Deck 21: Development and Aging

Question 1

While normally one secondary oocyte ruptures from an ovarian follicle at ovulation, what will be the result if two are released and both are fertilized?

A) identical twins
B) single birth because only one secondary oocyte can be fertilized
C) single birth because even though both may be fertilized, only one will be able to complete development
D) fraternal twins

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The zona pellucida and corona radiata are associated with which one of the following?

A) human egg
B) uterine lining
C) midpiece of the human sperm
D) cilia of the oviducts
E) vaginal wall

Answer 2

A

Question 3

There are a series of cell divisions that produce no cell growth during the first four days following fertilization. This process is referred to as

A) cleavage.
B) conceptus.
C) morphogenesis.
D) implantation.
E) differentiation.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Mesoderm gives rise to

A) ectoderm.
B) epidermis and dermis.
C) muscle and connective tissues.
D) the nervous system.
E) liver and pancreas.

Question 5

What marks the end of the pre-embryonic period and the beginning of the embryonic period?

A) implantation
B) the formation of the ectoderm and endoderm in the embryonic disk
C) the formation of the morula
D) the formation of the blastocyst
E) the formation of pharyngeal arches

Question 6

Fertilization is generally considered complete when the

A) zygote enters the uterus.
B) sperm reaches the zona pellucida.
C) ovulation is inhibited.
D) placenta begins to form.
E) haploid sperm unites with the mature ovum.

Question 7

The process by which an embryo undergoes rapid changes in form and shape is called

A) cleavage.
B) fertilization.
C) morphogenesis.
D) implantation.
E) differentiation.

Question 8

The blastocyst begins to form a second hollow cavity that will eventually become the

A) placenta.
B) fundus.
C) amniotic cavity.
D) embryonic disk.
E) embryo.

Question 9

To penetrate the zona pellucida of the ovum, the sperm

A) uses the swimming action of the flagellum to move inside the egg.
B) releases digestive enzymes from the acrosomal cap.
C) releases a hormone that signals the egg to dissolve the thick coating.
D) passes down a channel in the protective layer to reach the egg membrane.
E) stimulates opening of ion channels along the egg membrane by releasing sodium ions from the acrosomal cap.

Question 10

The figure above shows a human sperm. Which part of the sperm contains the most mitochondria for generating ATP?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) A and B
E) B and C

Question 11

The process by which the blastocyst becomes buried within the endometrial lining of the uterus is called

A) fertilization.
B) implantation.
C) morphogenesis.
D) differentiation.
E) embryonic development.

Question 12

A zygote forms when

A) the nucleus from the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus.
B) the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida.
C) the blastocyst begins to form.
D) the acrosomal cap is ruptured.
E) meiosis II in the secondary oocyte initiates.

Question 13

The first four days of human embryonic development occur in the

A) uterus.
B) vagina.
C) cervix.
D) oviduct.
E) ovary.

Question 14

When a sperm cell enters a secondary oocyte, what event in the oocyte is immediately triggered?

A) cytokinesis
B) mitosis
C) meiosis I
D) meiosis II
E) ovulation

Question 15

The blood vessels of the umbilical cord are derived from which one of the following structures?

A) allantois
B) chorion
C) embryonic disk
D) amnion
E) yolk sac

Question 16

All of the following processes are associated with embryonic development EXCEPT which one?

A) cleavage
B) meiosis
C) morphogenesis
D) differentiation
E) growth

Question 17

During the development following fertilization, the morula becomes a hollow ball of cells called the

A) conceptus.
B) fetus.
C) germ layer.
D) blastocyst.
E) secondary morula.

Question 18

Most sperm cells die in the vagina when entering the female's body because

A) the sperm cannot pass through the mucus.
B) the female's reproductive tract is protected by digestive enzymes.
C) of the low pH of the vagina.
D) the sperm cells have not yet been activated to swim.
E) macrophages from the female's immune system destroy all nonself cells.

Question 19

The placenta forms from embryonic tissue and

A) bone marrow.
B) amniotic fluid.
C) the embryonic disk.
D) endometrium.
E) the yolk sac.

Question 20

In humans, fertilization usually occurs ________ after intercourse, if an egg is present.

A) 1-2 hours
B) 3-6 days
C) 6-24 hours
D) 7-10 days
E) 24-48 hours

Question 21

With the exception of cancer cells, most cells divide approximately ________ times before they stop reproducing.

A) 2-4
B) 10-12
C) 20-25
D) 50-90
E) 100-200

Question 22

All of the following can pass through a healthy placenta EXCEPT which one?

A) water
B) nutrients
C) oxygen
D) some antibodies
E) blood cells

Question 23

During puberty, the secretion of GnRH causes the secretion of ________, which in turn stimulate(s) the production of sex hormones.

