packed in:

A)the fovea.
B)peripheral vision.
C)the retina.
D)the optic disc.

Question 23

The optic disc is also known as the:

A)fovea.
B)optic nerve.
C)blind spot.
D)iris.

Question 24

The colored part of the eye is called the:

A)iris.
B)lens.
C)cornea.
D)sclera.

Question 25

Amacrine cells link:

A)bipolar cells with horizontal cells.
B)horizontal cells with photoreceptors.
C)photoreceptors with retinal ganglion cells.
D)bipolar cells with retinal ganglion cells.

Question 26

People with myopia often have eyeballs that are _____, whereas people with hyperopia often have eyeballs that are _____.

A)too short; too long
B)too large; too small
C)too long; too short
D)too small; too large

Question 27

Optic neuritis:

A)swells the blind spot.
B)causes loss of vision.
C)is probably the most common neurologic visual disorder.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 28

Rods have a peak sensitivity at:

A)250 nanometers.
B)419 nanometers.
C)559 nanometers.
D)496 nanometers.

Question 29

The _____ conveys information from the eye to the brain.

A)sclera
B)optic disc
C)optic nerve
D)retina

Question 30

Cones are found primarily in the _____ and specialize in _____.

A)fovea; color vision
B)retina; seeing in low light environments
C)optic disc; peripheral vision
D)fovea; peripheral vision

Question 31

The portion of the eye that has the highest visual acuity is called the:

A)retina.
B)fovea.
C)magnification zone.
D)lens.

Question 32

A wavelength of 559 nanometers appears to us as:

A)orange.
B)green.
C)purple.
D)blue.

Question 33

Horizontal cells in the eye link the:

A)bipolar cells to the retinal ganglion cells.
B)photoreceptors to the bipolar cells.
C)bipolar cells to the amacrine cells.
D)photoreceptors to the amacrine cells.

Question 34

A wavelength of 419 nanometers appears to us as:

A)red.
B)green.
C)yellow.
D)blue.

Question 35

Which of the color-sensitive photoreceptors are fewest in number?

A)yellow cones
B)red cones
C)blue cones
D)green cones

Question 36

People's ability to see in dim light decreases by approximately _____ between ages of 20 and 40 years.

A)50 percent
B)25 percent
C)75 percent
D)60 percent

Question 37

Swelling of the optic disc is known clinically as:

A)macular degeneration.
B)presbyopia.
C)retinopathy.
D)papilledema.

Question 38

David is 40 years old. He is having a hard time seeing at night when he drives because his eyesight has decreased around 50 percent since he was 20. His night vision will likely decrease by another _____ by the time he is 60.

A)10 percent
B)30 percent
C)50 percent
D)70 percent

Question 39

The eye has _____ type(s) of cone cells.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)one

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in the first layer of retinal neurons?

A)bipolar
B)horizontal
C)ganglion
D)amacrine

Question 41

The superior colliculus sends its most direct connections to the:

A)lateral geniculate nucleus.
B)pulvinar.
C)striate cortex.
D)parietal cortex.

Question 42

The tectopulvinar system, which is a second main visual pathway, is organized as follows:

A)retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, pulvinar, striate cortex, other visual areas.
B)retina, superior colliculus, pulvinar, striate cortex, other visual areas.
C)retina, superior colliculus, pulvinar, other visual areas.
D)retina, pulvinar, superior colliculus, other visual areas.

Question 43

Around 1 percent of retinal ganglion cells contain melanopsin, which forms a third type of photoreceptor in the eye and regulates pupil size, melatonin release, and:

A)night vision.
B)perception of color.
C)circadian rhythms.
D)RGC regeneration.

Question 44

The function of the retinohypothalamic tract is to:

A)process color information.
B)process form information.
C)initiate orienting responses.
D)regulate circadian rhythms.

Question 45

Magnocellular cells send their projections to layer _____ of the visual cortex.

A)IVCα
B)IVCβ
C)IVCδ
D)V

Question 46

The geniculostriate system is as follows:

A)retina, lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, layer IV of the visual cortex.
B)retina, lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, layer VI of the visual cortex.
C)retina, superior colliculus, thalamus, layer IV of the visual cortex.
D)retina, superior colliculus, thalamus, layer VI of the visual cortex.

Question 47

The _____ is the primary visual relay nucleus in the thalamus.

A)medial geniculate nucleus
B)lateral geniculate nucleus
C)ventral pulvinar nucleus
D)mediodorsal nucleus

Question 48

The ventral stream projects to the:

A)occipital lobe.
B)parietal lobe.
C)temporal lobe.
D)limbic lobe.

Question 49

Magnocellular cells:

A)primarily receive input from rods.
B)are insensitive to color.
C)have low visual acuity.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 50

Magnocellular cells send their projections to layers _____, and parvocellular neurons send their projections to layers _____ of the lateral geniculate nucleus.

A)1 to 3; 4 to 6
B)4 to 6; 1 to 3
C)1 and 2; 3 to 6
D)3 to 6; 1 and 2

Question 51

Parvocellular cells send their projections to layer _____ of the visual cortex.

A)IVCα
B)IVCβ
C)IVCδ
D)V

Question 52

Photosensitive retinal ganglion cells form the:

A)geniculostriate visual pathway.
B)tectopulvinar visual pathway.
C)retinohypothalamic tract.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 53

The six layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receive which of the following inputs from the eyes?

A)layers 2, 4, and 6 from the ipsilateral eye
B)layers 2, 4, and 6 from the contralateral eye
C)layers 1, 4, and 6 from the contralateral eye
D)layers 1, 4, and 6 from the ipsilateral eye

Question 54

Which of the following presents a significant challenge to restoring vision in individuals suffering from glaucoma?