A) LH and FSH
B) oxytocin and prolactin
C) insulin
D) growth hormone
E) oxytocin and growth hormone

Question 24

The figure above shows the development of the human embryo during days 19-24. Which of the following organs forms from the ectodermal folds of the embryo?

A) stomach and small intestine
B) kidneys, ureters, and bladder
C) heart
D) liver
E) brain and spinal cord

Question 25

Which cardiovascular structures in the fetus shunt blood away from the fetal lungs?

A) foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
B) foramen magnum and ductus venosus
C) foramen ovale and ductus venosus
D) umbilical artery and umbilical vein
E) umbilical artery and ductus venosus

Question 26

The muscles and nervous system of the fetus become mature enough for movement to occur by the ________ month of development.

A) fifth
B) first
C) eighth
D) third
E) seventh

Question 27

Oxytocin from the mother's pituitary gland targets what organ to begin contractions?

A) oviduct
B) vagina
C) hypothalamus
D) uterus
E) fimbriae

Question 28

Which organ system is not functional until birth and must become fully functional immediately?

A) excretory system (kidneys)
B) respiratory system
C) cardiovascular system
D) muscular system
E) skeletal system

Question 29

Which one of the following organs is not fully developed in a fetus and is therefore bypassed by the ductus arteriosus?

A) liver
B) pancreas
C) heart
D) lungs
E) bladder

Question 30

Why is taking the first breath hard work for the newborn?

A) The lungs are not elastic.
B) The intercostal muscles are not mature enough.
C) The diaphragm is inflexible.
D) The surface tension within the alveoli is very high.
E) The respiratory center in the medulla is not yet mature.

Question 31

Research on the aging process shows that wounds of the elderly heal more slowly and that they are more susceptible to disease. These are problems associated with an aging ________ system.

A) respiratory
B) immune
C) integumentary
D) digestive
E) endocrine

Question 32

Maturation of the reproductive organs and the reproductive response is called

A) adolescence.
B) longevity.
C) puberty.
D) morula.
E) menopause.

Question 33

The placenta is detached from the uterus during which one of the following stages of labor?

A) placental
B) dilation
C) secretory
D) expulsion
E) afterbirth

Question 34

Labor is triggered when which one of the following fetal organs or systems is mature?

A) pituitary gland
B) digestive system
C) heart
D) lungs
E) adrenal gland

Question 35

Which one of the following statements about gender determination is TRUE?

A) The male gender is determined by the presence of only one X chromosome.
B) The male gender is determined by the presence of a Y chromosome.
C) The hormones estrogen and progesterone are key players in the development of internal and external female genitalia.
D) The development of male genitalia is the "default" condition in the absence of estrogen.
E) The development of female genitalia is activated by the presence of anti-Mullerian hormone.

Question 36

When the fetal pituitary gland matures, it releases ________, which triggers the sequence of events referred to as "labor."

A) oxytocin
B) ACTH
C) LH
D) prostaglandins
E) FSH

Question 37

The stages of labor, in order, include

A) dilation, contraction, and afterbirth.
B) contraction, dilation, and afterbirth.
C) dilation, contraction, and expulsion.
D) dilation, expulsion, and afterbirth.
E) amniotic rupture, contraction, and expulsion.

Question 38

During the first day or so after birth, the breasts produce a watery milk called

A) prostaglandins.
B) amniotic fluid.
C) lactose.
D) colostrum.
E) allantois.

Question 39

Which one of the following embryonic features is the forerunner of the brain and spinal cord?

A) pharyngeal arches
B) somites
C) yolk sac
D) neural groove
E) chorionic villi

Question 40

In the prenatal diagnostic technique amniocentesis,

A) a needle is inserted into the umbilical cord to collect fetal blood for screening.
B) a thin, flexible tube connected to a needle is inserted through the vagina and into the uterus to collect a tissue sample.
C) fetal blood is collected directly from the chorionic villi near the cervix.
D) a needle is inserted through the abdominal wall to collect amniotic fluid containing fetal cells.
E) the procedure cannot be performed after the fifteenth week of gestation.

Question 41

The development of an embryo involves four processes. Match each process to its description.

A) cleavage
B) growth
C) differentiation
D) morphogenesis
cells increase in number and size

Question 42

As an adult human ages, the blood vessels lose their elasticity, and blood pressure drops as dilation occurs.

Question 43

Match each organ to the germ layer from which it develops. Answers may be used more than once.

A) endoderm
B) ctoderm
C) ectoderm
D) mesoderm
liver and pancreas

Question 44

Match each organ to the germ layer from which it develops. Answers may be used more than once.

A) endoderm
B) ctoderm
C) ectoderm
D) mesoderm
skeletal muscle

Question 45

The trophoblast secretes glycolipids to assist implantation within the endometrium.

Question 46

Many sperm entering the vagina are killed by the acidic secretions of the female reproductive tract.

Question 47

The development of an embryo involves four processes. Match each process to its description.

A) cleavage
B) growth
C) differentiation
D) morphogenesis
cells divide rapidly, resulting in a ball of unspecialized cells

Question 48

In the fetus, the ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary artery directly to the lung.

Question 49

During embryonic development, the second cavity that forms in the blastocyst becomes filled with amniotic fluid.

Question 50

The first phase of labor is contractions.

Question 51

The increase in life expectancy in the United States in the last 100 years is mainly due to healthier lifestyles slowing the process of ageing.

Question 52

Prior to the union of the nuclei of the egg and sperm, meiosis II is completed by the ovum.

Question 53

Match each organ to the germ layer from which it develops. Answers may be used more than once.

A) endoderm
B) ctoderm
C) ectoderm
D) mesoderm
nervous system

Question 54

The duration of a person's life is referred to as

A) aging.
B) longevity.
C) eon.
D) gestation.
E) puberty.

Question 55

During the first four days of development following fertilization, cells of the embryo undergo rapid cleavage, but the size of the embryo remains the same.

Question 56

Match each organ to the germ layer from which it develops. Answers may be used more than once.

A) endoderm
B) ctoderm
C) ectoderm
D) mesoderm
bone marrow

Question 57

The development of an embryo involves four processes. Match each process to its description.

A) cleavage
B) growth
C) differentiation
D) morphogenesis
embryo undergoes rapid change in shape and form

Question 58

As the onset of labor approaches, estrogen is released by the placenta, and increases the number of oxytocin receptors.

Question 59

The development of an embryo involves four processes. Match each process to its description.

A) cleavage
B) growth
C) differentiation
D) morphogenesis
cells take on a certain structure and function

Question 60

The complete failure of which of the following organs or organ systems does NOT necessarily lead to a quick death?

A) respiratory system
B) heart
C) digestive system
D) brain
E) cardiovascular system

Question 61

Match the special structures of the fetal cardiovascular system with their descriptions.

A) umbilical vein
B) ductus arteriosus
C) umbilical artery
D) ductus venosus
E) foramen
shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that causes most of the blood to bypass the lungs

Question 62

Match the special structures of the fetal cardiovascular system with their descriptions.

A) umbilical vein
B) ductus arteriosus
C) umbilical artery
D) ductus venosus
E) foramen
opening located between the right atrium and the left atrium

Question 63

For sperm to be able to penetrate the zona pellucida of the egg, enzymes are released from the ________.

Question 64

Insertion of a thin tube through the vagina into the uterus to sample fetal tissue is called ________.

Question 65

The formation of the ________ cavity and the differentiation of the embryonic disk into ectoderm and endoderm occurs at the end of the pre-embryonic period of development.

Question 66

Following fertilization, if a ball of embryonic cells splits into two masses before differentiation has begun, ________ twins result.

Question 67

During labor, full dilation of the cervix signifies the end of the ________ stage.

Question 68

Match the special structures of the fetal cardiovascular system with their descriptions.

A) umbilical vein
B) ductus arteriosus
C) umbilical artery
D) ductus venosus
E) foramen
structure that transports deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

Question 69

Adolescence is marked by maturation of the reproductive organs and the human sexual response, an event known as ________.

Question 70

Match each organ to the germ layer from which it develops. Answers may be used more than once.

A) endoderm
B) ctoderm
C) ectoderm
D) mesoderm
lining of vagina

Question 71

The spontaneous ending of a pregnancy that results in the premature expulsion of the embryo is termed a(n) ________.

Question 72

The cell formed by the union of egg and sperm during fertilization is the ________.

Question 73

The entire duration of a person's life is referred to as ________.

Question 74

Match the special structures of the fetal cardiovascular system with their descriptions.

A) umbilical vein
B) ductus arteriosus
C) umbilical artery
D) ductus venosus
E) foramen
shunt that bypasses the liver

Question 75

Ejection of milk from the breasts is caused by the hormone ________.

Question 76

Fertilization is completed when the sperm nucleus fuses with the ________.

Question 77

Match each organ to the germ layer from which it develops. Answers may be used more than once.

A) endoderm
B) ctoderm
C) ectoderm
D) mesoderm
enamel of teeth

Question 78

An ________ pregnancy is one where the blastocyst implants somewhere outside of the uterus, such as in the oviduct.

Question 79

Match the special structures of the fetal cardiovascular system with their descriptions.

A) umbilical vein
B) ductus arteriosus
C) umbilical artery
D) ductus venosus
E) foramen
structure that transports oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus ovale

Question 80

The extra-embryonic membrane known as the ________ is the source of germ cells that eventually develop into gametes.