A)Damaged RGC axons regenerate too quickly and in a pathological way.
B)RGC axons do not regenerate after they are injured or die.
C)Experimental treatments such as transplanting healthy RGCs have not proven successful.
D)Research on the eye has proven too dangerous in human patients.

Question 55

Retinal ganglion cells form the:

A)fovea.
B)optic disc.
C)lateral geniculate nucleus.
D)optic nerve.

Question 56

The most common cause(s) of irreversible blindness is/are:

A)viral infections.
B)glaucoma.
C)cancer.
D)neurological disorders.

Question 57

Parvocellular cells:

A)primarily receive their input from rods.
B)are sensitive to light but not color.
C)primarily receive their input from cones.
D)form the first retinal layer.

Question 58

Cutting the optic nerve of the right eye prior to reaching the optic chiasm will result in loss of vision in:

A)the right visual field.
B)the left visual field.
C)half of each visual field.
D)the two nasal fields.

Question 59

In the optic chiasm, information from the _____ retinas crosses to the opposite side, whereas information from the _____ retinas stays on the same side.

A)nasal; temporal
B)central; peripheral
C)temporal; nasal
D)peripheral; central

Question 60

The dorsal stream projects to the:

A)occipital lobe.
B)parietal lobe.
C)temporal lobe.
D)limbic lobe.

Question 61

Which of the following is the correct sequence in the receptive-field hierarchy?

A)The receptive fields of many retinal ganglion cells combine to form the receptive field of an LGN cell, of which many combine to form the receptive field of a V1 cell.
B)The receptive fields of many LGN cells combine to form the receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell, of which many combine to form the receptive field of a V1 cell.
C)The receptive fields of many V1 cells combine to form the receptive field of an LGN cell, of which many combine to form the receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell.
D)The receptive fields of many LGN cells combine to form the receptive field of a V1 cell, of which many combine to form the receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell.

Question 62

The tectopulvinar pathway is especially sensitive to:

A)fine details.
B)movement.
C)color.
D)texture.

Question 63

Patient D. B. was able to locate spots of light presented in his blind field even though he could not see them because his:

A)geniculostriate pathway was intact.
B)retinohypothalamic pathway was still intact.
C)tectopulvinar pathway was still intact.
D)dorsal stream was damaged.

Question 64

The tectopulvinar pathway can be used to explain:

A)blindsight.
B)visual agnosia.
C)cortical blindness.
D)color blindness.

Question 65

The superior colliculus plays an important role in:

A)object recognition.
B)color perception.
C)circadian rhythms.
D)orienting responses.

Question 66

The receptive field of a lateral geniculate cell is:

A)larger than the receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell.
B)the same shape as the receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell.
C)composed of on-centers and off-surrounds or off-centers and on-surrounds.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 67

The _____ pulvinar sends projections to the temporal lobe, whereas the _____ pulvinar sends projections to the parietal lobe.

A)dorsal; ventral
B)medial; lateral
C)ventral; dorsal
D)lateral; medial

Question 68

In area V2, the thin stripes carry information about _____, whereas thick stripes carry information about _____.

A)color; form
B)form; motion
C)motion; color
D)color; motion

Question 69

You are a researcher interested in understanding how single neurons might play a role in coding the identity of different faces. To examine this, you plan to do single unit recordings in monkeys. To ensure best chances of success, you decide to place your recording electrodes in area:

A)FFA.
B)PPA.
C)MT.
D)V4.

Question 70

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A)It is involved in processing of colors and is especially developed in humans.
B)It is especially sensitive to low light and enables people to see in the dark.
C)It binds the two sides of the visual field together at the midline.
D)It helps people determine where objects are in space.

Question 71

Neurons in the blobs found in the visual cortex are involved in _____, while neurons in interblobs are involved in perception of _____.

A)form perception; color
B)motion perception; color
C)color perception; form and motion
D)form and color perception; motion

Question 72

What is the term for the condition in which an individual cannot recognize faces?

A)visual-form agnosia
B)prosopagnosia
C)glaucoma
D)protanopia

Question 73

Visual information from the lower portion of the visual field is coded in the:

A)upper portion of V1.
B)lower portion of V1.
C)anterior portion of V1.
D)posterior portion of V1.

Question 74

The corpus callosum:

A)connects the medial but not the lateral portions of the visual fields.
B)connects the lateral but not the medial portions of the visual fields.
C)connects the entire visual fields from the two hemispheres.
D)does not connect the two visual fields but does connect the parietal and frontal lobes.

Question 75

The primary visual cortex is also known as:

A)V1.
B)V2.
C)V3.
D)V4.

Question 76

Area _____ controls eye movements, whereas area _____ controls visually guided grasping.

A)LIP; FFA
B)AIP; LIP
C)PPA; AIP
D)LIP; AIP

Question 77

Compared with retinal ganglion cells, cells in V1 have _____ receptive fields.

A)larger
B)smaller
C)equally sized
D)upside down

Question 78

In the visual cortex, the fovea has:

A)less representation than the periphery because the fovea has fewer cells on the retina.
B)the same representation on the cortex as the periphery.
C)more representation on the cortex than the periphery even though it has fewer cells in the retina.
D)more representation on the cortex because the fovea has more cells than the periphery.

Question 79

Since his recent stroke, Roger has had trouble controlling his eye movements. In addition, when he reaches out to pick up objects, he often misses them. Roger most likely has damage to his:

A)ventral stream in the temporal lobe.
B)dorsal stream in the parietal lobe.
C)dorsal stream in the temporal lobe.
D)ventral stream in the parietal lobe.

Question 80

The ventral stream is important for _____, whereas the dorsal stream is important for _____.

A)object identification; control of movement
B)control of movement; control of language
C)control of language; object identification
D)control of movement; object identification